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Congressional Record, 295 constant velocity, 107–9, 114, 118–19, 127–31, 145, 148, 189, 201 Constitution, U.S., 510, 527–28, 530–31, 534 contraction, 112–13, 116 Copenhagen interpretation, 332–33, 347, 349, 424, 449, 453, 455, 457, 459–60, 626n–27n Copernicus, Nicolaus, 108, 112, 163, 353 Cordoba observatory, 204 Cornell, Eric A., 329n cosmic rays, 403 ”Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity” (Einstein), 252–53 cosmological constant, 254–55, 353–56, 372, 613n cosmology, 223–24, 248, 249–62, 265–66, 353–56, 372, 442, 510–11, 613n Cousins, Norman, 495 covariance, 195, 198–202, 212, 213, 218–22, 224, 591n–92n, 594n Cox, Charming, 299n “Creation of the United States of Europe, The,” 207–8 Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 20, 574n Crouch, Henry, 264 Crowther, Bosley, 493 Cupid and Psyche (Canova), 64 Curie, Marie, 168, 176, 181–82, 304, 305, 327 Dearborn Independent, 289 death penalty, 525–26 Debye, Peter, 176 ”Declaration of Protest,” 304 decoherent histories, 459–60, 626n–27n Delong, Adelaide, 439–40 democracy, 240, 242, 287, 420, 423–24, 479–80, 489–90, 499, 503–7, 537 Demoiselles d’Avignon, Les (Picasso), 280 Depression, Great, 370–71, 516, 607n determinism, 84, 156, 316, 317, 320–21, 323–25, 331–33, 334, 340, 345, 347, 349, 455, 575n “Deutsch Physik” (“German Physics”), 289, 315, 405–10 Dewey, John, 377 Diaghilev, Serge, 280 Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Galileo), 108–9 Diamond, Marian, 547 differential calculus, 61 diffusion, 105, 223, 481–82 Dirac, Paul, 223, 345, 349 distant parallelism, 341, 343–44 DNA, 546–47 “Does the Field Theory Offer Possibilities for the Solution of Quanta Problems?” (Einstein), 340 “Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on Its Energy Content?” (Einstein), 138–39 Dongen, Jeroen von, 594n Don Quixote (Cervantes), 81, 518 Doppler effect (red shift), 119n, 148, 254, 311, 353–56 double stars, 580n Douglas, William O., 526 Drake, Tom, 492 “Dr. Einstein’s Mistaken Notions,” 497 Driving Mr. Albert (Paterniti), 546, 640n Drude, Paul, 68–69, 71, 102 DuBois, W.E.B., 531 Duhem, Pierre, 158 Dukas, Helen, 84, 363, 371, 410, 424, 437–39, 443, 446, 479, 481, 482, 485, 501, 517, 521, 530, 541–42, 544, 633n, 636n, 639n Durrell, Lawrence, 279 Dutch Royal Academy, 260–61 Dyson, Frank, 257, 261, 269 Dyson, Freeman, 134, 251, 269 Dyson, George, 363 E=mc 2 , 2, 5, 137–39, 140, 219, 272, 348, 469–70, 485, 604n Eban, Abba, 521–22, 523, 541 echolalia, 9 eclipses, 5, 191, 202–5, 218, 255–62, 267, 269, 275–76, 311, 316, 317 Economist, 136 Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 256–62, 264, 267, 279, 312, 321, 339, 340, 343, 355n, 600n, 601n Eddy, Mary Baker, 343
Edison, Thomas, 6, 299 Edison test, 299 Ehrenfest, Paul, 68, 120, 132, 165, 167–68, 180, 184, 204, 205, 218, 234, 252, 259, 268, 271, 276, 281, 287, 289, 325, 331, 345, 396, 421–22 Einstein, Albert: in Aarau, Germany, 25–31, 40, 46, 113, 115 at Aarenshoop resort, 238–39 absentmindedness of, 39, 44, 59, 203, 221n, 426–28, 435–36, 437, 438–41, 519 academic career of, 149–52, 158–63, 175–88, 239, 304–5, 368, 394–412, 431–32 academic positions sought by, 54–56, 57, 58–63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 78, 86, 92, 140, 142, 144–45, 149–53 aloofness of, 2, 5, 12–13, 41, 44, 100, 150–51, 154, 161–62, 184–86, 226, 231, 232–33, 271, 273–77, 280, 441–43, 516, 518, 519–20 anemia of, 517, 536 aneurysm of, 516–17, 536, 541–43 in Antwerp, 368 arms control supported by, 487–95, 498, 500–501 in Arosa, Switzerland, 234, 243 assimilation opposed by, 205–6, 280–84, 291, 302–4, 386, 408–10, 428 astrology and spiritualism as viewed by, 374, 384 atheism as viewed by, 386, 388–90, 462, 587n Austro-Hungarian citizenship of, 163–64 authority questioned by, 2, 7, 8–9, 12–13, 20–22, 29, 34, 38, 49, 54–55, 67–72, 73, 113, 180, 240, 317, 378–79, 550 autograph of, 369, 445 awards and honors received by, 3, 60, 101, 154–55, 235, 236, 243, 280, 297, 309–16, 337, 348, 352, 368, 387, 438, 490, 505, 516, 533– 34, 606n, 607n at Bad Nauheim conference, 287–89 in Belgium, 168–71, 289–91, 344–49, 405, 410–22 as Berlin University professor, 14, 168, 178–81, 184–89, 201, 202, 203–11, 212, 213, 215–16, 217, 218–21, 224, 221n, 228–32, 234, 236, 237, 241–42, 246–48, 259, 261–62, 271, 277, 280, 281–89, 301–6, 307, 315, 318, 356–59, 362, 363, 364, 381–83, 384, 387–89, 392, 394–95, 399–401, 403, 411, 471, 523, 601n in Bermuda, 437, 479, 506 as Bern resident, 75–89, 124, 125–26, 141–55, 167, 184–88 as Bern University professor, 144–53 biographies of, 269–71, 465, 478, 498, 518, 601n, 639n birth of, 11, 91–92 Bohr’s disputes with, 269, 324–26, 344–49, 496, 514–15, 539, 609n brain of, 545–48, 640n busts of, 423, 436 in California, 263, 268, 315, 354–55, 368, 371, 372–74, 380–81, 384, 395–98, 399, 401–4, 431 at Caltech, 315n, 368, 373, 374, 380–81, 395–98, 399, 401–4, 431 Caputh cottage of, 357–60, 357, 361, 362, 387, 