einstein
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need to keep thrusting himself into the fray.<br />
But one person did get through: Albert Shadowitz, a physics professor who had worked as an engineer during the war and helped form a union<br />
that was eventually expelled from the labor movement for having communists on its board. Senator McCarthy wanted to show that the union had ties<br />
to Moscow and had endangered the defense industry. Shadowitz, who had been a member of the Communist Party, decided to invoke the<br />
protections of the First, not the Fifth, Amendment, as Einstein had recommended to Frauenglass. 20<br />
Shadowitz was so worried about his plight that he decided to call Einstein for support. But Einstein’s number was unlisted. So he got into his car<br />
in northern New Jersey, drove to Princeton, and showed up at Einstein’s house, where he was met by the zealous guardian Dukas. “Do you have an<br />
appointment?” she demanded. He admitted he didn’t. “Well, you can’t just come in and speak to Professor Einstein,” she declared. But when he<br />
explained his story, she stared at him for a while, then waved him in.<br />
Einstein was wearing his usual attire: a baggy sweatshirt and corduroy trousers. He took Shadowitz upstairs to his study and assured him that his<br />
actions were right. He was an intellectual, and it was the special duty of intellectuals to stand up in such cases. “If you take this path then feel free to<br />
use my name in any way that you wish,” Einstein generously offered.<br />
Shadowitz was surprised by the blank check, but happy to use it. McCarthy’s chief counsel, Roy Cohn, did the questioning as McCarthy listened<br />
during the initial closed hearing. Was he a communist? Shadowitz replied: “I refuse to answer that and I am following the advice of Professor<br />
Einstein.” McCarthy suddenly took over the questioning. Did he know Einstein? Not really, Shadowitz answered, but I’ve met him. When the script<br />
was replayed in an open hearing, it made the same type of headlines, and provoked the same spurt of mail, as the Frauenglass case had.<br />
Einstein believed he was being a good, rather than a disloyal, citizen. He had read the First Amendment and felt that upholding its spirit was at<br />
the core of America’s cherished freedom. One angry critic sent him a copy of a card that contained what he called “The American Creed.” It read, in<br />
part, “It is my duty to my country to love it; to support its Constitution; to obey its laws.” Einstein wrote on the edge, “This is precisely what I have<br />
done.” 21<br />
When the great black scholar W.E.B. Du Bois was indicted on charges stemming from helping to circulate a petition initiated by the World Peace<br />
Council, Einstein volunteered to testify as a character witness on his behalf. It represented a union of Einstein’s sentiments on behalf of civil rights<br />
and of free speech. When Du Bois’s lawyer informed the court that Einstein would appear, the judge rather quickly decided to dismiss the case. 22<br />
Another case hit closer to home: that of J. Robert Oppenheimer. After leading the scientists who developed the atom bomb and then becoming<br />
head of the Institute where Einstein still puttered in to work, Oppenheimer remained an adviser to the Atomic Energy Commission and kept his<br />
security clearance. By initially opposing the development of the hydrogen bomb, he had turned Edward Teller into an adversary, and he also<br />
alienated AEC commissioner Lewis Strauss. Oppenheimer’s wife, Kitty, and his brother, Frank, had been members of the Communist Party before<br />
the war, and Oppenheimer himself had associated freely with party members and with scientists whose loyalty came under question. 23<br />
All of this prompted an effort in 1953 to strip Oppenheimer of his security clearance. It would have expired soon anyway, and everyone could<br />
have allowed the matter to be resolved quietly, but in the heated atmosphere neither Oppenheimer nor his adversaries wanted to back away from<br />
what they saw as a matter of principle. So a secret hearing was scheduled in Washington.<br />
One day at the Institute, Einstein ran into Oppenheimer, who was preparing for the hearings. They chatted for a few minutes, and when<br />
Oppenheimer got to his car he recounted the conversation to a friend. “Einstein thinks that the attack on me is so outrageous that I should just<br />
resign,” he said. Einstein considered Oppenheimer “a fool” for even answering the charges. Having served his country admirably, he had no<br />
obligations to subject himself to a “witch hunt.” 24<br />
