The_Open_Door_deel1

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-272- or used"by the producer for his own consumption. Twelve companies accounted for this timber production but it is important to note here that this number included two mining concessions and one foreign rubber company. The last-mentioned three companies produced 19-5 per cent of all timber produced in that year and provided 28,2 per cent of the supply of timber products on the domestic market. The country's most important producer of logs and lumber was the MIM Timber Company, producing 29-1 per cent of the total. This company had been granted a timber concession in an area of 13,288 acres in the Eastern Province in 1962. Consequently four companies accounted for nearly half of the country's timber production. The companies individual performances are presented in Table 21. It is worth mentioning that one company, the Maryland Logging Company, exported its entire production unprocessed. This company produced 64.1? of the timber exports of that fiscal year. Important developments in 1967 caused a significant increase in logging activities. In 1967 a road was opened which linked Tchien (= Zwedru) in the then called Grand Gedeh County (former Eastern Province) with the port of Greenville (a distance of 105 miles). This road cut through untouched national forest rich in timber. Thus logging operations for export purposes were made an ^easy and attractive (profitable) activity. Also an agreement was' reached? with the LAMCO J.V. which permitted the use of the LAMCO buil.t railroad. This 350 miles railroad linked the Northern Part of Nimba County with the port of Buchanan also constructed by LAMCO, opening up a vast area covered with tropical forests. As a result the production of timber rose from 18.3 million bd.ft. in 1966/67 to nearly 100 million bd.ft. in 1971/72 (see Table 20). The average annual timber production during these years was 64 million bd.ft (as compared to a yearly average of only 17.8 million bd.ft. in the 1961/62 - 1966/67 period). The number of concession companies conducting logging operations at the end of 1972 was reported to be 17 (37). Failing administration capacity and performance during the Tolbert Administration Subsequent events during the 19 70's showed that in 1972 Liberia had reached its limit in the efficient administration and monitoring of these companies. The country's administration could no longer cope with the increase of logging activities in general. In particular, it ceased to control and supervise all of the logging companies operating in the country - although this is not meant to suggest that it effectively performed these functions earlier. The insufficient and under qualified staffing of the Services which were directly involved in these monitoring functions was already mentioned above. The interest which high ranking government officials and people of the political elite
-273- TABLE 20 PRODUCTION OF TIMBER 1956/57 - 1972 (in board feet) Fiscal Year Production (July - August) 1956 - 1957 2,351,232 1957 - 1958 2,278,108 1958 - 1959 4,391,244 1959 - 1960 5,528,366 1960 - 1961 . 7,967,900 1961 - 1962 18,127,373 1962 - 1963 23,979,289 1963 - 1964 16,000,000 1964 - 1965 12,652,759 1965 - 1966 17,779,969 1966 - 1967 18,315,379 1967 - 1968 21,006,582 1968 - 1969 36,407,561 1969 - 1970 79,884,977 1970 - 1971 83,843,461 1971 - 1972 99,356,679 Source: - Ministry of Agriculture, Monrovia, Liberia. acquired in logging companies formed another complicating factor and even prevented the quick introduction of measures by which this situation could be changed (see below). A number of factors accounted for the rapid increase in logging activities after 1972. First, the steady improvement of the infrastructural network of the country, which resulted in an easy access to rich forest areas. As examples may be mentioned the opening up of the south-eastern part of the country by a road from Zwedru (Tchien) to the port of Harper; access roads in Grand Cape Mount County and in Lofa County, in north-western
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VEROFFENTLICHUNGEN AUS DEM UBERSEE-
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i 1 THE OPEN DOOR POLICY OF LIBERIA
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DE.B1CA710N For £IA. Together we s
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Vll CHAPTER 3: (continued) Page The
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ix CHAPTER 9: THE FORESTRY SECTOR P
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Footnotes Annexes Bibliography Inde
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xiii National Iron Ore Company, the
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XV China at the end of the 19th cen
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xvii economically more developed co
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XIX blancs, dans le developpement d
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XXI des Liberiens de toutes les cla
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xxiii DE OPEN DEUR POLITIEK VAN LIB
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XXV deze scheiding tussen kustgebie
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personeel - niet opgewassen was en
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\ I.M.F. i \ INTRUSCO i i j I.T.C.
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xxxi LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, CHARTS
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TABLES (continued) Page 33 Planned
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XXXV TABLES (continued) 68 Exports
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II century, notably the Open Door P
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IV earth in Liberia. It had been th
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VI Tubman was very well aware of th
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VIII MAP 1
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exporters. It has attracted more th
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XII the more so, since no comprehen
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XIV development of rural Liberia, i
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XVI Firestone's financial contribut
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XVIII officer who had served in Lib
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XX Chapter 11 pays attention to one
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CHAPTER 1 THE PEPPER COAST BEFORE 1
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-3- "Malagueta Coast" or "Pepper Co
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-5- embarrassment towards a (growin
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in honor of the 5th President of th
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Numerous colonists from the U.S.A.
