Global Drought Monitoring Service through the GEOSS Architecture ...

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Architectural Implementation Pilot, Phase 3 Version: 2.0 Global Drought Monitoring and European Drought Observatory-Water SBA Engineering Report Date: 11/Feb/2011 2.2.1.6 Hydrologic Monitoring Hydrologic drought monitoring measures and forecasts the amount of water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers. 16 Drought takes longer to show up in hydrological systems than in agriculture, especially when reservoirs and rivers are managed to balance the extremes of wet and dry years. Snow is a major component of water supply in the western United States. 2.3 Government of Canada Drought Coverage Canada in 2004 extended drought mapping coverage from agricultural areas to remainder of the Canada Provinces. Canada does not carry out drought mapping within the territories (Yukon, Northwest territories, and Nunavut north-of-tree line and permafrost underlain areas). Near-Real-Time monitoring is carried out for 508 of 761 ground-based stations by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC)(Hadwen2008) which runs a national drought model, in which Standard Precipitation Index is calculated, soil moisture (as percent of average and difference from normal), and Palmer Drought Severity Index. 2.4 Commonwealth of Australia Drought Monitoring Water issues are now considered among the most important drivers and constraints on natural resource management in Australia; from environmental hazards like salinity and drought, through to security of urban and rural water supplies. At present, Australia has no comprehensive, consistent source of information on the water balance of its landscapes; that is, on the relationship between rainfall, evaporation, transpiration, soil moisture, runoff and drainage to ground and surface water. A better understanding of water availability is needed across the entire country and is relevant to the implementation of key Australian Government policies such as Exceptional Circumstances, the National Water Initiative, the Prime Minister’s National Plan for Water Security and policies in support of improved natural resource management. 2.4.1 Commonwealth of Australia Water Availability Project The Australian Water Availability Project is a partnership established in 2004, between the Bureau of Rural Sciences, CSIRO, the Bureau of Meteorology and the Australian National University. The project aim is to develop an operational system for estimating soil moisture and other components of the water balance, at scales ranging from five kilometers (km) to all Australia, over time-periods ranging from daily to decades. Data from ground-based climate measurements, remote sensing and models (water, plant and climate) are being combined to produce maps of historic and current levels of all the main components of the landscape water balance, including rainfall, evaporation, transpiration, available soil moisture, runoff, stream flow and deep drainage. The future challenge is to deliver a fully web operational system, including underpinning procedures for robust real-time product delivery, continuous 16 http://www.drought.gov/portal/server.pt/community/hydrological_monitoring/224 Page 18
Architectural Implementation Pilot, Phase 3 Version: 2.0 Global Drought Monitoring and European Drought Observatory-Water SBA Engineering Report Date: 11/Feb/2011 improvement and validation, and links to seasonal forecasting of water balance conditions. The fundamental data derived from this project will help underpin future planning and decisionmaking on a range of issues including drought management and policy, securing urban and rural water supplies, salinity, biodiversity management, ecosystem services and sustainable farming. The real-time web operational system to be developed will help agricultural industries maintain farm profitability before, during, and after drought events and help water and catchment managers quantify the impact of climate cycles or climate change on surface and groundwater recharge, vegetation and biodiversity. Additionally, risks to agricultural production may be assessed by detailed analysis of moisture availability and moisture utilization trends for all Australia. The Bureau of Rural Science presents Water Balances for Recent Months, Water Balance Annual Average, Water Maps, Land Use Maps, and Social Data. 17 2.5 Africa Continental Drought Monitoring Regional African drought monitoring networks have been started at AGRHYMET in West Africa, the Southern Africa Development Center Drought Monitoring Center. The Princeton Experimental African Drought monitor offers pan-Africa coverage. 2.5.1 Princeton Experimental African Drought Monitor 18 The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model is used to calculate soil moisture. 19 The Princeton Land Surface Hydrology Group initially developed a meteorological forcing dataset for global land areas for 1950-2000 to force the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) distributed hydrologic model. The subsequent task during the first interim period involved updating the global macro scale modeling to near-real-time over Africa. A particular challenge over the African continent has been to update the forcing dataset (1950-2000) (and thence the VIC simulation) to near-real-time (NRT) using available data streams. 2.5.1.1 Climatology The 1950-2000 meteorology—the climatology—is derived from a blending of reanalysis (NCEP/NCAR) and gridded observation-based datasets including the Climatic Research Unit's TS2.0 monthly precipitation and temperature dataset, the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) 3-hourly precipitation products and the NASA Surface Radiation Balance (SRB) short- and long-wave datasets. In effect, the observation datasets are used to spatially 17 http://adl.brs.gov.au/water2010/water_cycle/index.phtml 18 http://hydrology.princeton.edu/~justin/research/project_global_monitor/index_africa.html Page 19
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