The_Open_Door_deel1

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A.L.T. Co. Bolado Sawmills Firestone P.Co. Liberian Lumber LAMCO Sawmill Liberian Industrial Forestry Corporation Maryland Logging Company MIM Timber Co. Pit Sawyers SIGA Lumber Co. Talk Lumber Co. Tropical ^ Trading Company TOTAL 170,500 298,872 379,311 Co. 10,000 1,996,453 1,735,506 3,613,301 5,327,785 1,000,000 2,095,443 484,361 1,203,847 18,315,379 TABLE 21 LOGS AND LUMBER PRODUCTION BY COMPANY 1966 - Name of Company (in board feet) Total Local Sale Other 1 Production Sawn Consumption Logs and Lumber Lumber 131,915 298,872 - - 353,504 1,735,506 Notes: (1) Represents consumption for local development/ own use of producer and was free of stumpage tax. (2) 100? owned subsidiary of the Liberia Mining Company. _ 4,543,583 - 887,516 484,361 1,203,847 9,629,102 _ - 379,311 10,000 1,642,949 _ 15,709 1,000,000 - - - 3,047,969 1967 Round Logs (unprocessed) 38,587 - - - - 3,613,301 768,493 - 1,217,927 - - 5,638,308
-275- Souree: - Annual Report, Department of Agriculture, September 1, 1966 to August 31, 1967, p. 33. Liberia; and the increased capacity of the ports, particularly of Buchanan, Greenville and Harper. Secondly, the high prices of tropical timber on the international markets. Lastly, the gradual but (inevitable) depletion of forest resources in neighbouring countries, notably in Ivory Coast. General consensus seems to exist in the country with respect to the number of logging companies operating in the country at the end of 1973, viz., 32. The Bureau of Forest Conservation, however, reported that the number of timber concession companies grew from 6 in 1969 to 34 in 1973• After the great and uncontrolled influx of companies in 1973 and 1974 (some companies literally moved their - heavy - equipment across the border coming overland from Ivory Coast) the administration of Liberia's forest resources turned into a nearly complete chaos which probably cost the nation millions of dollars. The number of logging companies operating in the country as of the end of 1974 was 45 according to the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, 54 according to the Ministry of Agriculture (the Bureau of Forest Conservation) whereas the Ministry of Finance (the Concessions Secretariat) reported that in that year the number of timber concessions had increased to 50 (38). One year later the Ministry of Finance reported that at the end of 1974 the number of forest concessions granted had amounted to 36, of which 33 had been engaged in active logging operations (39)- As a consequence nobody seemed to know the exact total area committed under timber concession agreements, forest utilization contracts, survey permits, option areas, etc. As a result, any analysis of the forestry sector and of Government's timber concession policy in the 19 70's can only be sketchy. In general, timber concessions are (very) readily granted in Liberia - usually through the influence and political weight of a "big shot". The signing of the agreement, however, is not always followed by actual logging operations. Sometimes the concessionaire does not even invest one dollar in equipment. In some but not all of these cases the concession is sold to another investor, with yet no guarantee that actual logging operations will follow. In a few cases this change of ownership is accompanied by a change in or a modification of the company's name. There were also instances in which it proved more attractive to negotiate and conclude an new concession agreement for a new company with new privileges than to expand the activities of the old company whose privileges (tax exemptions e.g.) had expired. In other cases the concession rights lapsed after a certain period and the company existed on paper only.
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VEROFFENTLICHUNGEN AUS DEM UBERSEE-
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i 1 THE OPEN DOOR POLICY OF LIBERIA
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DE.B1CA710N For £IA. Together we s
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Vll CHAPTER 3: (continued) Page The
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ix CHAPTER 9: THE FORESTRY SECTOR P
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Footnotes Annexes Bibliography Inde
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xiii National Iron Ore Company, the
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XV China at the end of the 19th cen
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xvii economically more developed co
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XIX blancs, dans le developpement d
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XXI des Liberiens de toutes les cla
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xxiii DE OPEN DEUR POLITIEK VAN LIB
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XXV deze scheiding tussen kustgebie
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personeel - niet opgewassen was en
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\ I.M.F. i \ INTRUSCO i i j I.T.C.
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xxxi LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, CHARTS
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TABLES (continued) Page 33 Planned
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XXXV TABLES (continued) 68 Exports
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II century, notably the Open Door P
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IV earth in Liberia. It had been th
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VI Tubman was very well aware of th
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VIII MAP 1
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exporters. It has attracted more th
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XII the more so, since no comprehen
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XIV development of rural Liberia, i
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XVI Firestone's financial contribut
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XVIII officer who had served in Lib
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XX Chapter 11 pays attention to one
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CHAPTER 1 THE PEPPER COAST BEFORE 1
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-3- "Malagueta Coast" or "Pepper Co
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-5- embarrassment towards a (growin
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in honor of the 5th President of th
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Numerous colonists from the U.S.A.