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-11- Figure 1
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-13- The'vicious circle started wit
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-15- the other - to the disadvantag
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-17- Of the colonists notably the A
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-19- The closing of the Door: The E
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-21- Consequently, both tribal peop
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The Roye Administration -23- The te
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-25- He also wanted the general edu
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-27- territory Liberia claimed by E
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m -29- The commission created in 18
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-31- re-activating the first conces
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-33- European. Its expense paid Ly
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-35- Treasury and an unfavourable e
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-37- their salaries. The resulting
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-39- Therefore President Howard of
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j -41- :j % One of the recommendati
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-43- twentieth century the Presiden
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-45- The British and French absence
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-47- In December 1923 the first mis
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-49- and he proposed the constructi
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-51- itself, upon acceptance of the
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-53- equal to 4 per cent of the cou
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-55- between the U.S.A. and Liberia
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-57- Government of Liberia agreed w
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-59- The expansion of the governmen
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-61- Another disagreement arose ove
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] -63- J Notes: ? : :i (1) Fireston
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-65- question had never been adequa
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-67- had varied from $ 8 million to
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-69- In order to protect the new co
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-71- capacity of 55,000 tyres, requ
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J -73j :i quantities of dry rubber
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-75- The charge of 3.44 cents per p
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-77- Finance in the 1970's, but owi
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-79- Planting Agreement was in Akro
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-81- on the basis of competitive pr
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-83- with the 7iresione Plantation
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-85- 1. Organization of a national
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-87- However, before he could reali
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-89- operation of the plantation. T
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j -91- i have taxed the portion of
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-93- in 1947, but also entrusted hi
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-95- company's main interest is no
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-97- poration for the period 1963 -
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-99- TABLE 4 LIBERIA COMPANY'S DIVI
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-101- 6 cents per acre had to be pa
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The Port near Greenville -103- Afte
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-105- rubber. Little is known of th
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-107- the management of the company
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j -109- } S taxes or imposts of any
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-111- The concession agreement, wit
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-113- concluded with other foreign
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-115- which is owned by a political
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-117- owners of the concession. The
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-119- eleven persons were: Vice-Pre
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-121- tain rights in cooperation wi
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-123- It is significant that despit
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-125- scribed above., providing suc
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-127- materials, the rights of the
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-129- the possibilities offered by
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I -131- sion, and sales to affiliat
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-133- concession area of 100,000 ac
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-135- such payments out of profit,"
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-137- tually all of these companies
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-139- The 1898 concession agreement
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-141- Normann, from England, which
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-143- to the English "Providence Mi
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-145- the company had in previous y
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-147- of "Globex Minerals (inc.)",
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-149- the excess acreage (38) does
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-151- old Tchien and Gbaepo Distric
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-153- only two of them referred to
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-155- not provide for a price of go
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-157- Meanwhile, the exploration ac
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-159- The excessively liberal terms
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-161- a concession for gold, diamon
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-163- difficulties which had to be
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-165- of 50? and which was of direc
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-167- The concessionaire became exe
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-169- These statements of the two s
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-171- Note that until i960 L.M.C.'s
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-173- salaries to ex-patriate perso
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-175- the - increased - capacity of
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-177- '••:] Sales Agreement bet
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-179- On January 3, 1963 a Memorand
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-181- L.M.C. would have acted in co
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-183- area described as the Bea Mou
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-185- Agreement signed by represent
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-187- geologists, economists and la
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CHRONOLOGY SUMMARIZED HISTORY OF L.
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-191- N.I.O.C. dated January 1, 196
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Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
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-195- for further details of the 19
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-197- soon demonstrated by the call
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-199- of 3.2 million long tons in a
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-201- TABLE 10 FINANCIAL OBLIGATION
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-203- achievements were made in spi
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-205- After the change of the name
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-207- to concentrate on the new fin
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-209- one steel factory, in the cou
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-211- The Liberian Government owns
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-213- 1952, legal ownership of abou
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-215- Th is second part of the conc
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-217- one of its sixteen Swedish su
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-219- For these services G.I.M. is
Page 279 and 280: -221- Prior to 1974 fifty per cent
Page 281 and 282: -223- depreciation of (capital) equ
Page 283 and 284: -225- of the revision of the 1960 M
Page 285 and 286: i -227- 3 prescribing such a review
Page 287 and 288: -229- But now, having accepted bein
Page 289 and 290: -231- As a result of this review in
Page 291 and 292: -233- TABLE 14 FINANCIAL COSTS OF C
Page 293 and 294: DELIMCO/B.M.C. -235- Long-standing
Page 295 and 296: -237- equity participation (unlike
Page 297 and 298: Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
Page 299 and 300: -241- these funds to B.M.C. in the
Page 301 and 302: -243- negotiations which were held
Page 303 and 304: -245- S ources: - "Technical Inform
Page 305 and 306: -247- Prices of sales to affiliated
Page 307 and 308: S ource: -249- TABLE 17 INVESTMENTS
Page 309 and 310: -251- due time a mining concession
Page 311 and 312: -253- The 1967 concession agreement
Page 313 and 314: -255- Changes of the concession agr
Page 315 and 316: -257- Some reasons why the Wologisi
Page 317 and 318: -259- CHAPTER 9 THE FORESTRY SECTOR
Page 319 and 320: -261- Surveys of Liberia's Forest P
Page 321 and 322: -263- (see below) repealed the port
Page 323 and 324: -265- were authorized to issue perm
Page 325 and 326: -267- TABLE 18 LIBERIA'S NATIONAL F
Page 327 and 328: -269- The Forestry Development Auth
Page 329: -271- TABLE 19 TIMBER CONCESSIONS G
Page 333 and 334: -275- Souree: - Annual Report, Depa
Page 335 and 336: -277- Attempts To Establish A Natio
Page 337 and 338: YEAR 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
Page 339 and 340: -281- As a consequence the export v
Page 341 and 342: -283- December 31, 1977 Liberia lev
Page 343 and 344: Botanical Name Category 1 Ent, cyli
Page 345 and 346: -287- these 33 companies; year of s
Page 347 and 348: -289- were also the principal share
Page 349 and 350: -291- alleged corruption involving
Page 351 and 352: -293- It is important to note here
Page 353 and 354: CHAPTER 10 -295- FISCAL PERFORMANCE
Page 355 and 356: -297- expenditures in the period pr
Page 357 and 358: -299- In these years the debt servi
Page 359 and 360: -301- TABLE 28-A COMPARATIVE STATEM
Page 361 and 362: -303- the second half of the 1930's
Page 363 and 364: -305- first to benefit from this U.
