The_Open_Door_deel1

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-218- THE OWNERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE LAMCO J.TT CONCESSION FROM THE GOVERNMENT OF LIBERIA LAMCO JOINT VENTURE COMPANY She Bethlehem Steel Corporation (LIBETH) 25? Income Tax I Liberian Government International African-American Corporation (IAAC) 25. Euroc Annetorp Sentab 4/28 Liberian Iron Ore Limited (LIO) Atlas Copco 9/28 Management "Agreement"" "" Shipping and "Sales Agreements 1 The Swedish LAMCO Syndicate Granges A.B. 15/28 LAMCO J.V\ Operating Company (LJVOC)
-219- For these services G.I.M. is paid a management fee which includes a reimbursement for the expenses made in respect of these activities as well as a "fee proper" which amounted to $ 175,000.00 per year until the start of the production (i.e. in 1963), Thereafter the LAMCO J.V. paid to G.I.M. a fee of 7.5 cents per ton of ore produced for the Joint Venture and delivered to the participants (LAMCO and Libeth) either f.o.b. vessel at the loading port (Buchanan) or in stockpile (also in Buchanan). In 1973 the management and sales agency contract between LAMCO and Granges AB was changed and the management fee was raised to 10 cents per ton of ore produced and delivered to the two participating companies in the Joint Venture. Under the 1960 Mining Concession Agreement LAMCO's or the Concessionaire's Manager had become exempted from all and any taxes, fees, royalties etc., including corporate income taxes (40). In the 196O's this situation was changed as in 1968 a Liberian-Swedish Tax Treaty was concluded (see below), and the following year a Tax Agreement was signed by the Liberian Government, Granges AB and the LAMCO Joint Venture Operating Company. After the signing of these two agreements the Liberian Government received 25? of the dividends which Granges AB was paid by the management company (the amount which the Liberian Treasury received represented one half of the Swedish tax savings resulting from the Treaty). In 1976 the Liberian Government's participation in these dividends was raised to 50?. Ore Sales (41 ) The output of the Nimba Mountains Mine is divided between the two participants in the (LAMCO) Joint Venture, LAMCO and Libeth, in proportion to their financial involvement in the venture: on a 75 - 25 basis. The Bethlehem Steel Corporation supplies its own steel plants in the U.S.A. with the ore but LAMCO sells its share of the output on the international markets in competition with other ore producers. Under its management and sales contract with LAMCO, Granges is paid for the services rendered in respect of the sales .of the LAMCO ore a 2? commission on the f.o.b. value (Buchanan-Liberia) of the ore sold in case of the first five million metric tons (on a yearly basis) and a commission equivalent to 1? of the f.o.b. value (Buchanan-Liberia) of the ore for all. sales in excess of five million metric tons. This compares favourably with the commission paid to Wm.H.Muller & Co. by L.M.C. and by N.I.O.C. (see Chapter 7). The fact that Granges has also a direct interest in the best obtainable prices - being an important shareholder in L.1.0., the Liberian Government's private partner in LAMCO - seems to serve as an additional guarantee that the best obtainable prices for the ore are received. However, at least in one case a very dubious deal was concluded which cost LAMCO over $"4,000,000.00, thus reducing the Government's income from the Company by 50? of this amount. This is made clear by the so-called "Triton-affair".
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VEROFFENTLICHUNGEN AUS DEM UBERSEE-
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i 1 THE OPEN DOOR POLICY OF LIBERIA
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DE.B1CA710N For £IA. Together we s
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Vll CHAPTER 3: (continued) Page The
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ix CHAPTER 9: THE FORESTRY SECTOR P
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Footnotes Annexes Bibliography Inde
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xiii National Iron Ore Company, the
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XV China at the end of the 19th cen
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xvii economically more developed co
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XIX blancs, dans le developpement d
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XXI des Liberiens de toutes les cla
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xxiii DE OPEN DEUR POLITIEK VAN LIB
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XXV deze scheiding tussen kustgebie
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personeel - niet opgewassen was en
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\ I.M.F. i \ INTRUSCO i i j I.T.C.
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xxxi LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, CHARTS
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TABLES (continued) Page 33 Planned
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XXXV TABLES (continued) 68 Exports
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II century, notably the Open Door P
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IV earth in Liberia. It had been th
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VI Tubman was very well aware of th
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VIII MAP 1
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exporters. It has attracted more th
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XII the more so, since no comprehen
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XIV development of rural Liberia, i
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XVI Firestone's financial contribut
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XVIII officer who had served in Lib
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XX Chapter 11 pays attention to one
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CHAPTER 1 THE PEPPER COAST BEFORE 1
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-3- "Malagueta Coast" or "Pepper Co
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-5- embarrassment towards a (growin
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in honor of the 5th President of th
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Numerous colonists from the U.S.A.
