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-418- COMMPNICATIONS - TELEPHONE LINES S NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS - BY COUNTY 8: BY TOWN 1977 - 1979. Montserrado County Monrovia Robertsfield Bentol Kakata Careysburg Grand Cane Mount Countv Robertsport Grand Bassa County Buchanan Sinoe County Greenville Marvland Countv Harper TOTAL COASTAL COUNTIES Lofa County Zorzor Voinjama Salala Gbarnga Nimba Countv Sanniquellie Ganta Tappita Grand Gedeh Countv Zwedru TOTAL INLAND COUNTIES MONROVIA ALL COASTAL COUNTIES ALL INLAND COUNTIES Number Lines 4.190 4,000 30 100 60 - 20 20 60 60 20 20 _ 4.290 20 _ 20 90 90 23. 20 - - 60 60 190 4.4IS 89-3 95.6 4-4 1977 Source: Adapted from - Economic Survey of Liberia* 1979* p. of Number of Subscribers 3,079 3,000 11 59 9 20 20 11 75 2 9 _ 3,183 10 _ 10 . 7 H 13 - - 12 39 62. 2*252 92.3 97.9 2.1 Number Lines 7.410 7,000 200 150 60 - 22 90 200 200 22 90 _ 7,790 22 _ 90 90 90 22 90 - - 22 90 360 1*152 85.9 95.6 4.4 1978 of Number of Subscribers 3.509 3,350 54 76 29 55. 55 82 83 11 11 _ 3.658 10 _ 10 11 1§ 18 - A2 43 82 2*2:48 89.6 97.8 2.2 Number Lines 7.510 7,000 200 150 60 100 22 90 200 200 22 90 _ 7.890 120 30 90 120 30 90 220 90 100 30 32. 90 553. §*44Q 82.9 93.5 6.5 1979 of Number of Subscribers 5.649 5,490 54 76 29 51 55 82 83 11 11 _ 5j798 n _13 11 11 IS 18 _ - il 43 85. iMl 93.3 98.6 1.4
-419- The telecommunication relay station transmits the diplomatic traffic between Washington and almost all U.S. embassies in sub- Saharan Africa and vice versa, whereas the U.S. embassy in Monrovia is known to be one of the most important C.I.A. stations in Africa and the Middle East (after the political changes of 1979 in Iran). In the mid-1970 1 s there were reportedly some 500 people assigned to the U.S. embassy in Monrovia (52). The country's radio and television are also facilities enjoyed only by a limited group, the urban people, and notably the economic well-to-do as far as television is concerned. The Government in the late 195O's set up a radio broadcasting service, the Extended Liberian Broadcasting Company (E.L.B.C.), and a television broadcasting corporation in 1964 (E.L.T.V.). In the late 1970's, however, E.L.T.V. did not reach beyond Kakata and television was completely an affair for Monrovians only. Both radio and television provide programmes for and by the Americo-Liberian elite. At the end of the 1970's the ministry responsible"for radio .and television, the Ministry of Information, Cultural Affairs and Tourism, was headed by one of the most important politicians in the country, E. Reginald Townsend. After being nominated National Chairman of the country's only political party, the True Whig Party, he was succeeded as Minister by one of Pres-r ident Tolbert's numerous relatives, his cousin Johnny A. McClain (53). Consequently, both radio and television serve important political goals: to transmit a positive image of the country's ruling party in general and of President Tolbert in particular. Thus, criticism does not generally rise above the surface. Liberia is the base of two radio stations which can be heard beyond the borders of the republic. In 1954 E.L.W.A. radio was established ("Eternal Love Winning Africa") by a religious organisation, the Sudanese Mission, originating in the U.S.A. There are daily broadcasts in a large number of African languages which can be heard in most West African countries. Most programmes broadcast by radio station E.L.W.A. concern the preaching of the Gospel. A second U.S. radio station is the Voice of America (V.O.A.). The V.O.A. transmitter, located in Careysburg, is powerful enough to cover the entire African continent, the Middle East and the southwestern Soviet Union (54). The programmes broadcast serve the (political) interests of its owner, the U.S. Government. It should be noted that the ground on which the V.O.A. transmitter was constructed in Careysburg is leased by the Government of the U.S.A. for an extremely low rental which was used to compensate the people who had to be evacuated because of the construction of the buildings etc (55).