Page 365 and 366: M -307- •' \ •:i TABLE 30 fSS]
Page 367 and 368: -309- Government Revenues 1941 - 19
Page 369 and 370: TABLE 31-B MAIN SOURCES OF DOMESTIC
Page 371 and 372: -313- situation renders the Treasur
Page 373 and 374: -315- The trend of public expenditu
Page 375 and 376: -317- •• \ During the 1950 's t
Page 377 and 378: -319- $ 117 million were due for re
Page 379 and 380: -321- In 1943 Liberia and the U.S.A
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Sector -323- TABLE 33 PLANNED EXPEN
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Type of Assistance I. Economic Asst
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THE 1963 - 1978 PERIOD Revenue Perf
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Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
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Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
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1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
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-335- of the Ministry of Finance wh
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-337- Development Planning and Expe
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1.1 Agriculture 2.1 Rural Roads 2.2
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-341- The Plan which was approved b
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-343- "Uhile the performance of the
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-345- TABLE 43 PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
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-347- The unenvisaged expenditures
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-349- Under the revised Plan total
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1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
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Note: (1) Preliminary figures. Auth
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-355- Bushrod Island; a new bridge
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-357- TABLE 51 U.H. ASSISTANCE TO L
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-359- happened in a haphazard way.
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-361- The (investment) activities o
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-363- '••] the most organized a
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-365- exploited this situation by s
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-367- all offered staff positions o
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-369- allied to the Tolbert clan bu
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-371- history, secrets and traditio
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-373- At the time of the arrival of
Page 433 and 434:
-375- The very few books which inde
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GOVERNMENT. MISSION. PRIVATE. TRIBA
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-379- TABLE 54 1962 POPULATION AND
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-381- about 19,000 were between 5 a
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-383- Liberia College in 1862. Elem
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-385- mark of 70$. This shocking an
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-387- The 1978 National Education S
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-389- TABLE 58-B SCHOOL ATTENDING P
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-391- TABLE 60 A. NUMBER OF STUDENT
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-393- It seems likely that the rela
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-395- Author's research based on th
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CHAPTER 12 -397- TRANSPORTATION AND
Page 457 and 458:
-399- It thus facilitated the immed
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-401- how many people were employed
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GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTY
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-405- in Liberia was owned, finance
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-407- TABLE 65 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIV
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-409- were politically well covered
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-411- railroad which, with the exce
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-413- the concession sector (LAMCO)
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-415- 5 seater twin-engined Cessna
Page 475 and 476:
-417- Besides, this segment of the
Page 477 and 478:
-419- The telecommunication relay s
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-421- with Germany and hence affect
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-423- :: The 1960 - 1979 Period j F
Page 483 and 484:
-425- with Sierra Leone is less tha
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-427- alarming (see Chapter 10), th
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-429- structural changes and the de
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-431- from roughly one third in 197
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-433- by Fouad Khalifa, a Lebanese,
Page 493 and 494:
-435- The Government indebted itsel
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-437- a very large part of G.D.P. i
Page 497 and 498:
-439- to the distribution of power,
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-441- heard. As early as 1830, but
Page 501 and 502:
-U3- was wrongly thought in those d
Page 503 and 504:
-445- 1962. In the 1950's the triba
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-447- Tubman Estate (66). Interesti
Page 507 and 508:
-449- National Legislature, This de
Page 509 and 510:
-451- The creation of state owned c
Page 511 and 512:
-453- respect to foreign concession
Page 513 and 514:
-455- II. The Government of Liberia
Page 515 and 516:
-457- Most notable among these clau
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-459- ADDENDUM On April 12, 1980, a
Page 519:
ISBN 3-88299-040-6 ISSN 0344-4317
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