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 405, 444, 447, 619n Central America visited by, 364, 371–72 in Ceylon, 306 in Chicago, 374–75, 404–5 childhood of, 8–31, 67, 114, 180, 205, 385, 462, 483, 538, 548 in Cleveland, 300, 461–62 communism as viewed by, 287, 379–80, 399–401, 403, 420–21, 445–47, 478, 489–90, 494–503, 524–34, 550, 633n–34n compass given to, 13, 67, 462, 538, 548 correspondence of, 1, 3, 39–47, 50–53, 93, 94, 97, 104, 106, 131, 135, 137–38, 143–44, 165, 170, 171, 174, 184, 355, 360–61, 405–6, 408–9, 411, 415–16, 417, 421–22; see also specific correspondents correspondence of (Berlin), 184, 201, 202, 203–4, 205, 208, 209–11, 212, 213, 215–16, 217, 218–21, 224, 227n, 230–32, 234, 237, 242, 259, 271, 277, 286, 307, 318, 362, 363, 381–83, 387–89, 392, 601n correspondence of (Princeton), 430–31, 438, 441, 442, 467, 478, 482–83, 484, 500–501, 503, 513, 519–20, 524–29, 537, 539, 540, 636n cremation of, 544, 545 in Cuba, 371 daily walks of, 438–39, 442–43, 509, 536–37 death of, 88, 94, 251, 445, 541–45 death threats against, 410–11, 422–23, 437 democracy supported by, 240, 242, 287, 420, 423–24, 479–80, 489–90, 499, 503–7, 537 economic views of, 370–71, 375, 380, 403, 504–5, 633n education as viewed by, 6–7, 21–22, 26, 290, 292, 293, 299, 550 education of, 8–9, 15–49, 54–56, 60, 113, 115, 150–51, 565n engineering background of, 23–24, 31, 53–54, 91, 113, 115, 126–27, 143–44, 161, 276–77, 304, 435, 443, 444, 517 English spoken by, 394, 402, 446, 464, 525 essays of, 208–9, 380, 479–80, 489–90, 497–98, 504 eyeballs of, 640n fame and reputation of, 2, 5–6, 136, 140–42, 149, 151–52, 154, 163, 166, 168–69, 172, 175, 176–77, 196, 240, 247, 263–316, 339–44, 357–59, 363, 368–76, 396, 403, 426–30, 445, 472–73, 517, 520–23, 525–34, 540, 541, 544–45, 633n, 639n as father, 75–76, 86–88, 143, 161–62, 174–75, 186, 187, 209–11, 215–16, 225–40, 243, 246, 274, 276–77, 301, 417–19 FBI file on, 287, 379, 399, 477–78, 500–503, 525, 534, 629n
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ALSO BY WALTER ISAACSON A Benjamin
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SIMON & SCHUSTER Rockefeller Center
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In Santa Barbara, 1933 Life is like
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN Nobel Laureate, 19
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their countless acts of support ove
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ABRAHAM FLEXNER (1866-1959). Americ
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CHAPTER ONE THE LIGHT-BEAM RIDER
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The Swabian CHAPTER TWO CHILDHOOD 1
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during the years he lived alone in
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elementary school seemed to me like
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fulfill my wishes and expectations,
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taken out of the black case. It pro
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one of her female friends in Zurich
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Summer Vacation, 1900 CHAPTER FOUR
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The first of these papers was on a
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Lake Como, May 1901 “You absolute
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molecular forces, which used calcul
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His office in Bern’s new Postal a
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affection, and it concluded on that
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Turn of the Century CHAPTER FIVE TH
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These packets or bundles of energy
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though it did not help him get an a
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elative to the medium (the water or
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finally he added, “I guess I just
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Suppose that at the exact instant (
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With all this talk of distance and
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his one-sentence drunken postcard t
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was better suited to theorizing. Fo
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Adler made sure that the Zurich aut
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Zurich, 1909 CHAPTER EIGHT THE WAND
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invitation to stay with Lorentz and
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As Einstein wandered around Europe
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The visitors made their case during
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Mari accepted the terms. When Haber
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When Einstein moved back to Zurich
