The_Open_Door_deel1

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I. GROSS FOREIGN AID A. 1. Loans 2. Grants 3- (1) + (2) B. IMF Drawings C. IMF SDR's II. TOTAL FOREIGN DEBT' SERVICING a. Service of Foreign Debt of which: i Principal ii Interest b. IMF Repurchases III. NET FOREIGN AID TABLE U NET FOREIGN AID TO LIBERIA 1964 (iri millions of 1 1971 U•S. dollars) 1964 20. 0 11. ,5 11. • 5 6. • 3 5-,2 8, .5 196 1 30. 4 5-0- 15. 0 12. 0 12. 4 17. ,0 27. 4 3. ,0 3-0 - 10. 2 10. 2 5-1 5-1 - 20. 2 1966 35- 4 16. 8 13- 3 30- 2 2 - 13. 1 9-5 3-6 5-9 3. 6 22. 2 1967 35-7 16.2 13-3 29-5 6-2 - 14-1 9-9 3-5 6-4 4-2 20.6 1968 22. 7. • 3 11. ,6 18. •9 3. •4 16, .8 13, • 3 • 4 5, .7 7. .7 3, • 4 5-3 1969 17-2 6.8 9-0 15.8 1.4 - 19-4 15-0 8.1 6.9 4-4 -2 .2 1970 20-8 5-7 10.8 16.5 2.0 2.3 20.6 15.4 9-1 6-3 5-2 0-2 Author's research based on Economic Surveys of Liberia, 1967 - 1971 . 19 71 23-3 5-8 13-3 18.3 1.0 4.0 20.6 17.2 11.2 6.0 3-4 2.7 t NJO •>- TO
-343- "Uhile the performance of the economy recorded phenomenal gains during particularly the past two decades, the quality of rural life and the rural environment deteriorated. Such deterioration was reflected in the desperate relatively large exodus of the rural school age population and the rural active population to the few urban areas where schooling and employment opportunities were already limited for the ill prepared immigrants. The social and economic cost both in the rural and urban areas has been grave" (77). Such criticism of the official policy was' unheard of in the Tubman era. Several years later the Four Year National Socio- Economic Development Plan 1976 - 19 80 was launched. Preparation for this Development Plan was begun in 19 74, the same year in which a National Census of Population and Housing was carried out. It is interesting to note that initially it was planned to draft an Eight-Year Development Plan which would cover the years 1976 - 1984, "which coincides with the next full term of President Tolbert's Administration beginning in 7976" (78). As this was written in January 1975 before the Presidential candidate had even been nominated by the ruling political party it serves as an illustration of the general predictibility of the outcome of elections in Liberia. In the Foreword to the 1976 - 1980 Development Plan William Tolbert, elected in the October 1975 Presidential elections in which he was the only candidate, stated that "when I became. President of Liberia, I (...) realized thai Liberians were living at vastly different levels of increasing wealth and accelerating poverty. The infusion of the money economy into the rural agricultural sector created forces which widened the chasm between those who abundantly possess and the majority who barely exist" (79). The stated basic long-term objectives of the Liberian development strategy were now described as: (i) diversification of the production; (ii) dispersion of sustainable socio-economic activities throughout the country; (iii) total involvement of the entire population in the development efforts, and (iv) equitable distribution of the benefits of economic growth, development, and diversification so as to ensure an acceptable standard of living to all Liberians (80). The language used sounds very similar to that used in the abortive 1967 - 1970 Development Plan but an important new concept was introduced in this first Four Year Development Plan of the Tolbert Administration. With respect to the objective of diversification of production it was emphasized that the cornerstone of the diversification strategy would be "integrated rural development"• It was recognized that this philosophy would involve the design and implementation of comprehensive programmes for raising agricultural productivity and improving associated rural economic activities such as marketing and providing social and Physical infrastructure so as to enhance the quality of life in
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VEROFFENTLICHUNGEN AUS DEM UBERSEE-
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i 1 THE OPEN DOOR POLICY OF LIBERIA
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DE.B1CA710N For £IA. Together we s
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Vll CHAPTER 3: (continued) Page The
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ix CHAPTER 9: THE FORESTRY SECTOR P
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Footnotes Annexes Bibliography Inde
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xiii National Iron Ore Company, the
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XV China at the end of the 19th cen
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xvii economically more developed co
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XIX blancs, dans le developpement d
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XXI des Liberiens de toutes les cla
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xxiii DE OPEN DEUR POLITIEK VAN LIB
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XXV deze scheiding tussen kustgebie
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personeel - niet opgewassen was en
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\ I.M.F. i \ INTRUSCO i i j I.T.C.
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xxxi LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, CHARTS
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TABLES (continued) Page 33 Planned
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XXXV TABLES (continued) 68 Exports
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II century, notably the Open Door P
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IV earth in Liberia. It had been th
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VI Tubman was very well aware of th
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VIII MAP 1
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exporters. It has attracted more th
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XII the more so, since no comprehen
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XIV development of rural Liberia, i
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XVI Firestone's financial contribut
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XVIII officer who had served in Lib
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XX Chapter 11 pays attention to one
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CHAPTER 1 THE PEPPER COAST BEFORE 1
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-3- "Malagueta Coast" or "Pepper Co
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-5- embarrassment towards a (growin
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in honor of the 5th President of th
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Numerous colonists from the U.S.A.