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VEROFFENTLICHUNGEN AUS DEM UBERSEE-
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i 1 THE OPEN DOOR POLICY OF LIBERIA
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DE.B1CA710N For £IA. Together we s
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Vll CHAPTER 3: (continued) Page The
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ix CHAPTER 9: THE FORESTRY SECTOR P
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Footnotes Annexes Bibliography Inde
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xiii National Iron Ore Company, the
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XV China at the end of the 19th cen
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xvii economically more developed co
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XIX blancs, dans le developpement d
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XXI des Liberiens de toutes les cla
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xxiii DE OPEN DEUR POLITIEK VAN LIB
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XXV deze scheiding tussen kustgebie
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personeel - niet opgewassen was en
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\ I.M.F. i \ INTRUSCO i i j I.T.C.
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xxxi LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, CHARTS
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TABLES (continued) Page 33 Planned
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XXXV TABLES (continued) 68 Exports
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II century, notably the Open Door P
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IV earth in Liberia. It had been th
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VI Tubman was very well aware of th
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VIII MAP 1
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exporters. It has attracted more th
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XII the more so, since no comprehen
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XIV development of rural Liberia, i
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XVI Firestone's financial contribut
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XVIII officer who had served in Lib
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XX Chapter 11 pays attention to one
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CHAPTER 1 THE PEPPER COAST BEFORE 1
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-3- "Malagueta Coast" or "Pepper Co
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-5- embarrassment towards a (growin
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in honor of the 5th President of th
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Numerous colonists from the U.S.A.
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-11- Figure 1
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-13- The'vicious circle started wit
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-15- the other - to the disadvantag
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-17- Of the colonists notably the A
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-19- The closing of the Door: The E
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-21- Consequently, both tribal peop
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The Roye Administration -23- The te
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-25- He also wanted the general edu
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-27- territory Liberia claimed by E
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m -29- The commission created in 18
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-31- re-activating the first conces
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-33- European. Its expense paid Ly
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-35- Treasury and an unfavourable e
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-37- their salaries. The resulting
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-39- Therefore President Howard of
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j -41- :j % One of the recommendati
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-43- twentieth century the Presiden
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-45- The British and French absence
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-47- In December 1923 the first mis
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-49- and he proposed the constructi
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-51- itself, upon acceptance of the
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-53- equal to 4 per cent of the cou
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-55- between the U.S.A. and Liberia
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-57- Government of Liberia agreed w
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-59- The expansion of the governmen
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-61- Another disagreement arose ove
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] -63- J Notes: ? : :i (1) Fireston
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-65- question had never been adequa
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-67- had varied from $ 8 million to
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-69- In order to protect the new co
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-71- capacity of 55,000 tyres, requ
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J -73j :i quantities of dry rubber
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-75- The charge of 3.44 cents per p
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-77- Finance in the 1970's, but owi
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-79- Planting Agreement was in Akro
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-81- on the basis of competitive pr
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-83- with the 7iresione Plantation
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-85- 1. Organization of a national
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-87- However, before he could reali
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-89- operation of the plantation. T
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j -91- i have taxed the portion of
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-93- in 1947, but also entrusted hi
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-95- company's main interest is no
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-97- poration for the period 1963 -
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-99- TABLE 4 LIBERIA COMPANY'S DIVI
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-101- 6 cents per acre had to be pa
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The Port near Greenville -103- Afte
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-105- rubber. Little is known of th
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-107- the management of the company
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j -109- } S taxes or imposts of any
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-111- The concession agreement, wit
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-113- concluded with other foreign
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-115- which is owned by a political
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-117- owners of the concession. The
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-119- eleven persons were: Vice-Pre
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-121- tain rights in cooperation wi
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-123- It is significant that despit
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-125- scribed above., providing suc
