Global Drought Monitoring Service through the GEOSS Architecture ...

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Architectural Implementation Pilot, Phase 3 Version: 2.0 Global Drought Monitoring and European Drought Observatory-Water SBA Engineering Report Date: 11/Feb/2011 For example, lack of soil moisture availability is used to define conditions for agricultural drought, and the shortage of ground-based in-situ soil moisture measurement stations requires estimation of soil moisture over large land tracts using Land Surface Models (such as the NCAR Community Land Model, or the ensemble National Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS within the USA) or distributed hydrological models (such as the Variable Infiltration Capacity VIC model or LISFLOOD). Such models are linked systems of partial difference equations that ingest multidimensional arrays of near-real-time or real-time meteorological and precipitation data as functions of time. However, despite the fact that such multi-dimensional data are solved across a lattice of grid cells that emulate spatial locations, the output arrays for each respective area have to be geographically registered in order to be imported into a Geographic Information System (GIS). In short, the complex land surface model and Geographic Information System (GIS) are separate packages (applications). The advantage of linking together the Land Surface Models or distributed hydrological models with a GIS is that the soil moisture (as well as other water budget component and drought indicators) can then be added together or republished as layers within a map, displayed with the drought impact information, such as crops dependent upon green water. The soil moisture may then be combined with different layers of information within the GIS, published as maps, and exchanged using OGC Web Mapping Services (WMS) among individual national hydrometeorological service drought monitors and the global drought monitor. This is the information system behind the application (and the front end portal user interface), and this integrates the drought information (indices and impact indicators) with maps of drought severity rankings and vulnerability or impact factors. The observing system is comprised of the ground-based or satellite-based observations used to derive the meteorological and precipitation forcing used in the Land Surface Models or distributed hydrologic models. Page 12
Architectural Implementation Pilot, Phase 3 Version: 2.0 Global Drought Monitoring and European Drought Observatory-Water SBA Engineering Report Date: 11/Feb/2011 2. Drought Monitoring Components and Tools found in Hydrometeorology Drought Monitoring Services within the Global Drought Community of Practice This section surveys the different types of Drought Monitoring Systems and why certain techniques were chosen for a basis of the design of the global drought monitor portal. 2.1 European Drought Observatory 2.1.1 European Drought Observatory Portal Characteristics: “Drill Down” Capability Within the European Community, the European Drought Observatory (EDO)’s map server utilizes a common spatial resolution of 20 km, while the national EU drought monitor maps have higher spatial resolution. Common registration of datasets through the EuroGEOSS discovery broker enables the highest resolution maps to be exchanged with the EDO, since the overall system is utilizing a common set of standards. The EDO map server can exchange map via web services with the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (MARM) in Spain, for example, so that maps of higher spatial resolution can be republished for the benefit of a user query. The design principles for the European Drought Implementation (the combined EuroGEOSS discovery broker and EDO and national drought monitors within the EC) were: 1) decentralized data holdings but direct linkage and exchange using common format and standards; and 2) a set of products agreed in common among all partners to be made available and exchanged, such as Standard Precipitation Index and soil moisture anomaly. Common metadata and registration through the EuroGEOSS discovery broker make the linking of data among river basin, nation, and regional level possible (as well as interoperable). 2.1.2 Importance of Soil Moisture for Monitoring Agricultural Drought The EDO currently measures the presence of agricultural drought by estimating soil moisture across the European Union, using the LISFLOOD model. The LISFLOOD model is used for forecasting floods, as part of the European Flood Alert System (EFAS), and the soil moisture outputs of the model are extracted for use in drought monitoring. Continuous simulations with the LISFLOOD model within the European Flood Alert System produce daily soil moisture maps of Europe. Having the soil saturated with water is a precondition for flooding, since any additional liquid precipitation will run off immediately. LISFLOOD is run using near-‐real-‐time meteorological data, including precipitation, derived from measured and spatially interpolated meteorological point data provided by the MARS-STAT activity of IPSC- JRC (so called JRC-MARS data). Due to the reception via the Global Telecommunication System of WMO and further processing the data are typically one to two days behind the current date. The LISFLOOD model is run twice daily on a Linux cluster. The spatial resolution of LISFLOOD on the pan-European scale is currently at 5 km. Page 13
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