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-11- Figure 1
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-13- The'vicious circle started wit
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-15- the other - to the disadvantag
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-17- Of the colonists notably the A
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-19- The closing of the Door: The E
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-21- Consequently, both tribal peop
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The Roye Administration -23- The te
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-25- He also wanted the general edu
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-27- territory Liberia claimed by E
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m -29- The commission created in 18
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-31- re-activating the first conces
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-33- European. Its expense paid Ly
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-35- Treasury and an unfavourable e
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-37- their salaries. The resulting
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-39- Therefore President Howard of
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j -41- :j % One of the recommendati
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-43- twentieth century the Presiden
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-45- The British and French absence
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-47- In December 1923 the first mis
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-49- and he proposed the constructi
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-51- itself, upon acceptance of the
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-53- equal to 4 per cent of the cou
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-55- between the U.S.A. and Liberia
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-57- Government of Liberia agreed w
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-59- The expansion of the governmen
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-61- Another disagreement arose ove
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] -63- J Notes: ? : :i (1) Fireston
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-65- question had never been adequa
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-67- had varied from $ 8 million to
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-69- In order to protect the new co
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-71- capacity of 55,000 tyres, requ
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J -73j :i quantities of dry rubber
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-75- The charge of 3.44 cents per p
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-77- Finance in the 1970's, but owi
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-79- Planting Agreement was in Akro
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-81- on the basis of competitive pr
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-83- with the 7iresione Plantation
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-85- 1. Organization of a national
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-87- However, before he could reali
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-89- operation of the plantation. T
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j -91- i have taxed the portion of
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-93- in 1947, but also entrusted hi
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-95- company's main interest is no
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-97- poration for the period 1963 -
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-99- TABLE 4 LIBERIA COMPANY'S DIVI
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-101- 6 cents per acre had to be pa
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The Port near Greenville -103- Afte
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-105- rubber. Little is known of th
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-107- the management of the company
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j -109- } S taxes or imposts of any
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-111- The concession agreement, wit
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-113- concluded with other foreign
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-115- which is owned by a political
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-117- owners of the concession. The
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-119- eleven persons were: Vice-Pre
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-121- tain rights in cooperation wi
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-123- It is significant that despit
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-125- scribed above., providing suc
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-127- materials, the rights of the
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-129- the possibilities offered by
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I -131- sion, and sales to affiliat
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-133- concession area of 100,000 ac
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-135- such payments out of profit,"
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-137- tually all of these companies
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-139- The 1898 concession agreement
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-141- Normann, from England, which
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-143- to the English "Providence Mi
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-145- the company had in previous y
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-147- of "Globex Minerals (inc.)",
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-149- the excess acreage (38) does
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-151- old Tchien and Gbaepo Distric
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-153- only two of them referred to
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-155- not provide for a price of go
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-157- Meanwhile, the exploration ac
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-159- The excessively liberal terms
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-161- a concession for gold, diamon
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-163- difficulties which had to be
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-165- of 50? and which was of direc
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-167- The concessionaire became exe
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-169- These statements of the two s
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-171- Note that until i960 L.M.C.'s
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-173- salaries to ex-patriate perso
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-175- the - increased - capacity of
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-177- '••:] Sales Agreement bet
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-179- On January 3, 1963 a Memorand
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-181- L.M.C. would have acted in co
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-183- area described as the Bea Mou
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-185- Agreement signed by represent
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-187- geologists, economists and la
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CHRONOLOGY SUMMARIZED HISTORY OF L.
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-191- N.I.O.C. dated January 1, 196
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Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
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-195- for further details of the 19
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-197- soon demonstrated by the call
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-199- of 3.2 million long tons in a
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-201- TABLE 10 FINANCIAL OBLIGATION
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-203- achievements were made in spi
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-205- After the change of the name
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-207- to concentrate on the new fin
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-209- one steel factory, in the cou
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-211- The Liberian Government owns
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-213- 1952, legal ownership of abou
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-215- Th is second part of the conc
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-217- one of its sixteen Swedish su
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-219- For these services G.I.M. is
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-221- Prior to 1974 fifty per cent
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-223- depreciation of (capital) equ
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-225- of the revision of the 1960 M
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i -227- 3 prescribing such a review
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-229- But now, having accepted bein
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-231- As a result of this review in
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-233- TABLE 14 FINANCIAL COSTS OF C
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DELIMCO/B.M.C. -235- Long-standing
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-237- equity participation (unlike
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Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
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-241- these funds to B.M.C. in the
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-243- negotiations which were held
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-245- S ources: - "Technical Inform
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-247- Prices of sales to affiliated
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S ource: -249- TABLE 17 INVESTMENTS
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-251- due time a mining concession
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-253- The 1967 concession agreement
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-255- Changes of the concession agr
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-257- Some reasons why the Wologisi
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-259- CHAPTER 9 THE FORESTRY SECTOR
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-261- Surveys of Liberia's Forest P
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-263- (see below) repealed the port
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-265- were authorized to issue perm
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-267- TABLE 18 LIBERIA'S NATIONAL F
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-269- The Forestry Development Auth
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-271- TABLE 19 TIMBER CONCESSIONS G
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-273- TABLE 20 PRODUCTION OF TIMBER
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-275- Souree: - Annual Report, Depa
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-277- Attempts To Establish A Natio
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YEAR 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
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-281- As a consequence the export v
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-283- December 31, 1977 Liberia lev
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Botanical Name Category 1 Ent, cyli
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-287- these 33 companies; year of s
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-289- were also the principal share
Page 349 and 350: -291- alleged corruption involving
Page 351 and 352: -293- It is important to note here
Page 353 and 354: CHAPTER 10 -295- FISCAL PERFORMANCE
Page 355 and 356: -297- expenditures in the period pr
Page 357 and 358: -299- In these years the debt servi
Page 359 and 360: -301- TABLE 28-A COMPARATIVE STATEM
Page 361 and 362: -303- the second half of the 1930's
Page 363 and 364: -305- first to benefit from this U.