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indistinguishable from a case where
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Haber’s son in math. 45 But when
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Part of Einstein’s genius was his
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the Annalen der Physik, “The gene
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e a heavy blow for my boys. Therefo
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“The Nobel Prize—in the event o
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Germany’s new left-wing governmen
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Cosmology and Black Holes, 1917 CHA
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quanta involved probability rather
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“Lights All Askew” CHAPTER TWEL
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celebrity, were thrilled that the n
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a “single-minded and single-hande
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Kinship CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE WANDER
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(There was one odd coda to this eve
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Einstein drew packed crowds whereve
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1920s was not a good place or time
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The 1921 Prize CHAPTER FOURTEEN NOB
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photoelectrical effect has been ext
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Atoms emit radiation in a spontaneo
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An additional step was taken by ano
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The Quest CHAPTER FIFTEEN UNIFIED F
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even now. He also gave an interview
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Its shortcoming was that it “make
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Caputh CHAPTER SIXTEEN TURNING FIFT
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later declared. Although she could
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Einstein said, “encases the mind
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His fears were realized. The confer
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN EINSTEIN’S GOD
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with, his scientific work. “The c
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Christ Church, his college at Oxfor
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new chancellor of Germany. Einstein
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directed to the cottage amid the du
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friends. Most of it was about poor
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Princeton CHAPTER NINETEEN AMERICA
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Flexner’s interference infuriated
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the mailman.” 38 “The professor
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Nassau Inn refused her a room. So E
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Wolfgang Pauli wrote Heisenberg a l
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Bell was less than comfortable with
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Was Infeld right? Was tenacity the
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The Letter CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE THE B
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the progress being made in producin
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Americans rush to complete one? And
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So Einstein sought to make it clear
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monopolies,” they wrote. They den
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In it he argued that unrestrained c
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ather than (or in addition to) expa
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he read aloud to her. Sometimes the
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The Rosenbergs CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
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need to keep thrusting himself into
Page 197 and 198: Intimations of Mortality CHAPTER TW
Page 199 and 200: peace. 23 Einstein went in to work
Page 201 and 202: studying the DNA from Einstein’s
Page 203 and 204: SOURCES EINSTEIN’S CORRESPONDENCE
Page 205 and 206: Greene, Brian. 1999. The Elegant Un
Page 207 and 208: ———. 2005b. “Standing on th
Page 209 and 210: NOTES Einstein’s letters and writ
Page 211 and 212: CHAPTER THREE: THE ZURICH POLYTECHN
Page 213 and 214: 55. Einstein to Mileva Mari , Nov.
