44. Einstein to Michele Besso, Jan. 5, 1924, AEA 7-346; Einstein to Hans Albert Einstein, Mar. 7, 1924. 45. Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, Mar. 1920; Fölsing, 474; Highfield and Carter, 192; Clark, 243. 46. Paul Johnson, Modern Times (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 1–3. This section is adapted from an essay I wrote when Einstein was chosen as Time’s Person of the Century: “Who Mattered and Why,”Time , Dec. 31, 1999. For a critique of this idea, which I also draw on in this section, see David Greenberg, “It Didn’t Start with Einstein,”Slate , Feb. 3, 2000, www.slate.com/id/74164/. Miller 2001 is also an important resource. 47. Charles Poor, professor of celestial mechanics, Columbia University, in the New York Times, Nov. 16, 1919. 48. New York Times , Dec. 7, 1919. 49. Isaiah Berlin, “Einstein and Israel,” in Holton and Elkana, 282. See also, from his stepson-in-law Reiser, 158: “The word relativity was confused in lay circles and, today, is still confused with the word relativism. Einstein’s work and personality, however, are far removed from the ambiguity and the concept of relativism, both in the theory of knowledge and in ethics . . . Ethical relativism, which denies all the generally obligatory moral norms, totally contradicts the high social idea which Einstein stands for and always follows.” 50. Haldane, 123. For a contemporary book treating, in more sophisticated depth, many of the same topics, and sharing a title, see Ryckman 2005. 51. Frank 1947, 189–190; Clark, 339–340. 52. Gerald Holton, “Einstein’s Influence on the Culture of Our Time,” in Holton 2000, 127, and also Holton and Elkana, xi. 53. Miller 2001, especially 237–241. 54. Damour 34; Marcel Proust to Armand de Guiche, Dec. 1921. 55. Philip Courtenay, “Einstein and Art,” in Goldsmith et al., 145; Richard Davenport-Hines, Proust at the Majestic (New York: Bloomsbury, 2006). CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE WANDERING ZIONIST 1. The Times of London, Nov. 28, 1919. 2. Kurt Blumenfeld, “Einstein and Zionism,” in Seelig 1956b, 74; Kurt Blumenfeld, Erlebte Judenfrage (Stuttgart: Verlags-Anstalt, 1962), 127– 128. 3. Einstein to Paul Epstein, Oct. 5, 1919. 4. Einstein to German Citizens of the Jewish Faith, Apr. 5, 1920, CPAE 7: 37. 5. Einstein, “Anti-Semitism: Defense through Knowledge,” after Apr. 3, 1920, CPAE 7: 35. 6. Einstein, “Assimilation and Anti-Semitism,” Apr. 3, 1920, CPAE 7: 34. See also Einstein, “Immigration from the East,” Dec. 30, 1919, an article in Berliner Tageblatt, CPAE 7:29. 7. Einstein, “Anti-Semitism: Defense through Knowledge,” after Apr. 3, 1920, CPAE 7: 35; Hubert Goenner, “The Anti-Einstein Campaign in Germany in 1920,” in Beller et al., 107. 8. Elon, 277. 9. Hubert Goenner, “The Anti-Einstein Campaign in Germany in 1920,” in Beller et al., 121. 10. New York Times , Aug. 29, 1920. 11. Frank 1947, 161; Clark, 318; Fölsing, 462; Brian 1996, 111. 12. “Einstein to Leave Berlin,”New York Times , Aug. 29, 1920; the story, datelined Berlin, begins, “Local newspapers state that Professor Albert Einstein will leave the German capital on account of the many unfair attacks made against his relativity theory and himself.” 13. Einstein, “My Response,” Aug. 27, 1920, CPAE 7: 45. 14. See, in particular, Philipp Lenard to Einstein, June 5, 1909. 15. Einstein, “My Response,” Aug. 27, 1920, CPAE 7: 45. 16. Seelig 1956a, 173. 17. Hedwig Born to Einstein, Sept. 8, 1920. 18. Paul Ehrenfest to Einstein, Sept. 2, 1920. 