Page 365 and 366: M -307- •' \ •:i TABLE 30 fSS]
Page 367 and 368: -309- Government Revenues 1941 - 19
Page 369 and 370: TABLE 31-B MAIN SOURCES OF DOMESTIC
Page 371 and 372: -313- situation renders the Treasur
Page 373 and 374: -315- The trend of public expenditu
Page 375 and 376: -317- •• \ During the 1950 's t
Page 377 and 378: -319- $ 117 million were due for re
Page 379 and 380: -321- In 1943 Liberia and the U.S.A
Page 381 and 382: Sector -323- TABLE 33 PLANNED EXPEN
Page 383 and 384: Type of Assistance I. Economic Asst
Page 385 and 386: THE 1963 - 1978 PERIOD Revenue Perf
Page 387 and 388: Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
Page 389 and 390: Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
Page 391 and 392: 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Page 393 and 394: -335- of the Ministry of Finance wh
Page 395 and 396: -337- Development Planning and Expe
Page 397 and 398: 1.1 Agriculture 2.1 Rural Roads 2.2
Page 399: -341- The Plan which was approved b
Page 403 and 404: -345- TABLE 43 PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
Page 405 and 406: -347- The unenvisaged expenditures
Page 407 and 408: -349- Under the revised Plan total
Page 409 and 410: 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
Page 411 and 412: Note: (1) Preliminary figures. Auth
Page 413 and 414: -355- Bushrod Island; a new bridge
Page 415 and 416: -357- TABLE 51 U.H. ASSISTANCE TO L
Page 417 and 418: -359- happened in a haphazard way.
Page 419 and 420: -361- The (investment) activities o
Page 421 and 422: -363- '••] the most organized a
Page 423 and 424: -365- exploited this situation by s
Page 425 and 426: -367- all offered staff positions o
Page 427 and 428: -369- allied to the Tolbert clan bu
Page 429 and 430: -371- history, secrets and traditio
Page 431 and 432: -373- At the time of the arrival of
Page 433 and 434: -375- The very few books which inde
Page 435 and 436: GOVERNMENT. MISSION. PRIVATE. TRIBA
Page 437 and 438: -379- TABLE 54 1962 POPULATION AND
Page 439 and 440: -381- about 19,000 were between 5 a
Page 441 and 442: -383- Liberia College in 1862. Elem
Page 443 and 444: -385- mark of 70$. This shocking an
Page 445 and 446: -387- The 1978 National Education S
Page 447 and 448: -389- TABLE 58-B SCHOOL ATTENDING P
Page 449 and 450: -391- TABLE 60 A. NUMBER OF STUDENT
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-393- It seems likely that the rela
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-395- Author's research based on th
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CHAPTER 12 -397- TRANSPORTATION AND
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-399- It thus facilitated the immed
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-401- how many people were employed
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GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTY
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-405- in Liberia was owned, finance
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-407- TABLE 65 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIV
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-409- were politically well covered
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-411- railroad which, with the exce
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-413- the concession sector (LAMCO)
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-415- 5 seater twin-engined Cessna
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-417- Besides, this segment of the
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-419- The telecommunication relay s
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-421- with Germany and hence affect
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-423- :: The 1960 - 1979 Period j F
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-425- with Sierra Leone is less tha
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-427- alarming (see Chapter 10), th
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-429- structural changes and the de
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-431- from roughly one third in 197
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-433- by Fouad Khalifa, a Lebanese,
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-435- The Government indebted itsel
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-437- a very large part of G.D.P. i
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-439- to the distribution of power,
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-441- heard. As early as 1830, but
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-U3- was wrongly thought in those d
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-445- 1962. In the 1950's the triba
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-447- Tubman Estate (66). Interesti
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-449- National Legislature, This de
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-451- The creation of state owned c
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-453- respect to foreign concession
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-455- II. The Government of Liberia
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-457- Most notable among these clau
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-459- ADDENDUM On April 12, 1980, a
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ISBN 3-88299-040-6 ISSN 0344-4317
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The_Open_Door_deel1

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