Page 215 and 216: Earman, Clark Glymour, and Robert R
Page 217 and 218: 61. Einstein to Maurice Solovine, u
Page 219 and 220: 14. Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, Ja
Page 221 and 222: 25. Einstein, “On the Foundations
Page 223 and 224: 89. Reid, 142. Although this commen
Page 225 and 226: die Theorie stimmt doch.” 23. Max
Page 227 and 228: 39. “Einstein Sees End of Time an
Page 229 and 230: sold the house but not the right to
Page 231 and 232: 34. Einstein, “Speech to Professo
Page 233 and 234: 65. Einstein, “The 1932 Disarmame
Page 235 and 236: 10-255. 52. Einstein to Herbert Sam
Page 237 and 238: CHAPTER TWENTY: QUANTUM ENTANGLEMEN
Page 239 and 240: Szilárd Refrigerators,”Scientifi
Page 241 and 242: 44. Einstein, “Why Socialism?,”
Page 243 and 244: 1. Johanna Fantova journal, Mar. 19
Page 245 and 246: Page numbers in italics refer to il
Page 247: Bose-Einstein statistics, 327-28 Bo
Page 251 and 252: nervous strain of, 184, 217-18, 255
Page 253 and 254: as cosmologist, 223-24, 248, 249-62
Page 255 and 256: Feynman, Richard, 515, 584n “Fiel
Page 257 and 258: Hertz, Paul, 208 Hibben, John, 298
Page 259 and 260: Konenkov, Sergei, 436, 503 Konenkov
Page 261 and 262: Matthau, Walter, 13 Maxwell, James
Page 263 and 264: nuclear weapons, 482-84, 487-95, 53
Page 265 and 266: entanglement in, 454, 455, 458-59
Page 267 and 268: Remembrance of Things Past (Proust)
Page 269 and 270: superposition, 456-60 surface tensi
Page 271 and 272: Whitehead, Alfred North, 261 “Why
Page 273 and 274: ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Numbers in rom
Page 275 and 276: 5 With Mileva and Hans Albert, 1905
Page 277 and 278: 12 Hiking in Switzerland with Madam
Page 279 and 280: 18 The 1927 Solvay Conference 19 Re
Page 281 and 282: 23 Werner Heisenberg 24 Erwin Schr
Page 283 and 284: 29 With Elsa and her daughter Margo
Page 285 and 286: 34 Welcoming Hans Albert to America
Page 287 and 288: * The official name of the institut
Page 289 and 290: * The letters were discovered by Jo
Page 291 and 292: * A person “at rest” on the equ
Page 293 and 294: * If the source of sound is rushing
Page 295 and 296: * The German phrase he used was “
Page 297 and 298: * She was born Elsa Einstein, becam
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* See chapter 7. For purposes of th
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* Here’s how it works. If you are
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* Einstein’s salary after tax was
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* See chapter 14 for Einstein’s d
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* I have used the translation prefe
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* Robert Andrews Millikan would win
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* The de Broglie wavelength of a ba
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* From his 1905 special relativity
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* As Eddington showed, the cosmolog
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* There are two related concepts th
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