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-11- Figure 1
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-13- The'vicious circle started wit
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-15- the other - to the disadvantag
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-17- Of the colonists notably the A
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-19- The closing of the Door: The E
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-21- Consequently, both tribal peop
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The Roye Administration -23- The te
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-25- He also wanted the general edu
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-27- territory Liberia claimed by E
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m -29- The commission created in 18
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-31- re-activating the first conces
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-33- European. Its expense paid Ly
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-35- Treasury and an unfavourable e
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-37- their salaries. The resulting
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-39- Therefore President Howard of
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j -41- :j % One of the recommendati
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-43- twentieth century the Presiden
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-45- The British and French absence
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-47- In December 1923 the first mis
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-49- and he proposed the constructi
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-51- itself, upon acceptance of the
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-53- equal to 4 per cent of the cou
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-55- between the U.S.A. and Liberia
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-57- Government of Liberia agreed w
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-59- The expansion of the governmen
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-61- Another disagreement arose ove
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] -63- J Notes: ? : :i (1) Fireston
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-65- question had never been adequa
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-67- had varied from $ 8 million to
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-69- In order to protect the new co
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-71- capacity of 55,000 tyres, requ
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J -73j :i quantities of dry rubber
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-75- The charge of 3.44 cents per p
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-77- Finance in the 1970's, but owi
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-79- Planting Agreement was in Akro
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-81- on the basis of competitive pr
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-83- with the 7iresione Plantation
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-85- 1. Organization of a national
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-87- However, before he could reali
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-89- operation of the plantation. T
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j -91- i have taxed the portion of
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-93- in 1947, but also entrusted hi
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-95- company's main interest is no
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-97- poration for the period 1963 -
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-99- TABLE 4 LIBERIA COMPANY'S DIVI
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-101- 6 cents per acre had to be pa
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The Port near Greenville -103- Afte
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-105- rubber. Little is known of th
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-107- the management of the company
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j -109- } S taxes or imposts of any
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-111- The concession agreement, wit
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-113- concluded with other foreign
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-115- which is owned by a political
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-117- owners of the concession. The
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-119- eleven persons were: Vice-Pre
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-121- tain rights in cooperation wi
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-123- It is significant that despit
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-125- scribed above., providing suc
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-127- materials, the rights of the
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-129- the possibilities offered by
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I -131- sion, and sales to affiliat
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-133- concession area of 100,000 ac
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-135- such payments out of profit,"
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-137- tually all of these companies
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-139- The 1898 concession agreement
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-141- Normann, from England, which
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-143- to the English "Providence Mi
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-145- the company had in previous y
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-147- of "Globex Minerals (inc.)",
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-149- the excess acreage (38) does
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-151- old Tchien and Gbaepo Distric
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-153- only two of them referred to
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-155- not provide for a price of go
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-157- Meanwhile, the exploration ac
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-159- The excessively liberal terms
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-161- a concession for gold, diamon
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-163- difficulties which had to be
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-165- of 50? and which was of direc
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-167- The concessionaire became exe
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-169- These statements of the two s
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-171- Note that until i960 L.M.C.'s
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-173- salaries to ex-patriate perso
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-175- the - increased - capacity of
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-177- '••:] Sales Agreement bet
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-179- On January 3, 1963 a Memorand
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-181- L.M.C. would have acted in co
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-183- area described as the Bea Mou
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-185- Agreement signed by represent
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-187- geologists, economists and la
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CHRONOLOGY SUMMARIZED HISTORY OF L.
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-191- N.I.O.C. dated January 1, 196
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Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
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-195- for further details of the 19
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-197- soon demonstrated by the call
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-199- of 3.2 million long tons in a
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-201- TABLE 10 FINANCIAL OBLIGATION
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-203- achievements were made in spi
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-205- After the change of the name
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-207- to concentrate on the new fin
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-209- one steel factory, in the cou
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-211- The Liberian Government owns
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-213- 1952, legal ownership of abou
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-215- Th is second part of the conc
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-217- one of its sixteen Swedish su
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-219- For these services G.I.M. is
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-221- Prior to 1974 fifty per cent
Page 281 and 282: -223- depreciation of (capital) equ
Page 283 and 284: -225- of the revision of the 1960 M
Page 285 and 286: i -227- 3 prescribing such a review
Page 287 and 288: -229- But now, having accepted bein
Page 289 and 290: -231- As a result of this review in
Page 291 and 292: -233- TABLE 14 FINANCIAL COSTS OF C
Page 293 and 294: DELIMCO/B.M.C. -235- Long-standing
Page 295 and 296: -237- equity participation (unlike
Page 297 and 298: Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
Page 299 and 300: -241- these funds to B.M.C. in the
Page 301 and 302: -243- negotiations which were held
Page 303 and 304: -245- S ources: - "Technical Inform
Page 305 and 306: -247- Prices of sales to affiliated
Page 307 and 308: S ource: -249- TABLE 17 INVESTMENTS
Page 309 and 310: -251- due time a mining concession
Page 311 and 312: -253- The 1967 concession agreement
Page 313 and 314: -255- Changes of the concession agr
Page 315 and 316: -257- Some reasons why the Wologisi
Page 317 and 318: -259- CHAPTER 9 THE FORESTRY SECTOR
Page 319 and 320: -261- Surveys of Liberia's Forest P
Page 321 and 322: -263- (see below) repealed the port
Page 323 and 324: -265- were authorized to issue perm
Page 325 and 326: -267- TABLE 18 LIBERIA'S NATIONAL F
Page 327 and 328: -269- The Forestry Development Auth
Page 329 and 330: -271- TABLE 19 TIMBER CONCESSIONS G
Page 331: -273- TABLE 20 PRODUCTION OF TIMBER
Page 335 and 336: -277- Attempts To Establish A Natio
Page 337 and 338: YEAR 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
Page 339 and 340: -281- As a consequence the export v
Page 341 and 342: -283- December 31, 1977 Liberia lev
Page 343 and 344: Botanical Name Category 1 Ent, cyli
Page 345 and 346: -287- these 33 companies; year of s
Page 347 and 348: -289- were also the principal share
Page 349 and 350: -291- alleged corruption involving
Page 351 and 352: -293- It is important to note here
Page 353 and 354: CHAPTER 10 -295- FISCAL PERFORMANCE
Page 355 and 356: -297- expenditures in the period pr
Page 357 and 358: -299- In these years the debt servi
Page 359 and 360: -301- TABLE 28-A COMPARATIVE STATEM
Page 361 and 362: -303- the second half of the 1930's
Page 363 and 364: -305- first to benefit from this U.