A few days after the secret hearings finally began—in April 1954, just as CBS journalist Edward R. Murrow was taking on Joseph McCarthy and<br />
the controversy over security investigations was at its height—they became public through a page-1 exclusive by James Reston of the New York<br />
Times. 25 The issue of the government’s investigation of Oppenheimer’s loyalty instantly became another polarizing public debate.<br />
Warned that the story was about to break, Abraham Pais went to Mercer Street to make sure that Einstein was prepared for the inevitable press<br />
calls. He was bitterly amused when Pais told him that Oppenheimer continued to insist on a hearing rather than simply cutting his ties with the<br />
government. “The trouble with Oppenheimer is that he loves a woman who doesn’t love him—the United States government,” Einstein said. All<br />
Oppenheimer had to do, Einstein told Pais, was “go to Washington, tell the officials that they were fools, and then go home.” 26<br />
Oppenheimer lost. The AEC voted that he was a loyal American but also a security risk and—one day before it would have expired anyway—<br />
revoked his clearance. Einstein visited him at the Institute the next day and found him depressed. That evening he told a friend that he did not<br />
“understand why Oppenheimer takes the business so seriously.”<br />
When a group of Institute faculty members circulated a petition affirming support for their director, Einstein immediately signed up. Others initially<br />
declined, some partly out of fear. This galvanized Einstein. He “put his ‘revolutionary talents’ into action to garner support,” a friend recalled. After a<br />
few more meetings, Einstein had helped to convince or shame everyone into signing the statement. 27<br />
Lewis Strauss, Oppenheimer’s AEC antagonist, was on the board of the Institute, which worried the faculty. Would he try to get Oppenheimer<br />
fired? Einstein wrote his friend Senator Herbert Lehman of New York, another trustee, calling Oppenheimer “by far the most capable Director the<br />
Institute has ever had.” Dismissing him, he said, “would arouse the justified indignation of all men of learning.” 28 The trustees voted to keep him.<br />
Soon after the Oppenheimer affair, Einstein was visited in Princeton by Adlai Stevenson, the once and future Democratic nominee for president,<br />
who was a particular darling among intellectuals. Einstein expressed concern at the way politicians were whipping up fear of communism.<br />
Stevenson replied somewhat circumspectly. The Russians were, in fact, a danger. After some more gentle back and forth, Stevenson thanked<br />
Einstein for endorsing him in 1952. There was no need for thanks, Einstein replied, as he had done so only because he trusted Eisenhower even<br />
less. Stevenson said he found such honesty refreshing, and Einstein decided that he was not quite as pompous as he had originally seemed. 29<br />
Einstein’s opposition to McCarthyism arose partly out of his fear of fascism. America’s most dangerous internal threat, he felt, came not from<br />
communist subversives but from those who used the fear of communists to trample civil liberties. “America is incomparably less endangered by its<br />
own Communists than by the hysterical hunt for the few Communists that are here,” he told the socialist leader Norman Thomas.<br />
Even to people he did not know, Einstein expressed his disgust in unvarnished terms. “We have come a long way toward the establishment of a<br />
Fascist regime,” he replied to an eleven-page letter sent to him by a New Yorker he had never met. “The similarity of general conditions here to<br />
those in the Germany of 1932 is quite obvious.” 30<br />
Some colleagues worried that Einstein’s vocal opinions would cause controversy for the Institute. Such concerns, he joked, made his hair turn<br />
gray. Indeed, he took a boyish American glee at his freedom to say whatever he felt. “I have become a kind of enfant terrible in my new homeland<br />
due to my inability to keep silent and to swallow everything that happens,” he wrote Queen Mother Elisabeth. “Besides, I believe that older people<br />
who have scarcely anything to lose ought to be willing to speak out in behalf of those who are young and are subject to much greater restraint.” 31<br />
He even announced, in tones both grave and a bit playful, that he would not have become a professor given the political intimidation that now<br />
existed. “If I were a young man again and had to decide how to make a living, I would not try to become a scientist or scholar or teacher,” he intoned