Muste, A. J., 500–501 mutual influence, 329–30 “My Opinion of the War” (Einstein), 208–9 Nagasaki bombing (1945), 485 Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 476, 630/2 Nassau Inn, 445 Nathan, Otto, 240–41, 542, 544, 545, 633/2, 639/2 Nation, 377 National Academy of Sciences, 296 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 505 nationalism, 4, 205–9, 240, 282, 291, 301, 302, 305, 378, 381–82, 386, 479, 482–83, 487–491, 601/2 nature: atomic model of, 2, 43, 56, 70, 93, 94, 95, 101, 103, 104, 140, 164, 169, 255 causality in, 1, 81–84, 90–91, 95, 216, 323–26, 332, 333, 334, 345, 347, 460, 461 harmonious arrangement of, 3, 4, 13–14, 20, 37–38, 78, 297–98, 388–89, 548, 549–51 objective reality in, 323–26, 331–35, 352–53, 460–65, 538–39 physical existence of, 169–70, 251–52, 321, 326–33, 337, 345–46, 347, 349, 350, 352–53, 448–70, 538, 625n simplicity of, 82–83, 99, 349, 512, 549 see also physics Naturforscber conference (1909), 155 Navy, U.S., 478, 481–82 Nazi Germany, 471–73, 479, 485–86, 498–99, 534 Nazism, 242, 287, 298, 303, 371, 376–78, 386, 399, 403–10, 411, 412, 414–17, 423, 433–34, 437, 444–45, 446, 447, 471–73, 474, 479, 485– 86, 498–99, 505–6, 524, 528, 533, 534, 550 Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939), 475 NBC, 402, 501 nebulae, 254, 355 “Negro Question, The” (Einstein), 505 Neptune, 199 Nernst, Walther, 167, 168, 174, 178–79, 205, 206–7, 285, 286, 321 Neumann, Betty, 360–61 Neumann, John von, 426, 607n–8n neurons, 547 neutrons, 469, 472 Newark Sunday Ledger, 429 “New Determination of Molecular Dimensions, A” (Einstein), 101–3 New Fatherland League, 207–8, 242 New History Society, 371 New Leader, 526 New Scientist, 459 Newsweek, 485, 491 Newton, Isaac: “bucket experiment” of, 199–201, 251–52, 318–20 calculus developed by, 93 Einstein compared with, 5, 6, 90–91, 93, 312, 333, 352, 544, 549, 581n Einstein’s admiration for, 248, 301, 360, 423, 438 gravitational laws of, 2, 57, 81–82, 84, 90–91, 93, 110, 113, 114, 118–19, 125, 128, 130–31, 133, 145, 146–47, 156, 189, 197, 198, 199– 201, 204, 214, 216, 218, 223, 251–52, 256, 258, 259, 261–62, 264, 266, 277, 280, 318–20, 323, 333, 352, 453, 548 Principia of, 125, 128, 199–201, 352 New Yorker, 266–67 New York Evening Post, 294 New York Herald’Tribune, 343 NewYorkPost, 501, 526 New York Times, 264–66, 277–78, 285, 292, 294, 296, 299, 339–42, 343, 344, 358, 370, 398, 400, 411–12, 416, 421, 436, 450, 459, 467, 468, 487, 493, 499–500, 513, 520, 521, 525–26, 528, 529, 532, 545, 631n New York World Telegram, 404, 420 Nicolai, Georg Friedrich, 207, 243–46, 433 Night of the Long Knives, 434 Nobel, Alfred, 310, 490 Nobel Prize, 3, 60, 101, 206, 235, 236, 243, 280, 286, 309–16, 325, 329, 337, 344–45, 349, 373, 383, 387, 407, 490, 516, 606n, 607n non-symmetrical tensors, 512–13 Norden, Heinz, 633 Norton, John D., 195n, 196, 197, 214, 576n, 594n Novi Sad, Serbia, 42, 64, 73, 75, 76–77, 86–88, 136, 161, 182, 570n Novi Sad, University of, 136 nuclear fission, 469–72
nuclear weapons, 482–84, 487–95, 539, 541, 631n–32n Nüesch, Jacob, 72, 73 Oakland, 401 Oberlaender Trust, 401–3 Occam’s razor, 549 O’Connell, William Henry, 388, 389 Office of Scientific Research and Development, U.S., 480 Olympia Academy, 79–84, 85, 93, 125, 131, 135, 143, 164, 274, 317, 462, 513, 536 “On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light” (Einstein), 94–101, 105 “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (Einstein), 122–35 “On the Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light” (Einstein), 190–91, 256 “On the Investigation of the State of Ether in a Magnetic Field” (Einstein), 24–25 “On the Method of Theoretical Physics” (Einstein), 350–53 “On the Molecular Theory of Heat” (Einstein), 97 “On the Quantum Theorem of Sommerfeld and Epstein” (Einstein), 608n “On the Quantum Theory of Radiation” (Einstein), 322–24 Oppenheim, Shulamith, 13 Oppenheimer, Frank, 531 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 251, 480, 488–89, 509, 524, 531–32, 534, 540, 631n, 638n Oppenheimer, Kitty, 531 optics, 98, 114 Oseen, Carl Wilhelm, 313–14 osmosis, 480–81 Ostwald, Wilhelm, 59–60, 70, 310 “Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and a Theory of Gravitation” (Entwurf approach) (Einstein), 198–202, 204, 212, 213–14, 215, 216, 256, 591n, 592n, 594n Overbye, Dennis, 13, 127, 216, 255, 459 Oxford University, 350–53, 361–62, 396–97, 410, 412, 418–20, 422–24, 431, 432, 549, 591n pacifism, 4, 23, 58, 205–9, 212, 302, 305, 371, 373, 374–78, 381–83, 396, 399–401, 402, 403, 404–5, 414–17, 421, 483, 490, 498–99, 501, 521, 633n Pageant, 505 Pais, Abraham, 106, 165, 218, 275, 297n, 466, 509, 514–15, 532, 619n Panama Canal, 371 Papen, Franz von, 399 paradoxes, 114–15, 130 parietal cortex, 547–48 particle (quantum) theory, 1, 65, 93, 94–101, 105, 110, 120–22, 124, 140, 141–42, 144, 150, 155–57, 165, 168–71, 179, 190, 235, 255, 256, 286, 313–14, 318–20, 321, 326–33, 337n, 539, 580n–81n, 583n, 586n Pasadena Civic Auditorium, 402–3 Pasteur, Louis, 423 Paterniti, Michael, 546, 640n Patterson, Cissy, 615n Paul, Saint, 343 Pauli, Wolfgang, 156, 267, 343–44, 345, 346, 451, 466, 538 Pauling, Linus, 171n, 486 Peacock Inn, 426 Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 480 Pearson, Drew, 534 Penrose, Boies, 295 Penrose, Roger, 251, 581n People’s Books on Natural Science (Bernstein), 18–19, 567n perihelion, 199, 212, 213, 218–19, 223, 224, 250, 311, 313, 593n–94n Pernet Jean, 34–35, 54–55 Perse, Saint–John, 549 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 26 Petersschule, 15–16 Philadelphia Inquirer, 528 Philadelphia Public Ledger, 293 philosophy, 20, 52–53, 79–84, 113, 164, 166, 238, 334–35, 387, 388–89, 391, 460–61, 518, 627n photoelectric effect, 65, 96–101, 105, 207, 235, 286, 309, 313–15, 327, 344, 351, 373 photographic diaphragm, 435 photons, 94, 99, 101, 322–24, 326–33, 349, 459, 466, 576n Physical Review, 624n physics: absolutes in, 2, 37, 82, 84, 111, 124–25, 128, 169, 200, 223, 266, 277, 288, 320, 333, 460
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ALSO BY WALTER ISAACSON A Benjamin
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SIMON & SCHUSTER Rockefeller Center
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In Santa Barbara, 1933 Life is like
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN Nobel Laureate, 19
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their countless acts of support ove
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ABRAHAM FLEXNER (1866-1959). Americ
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CHAPTER ONE THE LIGHT-BEAM RIDER
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The Swabian CHAPTER TWO CHILDHOOD 1
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during the years he lived alone in
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elementary school seemed to me like
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fulfill my wishes and expectations,
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taken out of the black case. It pro
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one of her female friends in Zurich
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Summer Vacation, 1900 CHAPTER FOUR