Page 365 and 366: M -307- •' \ •:i TABLE 30 fSS]
Page 367 and 368: -309- Government Revenues 1941 - 19
Page 369 and 370: TABLE 31-B MAIN SOURCES OF DOMESTIC
Page 371 and 372: -313- situation renders the Treasur
Page 373 and 374: -315- The trend of public expenditu
Page 375 and 376: -317- •• \ During the 1950 's t
Page 377 and 378: -319- $ 117 million were due for re
Page 379 and 380: -321- In 1943 Liberia and the U.S.A
Page 381 and 382: Sector -323- TABLE 33 PLANNED EXPEN
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Type of Assistance I. Economic Asst
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THE 1963 - 1978 PERIOD Revenue Perf
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Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
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Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
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1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
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-335- of the Ministry of Finance wh
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-337- Development Planning and Expe
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1.1 Agriculture 2.1 Rural Roads 2.2
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-341- The Plan which was approved b
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-343- "Uhile the performance of the
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-345- TABLE 43 PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
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-347- The unenvisaged expenditures
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-349- Under the revised Plan total
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1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
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Note: (1) Preliminary figures. Auth
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-355- Bushrod Island; a new bridge
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-357- TABLE 51 U.H. ASSISTANCE TO L
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-359- happened in a haphazard way.
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-361- The (investment) activities o
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-363- '••] the most organized a
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-365- exploited this situation by s
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-367- all offered staff positions o
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-369- allied to the Tolbert clan bu
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-371- history, secrets and traditio
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-373- At the time of the arrival of
Page 433 and 434:
-375- The very few books which inde
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GOVERNMENT. MISSION. PRIVATE. TRIBA
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-379- TABLE 54 1962 POPULATION AND
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-381- about 19,000 were between 5 a
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-383- Liberia College in 1862. Elem
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-385- mark of 70$. This shocking an
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-387- The 1978 National Education S
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-389- TABLE 58-B SCHOOL ATTENDING P
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-391- TABLE 60 A. NUMBER OF STUDENT
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-393- It seems likely that the rela
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-395- Author's research based on th
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CHAPTER 12 -397- TRANSPORTATION AND
Page 457 and 458:
-399- It thus facilitated the immed
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-401- how many people were employed
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GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTY
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-405- in Liberia was owned, finance
Page 465 and 466:
-407- TABLE 65 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIV
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-409- were politically well covered
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-411- railroad which, with the exce
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-413- the concession sector (LAMCO)
Page 473 and 474:
-415- 5 seater twin-engined Cessna
Page 475 and 476:
-417- Besides, this segment of the
Page 477 and 478:
-419- The telecommunication relay s
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-421- with Germany and hence affect
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-423- :: The 1960 - 1979 Period j F
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-425- with Sierra Leone is less tha
Page 485 and 486:
-427- alarming (see Chapter 10), th
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-429- structural changes and the de
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-431- from roughly one third in 197
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-433- by Fouad Khalifa, a Lebanese,
Page 493 and 494:
-435- The Government indebted itsel
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-437- a very large part of G.D.P. i
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-439- to the distribution of power,
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-441- heard. As early as 1830, but
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-U3- was wrongly thought in those d
Page 503 and 504:
-445- 1962. In the 1950's the triba
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-447- Tubman Estate (66). Interesti
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-449- National Legislature, This de
Page 509 and 510:
-451- The creation of state owned c
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-453- respect to foreign concession
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-455- II. The Government of Liberia
Page 515 and 516:
-457- Most notable among these clau
Page 517 and 518:
-459- ADDENDUM On April 12, 1980, a
Page 519:
ISBN 3-88299-040-6 ISSN 0344-4317
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