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-127- materials, the rights of the
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-129- the possibilities offered by
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I -131- sion, and sales to affiliat
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-133- concession area of 100,000 ac
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-135- such payments out of profit,"
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-137- tually all of these companies
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-139- The 1898 concession agreement
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-141- Normann, from England, which
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-143- to the English "Providence Mi
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-145- the company had in previous y
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-147- of "Globex Minerals (inc.)",
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-149- the excess acreage (38) does
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-151- old Tchien and Gbaepo Distric
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-153- only two of them referred to
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-155- not provide for a price of go
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-157- Meanwhile, the exploration ac
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-159- The excessively liberal terms
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-161- a concession for gold, diamon
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-163- difficulties which had to be
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-165- of 50? and which was of direc
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-167- The concessionaire became exe
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-169- These statements of the two s
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-171- Note that until i960 L.M.C.'s
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-173- salaries to ex-patriate perso
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-175- the - increased - capacity of
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-177- '••:] Sales Agreement bet
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-179- On January 3, 1963 a Memorand
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-181- L.M.C. would have acted in co
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-183- area described as the Bea Mou
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-185- Agreement signed by represent
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-187- geologists, economists and la
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CHRONOLOGY SUMMARIZED HISTORY OF L.
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-191- N.I.O.C. dated January 1, 196
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Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
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-195- for further details of the 19
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-197- soon demonstrated by the call
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-199- of 3.2 million long tons in a
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-201- TABLE 10 FINANCIAL OBLIGATION
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-203- achievements were made in spi
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-205- After the change of the name
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-207- to concentrate on the new fin
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-209- one steel factory, in the cou
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-211- The Liberian Government owns
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-213- 1952, legal ownership of abou
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-215- Th is second part of the conc
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-217- one of its sixteen Swedish su
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-219- For these services G.I.M. is
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-221- Prior to 1974 fifty per cent
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-223- depreciation of (capital) equ
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-225- of the revision of the 1960 M
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i -227- 3 prescribing such a review
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-229- But now, having accepted bein
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-231- As a result of this review in
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-233- TABLE 14 FINANCIAL COSTS OF C
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DELIMCO/B.M.C. -235- Long-standing
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-237- equity participation (unlike
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Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
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-241- these funds to B.M.C. in the
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-243- negotiations which were held
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-245- S ources: - "Technical Inform
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-247- Prices of sales to affiliated
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S ource: -249- TABLE 17 INVESTMENTS
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-251- due time a mining concession
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-253- The 1967 concession agreement
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-255- Changes of the concession agr
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-257- Some reasons why the Wologisi
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-259- CHAPTER 9 THE FORESTRY SECTOR
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-261- Surveys of Liberia's Forest P
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-263- (see below) repealed the port
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-265- were authorized to issue perm
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-267- TABLE 18 LIBERIA'S NATIONAL F
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-269- The Forestry Development Auth
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-271- TABLE 19 TIMBER CONCESSIONS G
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-273- TABLE 20 PRODUCTION OF TIMBER
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-275- Souree: - Annual Report, Depa
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-277- Attempts To Establish A Natio
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YEAR 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
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-281- As a consequence the export v
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-283- December 31, 1977 Liberia lev
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Botanical Name Category 1 Ent, cyli
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-287- these 33 companies; year of s
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-289- were also the principal share
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-291- alleged corruption involving
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-293- It is important to note here
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CHAPTER 10 -295- FISCAL PERFORMANCE
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-297- expenditures in the period pr
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-299- In these years the debt servi
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-301- TABLE 28-A COMPARATIVE STATEM
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-303- the second half of the 1930's
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-305- first to benefit from this U.