19. Einstein to Max and Hedwig Born, Sept. 9, 1920. 20. Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, before Sept. 9, 1920. 21. Arnold Sommerfeld to Einstein, Sept. 11, 1920. 22. Jerome, 206–208, 256–257. 23. Born 2005, 35; Einstein to Max Born, Oct. 26, 1920. 24. Clark, 326–327; Fölsing, 467; Bolles, 73. 25. Fölsing, 523; Adolf Hitler, Völkischer Beobachter , Jan. 3, 1921. 26. Dearborn (Mich.) Independent, Apr. 30, 1921, on display at the “Chief Engineer of the Universe” exhibit, Kronprinzenpalais, Berlin, May– Sept. 2005. A headline at the bottom of the page reads, “Jew Admits Bolshevism!” 27. Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, Nov. 26, 1920, Feb. 12, 1921, AEA 9-545; Fölsing, 484. The Einstein letters after 1920 have not yet been published in the CPAE series, and I identify these unpublished letters by the Albert Einstein Archives (AEA) call numbers. 28. Clark, 465–466. 29. Einstein to Maurice Solovine, Mar. 8, 1921, AEA 9-555. 30. Einstein statement to Abba Eban, Nov. 18, 1952, AEA 28-943. 31. Fritz Haber to Einstein, Mar. 9, 1921, AEA 12-329. 32. Einstein to Fritz Haber, Mar. 9, 1921, AEA 12-331. 33. Seelig 1956a, 81; Fölsing, 500; Clark, 468. 34. New York Times , Apr. 3, 1921. 35. Illy, 29. 36. Philadelphia Public Ledger , Apr. 3, 1921. 37. These quotes and descriptions are taken from the Apr. 3, 1921, stories in the New York Times, New York Call, Philadelphia Public Ledger, and New York American. 38. Weizmann, 232.
39. “Einstein Sees End of Time and Space,”New York Times , Apr. 4, 1921. 40. “City’s Welcome for Dr. Einstein,”New York Evening Post , Apr. 5, 1921. 41. Talmey, 174. 42. New York Times , Apr. 11 and 16, 1921. 43. The memorial, at the corner of Constitution Avenue and Twenty-second Street N.W.near the Mall, is a hidden treasure of Washington.(See picture on p.605.) The sculptor was Robert Berks, who also did the bust of John Kennedy at the Kennedy Center nearby, and the landscape architect was James Van Sweden. On the tablet that Einstein holds are three equations, describing the photoelectric effect, general relativity, and of course E=mc 2 . On the marble steps where the statue reclines are three quotes, including: “As long as I have any choice in the matter, I shall live only in a country where civil liberty, tolerance, and equality of all citizens before the law prevail.” See www.nasonline.org. 44. Washington Post , Apr. 7, 1921;New York Times , Apr. 26 and 27, 1921; Frank 1947, 184. An account of the Academy dinner by Caltech astronomer Harlow Shapley is at the Einstein papers in Pasadena. 45. Charles MacArthur, “Einstein Baffled in Chicago: Seeks Pants in Only Three Dimensions, Faces Relativity of Trousers,”Chicago Herald and Examiner ,May 3, 1921. 46. Chicago Daily Tribune , May 3, 1921. 47. Memorandum of Agreement, Einstein and Princeton University Press, May 9, 1921. The deal was an exclusive one; no other venue in the United States was permitted to publish any of his lectures. The four lectures appeared as The Meaning of Relativity. It is now in its fifth edition. 48. Philadelphia Evening Bulletin , May 14, 1921. 49. Einstein to Oswald Veblen, Apr. 30, 1930, AEA 23-152. Pais 1982, 114, gives a history of this phrase, which is recounted in a memo prepared for the Einstein archives by Einstein’s secretary Helen Dukas. The fireplace is in room 202, the faculty lounge of what is now called Jones Hall at Princeton and was earlier known as Fine Hall, until that name moved to a newer math building.