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The first of these papers was on a
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Lake Como, May 1901 “You absolute
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molecular forces, which used calcul
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His office in Bern’s new Postal a
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affection, and it concluded on that
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Turn of the Century CHAPTER FIVE TH
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These packets or bundles of energy
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though it did not help him get an a
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elative to the medium (the water or
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finally he added, “I guess I just
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Suppose that at the exact instant (
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With all this talk of distance and
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his one-sentence drunken postcard t
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was better suited to theorizing. Fo
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Adler made sure that the Zurich aut
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Zurich, 1909 CHAPTER EIGHT THE WAND
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invitation to stay with Lorentz and
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As Einstein wandered around Europe
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The visitors made their case during
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Mari accepted the terms. When Haber
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When Einstein moved back to Zurich
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indistinguishable from a case where
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Haber’s son in math. 45 But when
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Part of Einstein’s genius was his
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the Annalen der Physik, “The gene
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e a heavy blow for my boys. Therefo
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“The Nobel Prize—in the event o
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Germany’s new left-wing governmen
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Cosmology and Black Holes, 1917 CHA
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quanta involved probability rather
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“Lights All Askew” CHAPTER TWEL
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celebrity, were thrilled that the n
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a “single-minded and single-hande
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Kinship CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE WANDER
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(There was one odd coda to this eve
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Einstein drew packed crowds whereve
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1920s was not a good place or time
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The 1921 Prize CHAPTER FOURTEEN NOB
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photoelectrical effect has been ext
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Atoms emit radiation in a spontaneo
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An additional step was taken by ano
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The Quest CHAPTER FIFTEEN UNIFIED F
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even now. He also gave an interview
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Its shortcoming was that it “make
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Caputh CHAPTER SIXTEEN TURNING FIFT
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later declared. Although she could
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Einstein said, “encases the mind
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His fears were realized. The confer
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN EINSTEIN’S GOD
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with, his scientific work. “The c
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Christ Church, his college at Oxfor
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new chancellor of Germany. Einstein
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directed to the cottage amid the du
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friends. Most of it was about poor
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Princeton CHAPTER NINETEEN AMERICA
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Flexner’s interference infuriated
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the mailman.” 38 “The professor
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Nassau Inn refused her a room. So E
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Wolfgang Pauli wrote Heisenberg a l
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Bell was less than comfortable with
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Was Infeld right? Was tenacity the
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The Letter CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE THE B
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the progress being made in producin
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Americans rush to complete one? And
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So Einstein sought to make it clear
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monopolies,” they wrote. They den
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In it he argued that unrestrained c
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ather than (or in addition to) expa
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he read aloud to her. Sometimes the
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The Rosenbergs CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
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need to keep thrusting himself into
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Intimations of Mortality CHAPTER TW
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peace. 23 Einstein went in to work
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studying the DNA from Einstein’s
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SOURCES EINSTEIN’S CORRESPONDENCE
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Greene, Brian. 1999. The Elegant Un
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———. 2005b. “Standing on th
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NOTES Einstein’s letters and writ
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* From his 1905 special relativity
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* As Eddington showed, the cosmolog
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* There are two related concepts th