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M -307- •' \ •:i TABLE 30 fSS]
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-309- Government Revenues 1941 - 19
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TABLE 31-B MAIN SOURCES OF DOMESTIC
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-313- situation renders the Treasur
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-315- The trend of public expenditu
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-317- •• \ During the 1950 's t
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-319- $ 117 million were due for re
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-321- In 1943 Liberia and the U.S.A
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Sector -323- TABLE 33 PLANNED EXPEN
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Type of Assistance I. Economic Asst
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THE 1963 - 1978 PERIOD Revenue Perf
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Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
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Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
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1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
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-335- of the Ministry of Finance wh
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-337- Development Planning and Expe
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1.1 Agriculture 2.1 Rural Roads 2.2
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-341- The Plan which was approved b
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-343- "Uhile the performance of the
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-345- TABLE 43 PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
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-347- The unenvisaged expenditures
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-349- Under the revised Plan total
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1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
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Note: (1) Preliminary figures. Auth
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-355- Bushrod Island; a new bridge
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-357- TABLE 51 U.H. ASSISTANCE TO L
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-359- happened in a haphazard way.
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-361- The (investment) activities o
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-363- '••] the most organized a
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-365- exploited this situation by s
Page 425 and 426: -367- all offered staff positions o
Page 427 and 428: -369- allied to the Tolbert clan bu
Page 429 and 430: -371- history, secrets and traditio
Page 431 and 432: -373- At the time of the arrival of
Page 433 and 434: -375- The very few books which inde
Page 435 and 436: GOVERNMENT. MISSION. PRIVATE. TRIBA
Page 437 and 438: -379- TABLE 54 1962 POPULATION AND
Page 439 and 440: -381- about 19,000 were between 5 a
Page 441 and 442: -383- Liberia College in 1862. Elem
Page 443 and 444: -385- mark of 70$. This shocking an
Page 445 and 446: -387- The 1978 National Education S
Page 447 and 448: -389- TABLE 58-B SCHOOL ATTENDING P
Page 449 and 450: -391- TABLE 60 A. NUMBER OF STUDENT
Page 451 and 452: -393- It seems likely that the rela
Page 453 and 454: -395- Author's research based on th
Page 455 and 456: CHAPTER 12 -397- TRANSPORTATION AND
Page 457 and 458: -399- It thus facilitated the immed
Page 459 and 460: -401- how many people were employed
Page 461 and 462: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTY
Page 463 and 464: -405- in Liberia was owned, finance
Page 465 and 466: -407- TABLE 65 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIV
Page 467 and 468: -409- were politically well covered
Page 469 and 470: -411- railroad which, with the exce
Page 471 and 472: -413- the concession sector (LAMCO)
Page 473 and 474: -415- 5 seater twin-engined Cessna
Page 475: -417- Besides, this segment of the
Page 479 and 480: -421- with Germany and hence affect
Page 481 and 482: -423- :: The 1960 - 1979 Period j F
Page 483 and 484: -425- with Sierra Leone is less tha
Page 485 and 486: -427- alarming (see Chapter 10), th
Page 487 and 488: -429- structural changes and the de
Page 489 and 490: -431- from roughly one third in 197
Page 491 and 492: -433- by Fouad Khalifa, a Lebanese,
Page 493 and 494: -435- The Government indebted itsel
Page 495 and 496: -437- a very large part of G.D.P. i
Page 497 and 498: -439- to the distribution of power,
Page 499 and 500: -441- heard. As early as 1830, but
Page 501 and 502: -U3- was wrongly thought in those d
Page 503 and 504: -445- 1962. In the 1950's the triba
Page 505 and 506: -447- Tubman Estate (66). Interesti
Page 507 and 508: -449- National Legislature, This de
Page 509 and 510: -451- The creation of state owned c
Page 511 and 512: -453- respect to foreign concession
Page 513 and 514: -455- II. The Government of Liberia
Page 515 and 516: -457- Most notable among these clau
Page 517 and 518:
-459- ADDENDUM On April 12, 1980, a
Page 519:
ISBN 3-88299-040-6 ISSN 0344-4317
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