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ALSO BY WALTER ISAACSON A Benjamin
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SIMON & SCHUSTER Rockefeller Center
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In Santa Barbara, 1933 Life is like
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN Nobel Laureate, 19
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their countless acts of support ove
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ABRAHAM FLEXNER (1866-1959). Americ
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CHAPTER ONE THE LIGHT-BEAM RIDER
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The Swabian CHAPTER TWO CHILDHOOD 1
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during the years he lived alone in
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elementary school seemed to me like
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fulfill my wishes and expectations,
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taken out of the black case. It pro
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one of her female friends in Zurich
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Summer Vacation, 1900 CHAPTER FOUR
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The first of these papers was on a
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Lake Como, May 1901 “You absolute
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molecular forces, which used calcul
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His office in Bern’s new Postal a
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affection, and it concluded on that
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Turn of the Century CHAPTER FIVE TH
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These packets or bundles of energy
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though it did not help him get an a
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elative to the medium (the water or
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finally he added, “I guess I just
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Suppose that at the exact instant (
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With all this talk of distance and
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his one-sentence drunken postcard t
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was better suited to theorizing. Fo
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Adler made sure that the Zurich aut
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Zurich, 1909 CHAPTER EIGHT THE WAND
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invitation to stay with Lorentz and
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As Einstein wandered around Europe
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The visitors made their case during
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Mari accepted the terms. When Haber
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When Einstein moved back to Zurich
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indistinguishable from a case where
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Haber’s son in math. 45 But when
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Part of Einstein’s genius was his
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the Annalen der Physik, “The gene
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e a heavy blow for my boys. Therefo
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“The Nobel Prize—in the event o
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Germany’s new left-wing governmen
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Cosmology and Black Holes, 1917 CHA
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quanta involved probability rather
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“Lights All Askew” CHAPTER TWEL
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celebrity, were thrilled that the n
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a “single-minded and single-hande
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Kinship CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE WANDER
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(There was one odd coda to this eve
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Einstein drew packed crowds whereve
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1920s was not a good place or time
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The 1921 Prize CHAPTER FOURTEEN NOB
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photoelectrical effect has been ext
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Atoms emit radiation in a spontaneo
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An additional step was taken by ano
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The Quest CHAPTER FIFTEEN UNIFIED F
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even now. He also gave an interview
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Its shortcoming was that it “make
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Caputh CHAPTER SIXTEEN TURNING FIFT
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later declared. Although she could
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Einstein said, “encases the mind
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His fears were realized. The confer
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN EINSTEIN’S GOD
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with, his scientific work. “The c
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Christ Church, his college at Oxfor
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new chancellor of Germany. Einstein
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directed to the cottage amid the du
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friends. Most of it was about poor
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Princeton CHAPTER NINETEEN AMERICA
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Flexner’s interference infuriated
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the mailman.” 38 “The professor
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Nassau Inn refused her a room. So E
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Wolfgang Pauli wrote Heisenberg a l
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Bell was less than comfortable with
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Was Infeld right? Was tenacity the
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The Letter CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE THE B
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12 Hiking in Switzerland with Madam
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18 The 1927 Solvay Conference 19 Re
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23 Werner Heisenberg 24 Erwin Schr
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29 With Elsa and her daughter Margo
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34 Welcoming Hans Albert to America
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* The official name of the institut
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* The letters were discovered by Jo
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* A person “at rest” on the equ
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* If the source of sound is rushing
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* The German phrase he used was “
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* She was born Elsa Einstein, becam
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* See chapter 7. For purposes of th
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* Here’s how it works. If you are
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* Einstein’s salary after tax was
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* See chapter 14 for Einstein’s d
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* I have used the translation prefe
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* Robert Andrews Millikan would win
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* The de Broglie wavelength of a ba
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* From his 1905 special relativity
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* There are two related concepts th