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-11- Figure 1
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-13- The'vicious circle started wit
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-15- the other - to the disadvantag
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-17- Of the colonists notably the A
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-19- The closing of the Door: The E
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-21- Consequently, both tribal peop
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The Roye Administration -23- The te
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-25- He also wanted the general edu
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-27- territory Liberia claimed by E
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m -29- The commission created in 18
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-31- re-activating the first conces
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-33- European. Its expense paid Ly
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-35- Treasury and an unfavourable e
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-37- their salaries. The resulting
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-39- Therefore President Howard of
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j -41- :j % One of the recommendati
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-43- twentieth century the Presiden
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-45- The British and French absence
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-47- In December 1923 the first mis
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-49- and he proposed the constructi
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-51- itself, upon acceptance of the
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-53- equal to 4 per cent of the cou
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-55- between the U.S.A. and Liberia
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-57- Government of Liberia agreed w
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-59- The expansion of the governmen
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-61- Another disagreement arose ove
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] -63- J Notes: ? : :i (1) Fireston
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-65- question had never been adequa
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-67- had varied from $ 8 million to
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-69- In order to protect the new co
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-71- capacity of 55,000 tyres, requ
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J -73j :i quantities of dry rubber
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-75- The charge of 3.44 cents per p
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-77- Finance in the 1970's, but owi
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-79- Planting Agreement was in Akro
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-81- on the basis of competitive pr
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-83- with the 7iresione Plantation
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-85- 1. Organization of a national
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-87- However, before he could reali
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-89- operation of the plantation. T
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j -91- i have taxed the portion of
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-93- in 1947, but also entrusted hi
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-95- company's main interest is no
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-97- poration for the period 1963 -
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-99- TABLE 4 LIBERIA COMPANY'S DIVI
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-101- 6 cents per acre had to be pa
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The Port near Greenville -103- Afte
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-105- rubber. Little is known of th
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-107- the management of the company
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j -109- } S taxes or imposts of any
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-111- The concession agreement, wit
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-113- concluded with other foreign
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-115- which is owned by a political
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-117- owners of the concession. The
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-119- eleven persons were: Vice-Pre
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-121- tain rights in cooperation wi
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-123- It is significant that despit
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-125- scribed above., providing suc
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-127- materials, the rights of the
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-129- the possibilities offered by
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I -131- sion, and sales to affiliat
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-133- concession area of 100,000 ac
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-135- such payments out of profit,"
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-137- tually all of these companies
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-139- The 1898 concession agreement
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-141- Normann, from England, which
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-143- to the English "Providence Mi
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-145- the company had in previous y
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-147- of "Globex Minerals (inc.)",
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-149- the excess acreage (38) does
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-151- old Tchien and Gbaepo Distric
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-153- only two of them referred to
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-155- not provide for a price of go
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-157- Meanwhile, the exploration ac
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-159- The excessively liberal terms
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-161- a concession for gold, diamon
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-163- difficulties which had to be
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-165- of 50? and which was of direc
Page 225 and 226: -167- The concessionaire became exe
Page 227 and 228: -169- These statements of the two s
Page 229 and 230: -171- Note that until i960 L.M.C.'s
Page 231 and 232: -173- salaries to ex-patriate perso
Page 233 and 234: -175- the - increased - capacity of
Page 235 and 236: -177- '••:] Sales Agreement bet
Page 237 and 238: -179- On January 3, 1963 a Memorand
Page 239 and 240: -181- L.M.C. would have acted in co
Page 241 and 242: -183- area described as the Bea Mou
Page 243 and 244: -185- Agreement signed by represent
Page 245 and 246: -187- geologists, economists and la
Page 247 and 248: CHRONOLOGY SUMMARIZED HISTORY OF L.
Page 249 and 250: -191- N.I.O.C. dated January 1, 196
Page 251 and 252: Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
Page 253 and 254: -195- for further details of the 19
Page 255 and 256: -197- soon demonstrated by the call
Page 257 and 258: -199- of 3.2 million long tons in a
Page 259 and 260: -201- TABLE 10 FINANCIAL OBLIGATION
Page 261 and 262: -203- achievements were made in spi
Page 263 and 264: -205- After the change of the name
Page 265 and 266: -207- to concentrate on the new fin
Page 267 and 268: -209- one steel factory, in the cou
Page 269 and 270: -211- The Liberian Government owns
Page 271 and 272: -213- 1952, legal ownership of abou
Page 273 and 274: -215- Th is second part of the conc
Page 275: -217- one of its sixteen Swedish su
Page 279 and 280: -221- Prior to 1974 fifty per cent
Page 281 and 282: -223- depreciation of (capital) equ
Page 283 and 284: -225- of the revision of the 1960 M
Page 285 and 286: i -227- 3 prescribing such a review
Page 287 and 288: -229- But now, having accepted bein
Page 289 and 290: -231- As a result of this review in
Page 291 and 292: -233- TABLE 14 FINANCIAL COSTS OF C
Page 293 and 294: DELIMCO/B.M.C. -235- Long-standing
Page 295 and 296: -237- equity participation (unlike
Page 297 and 298: Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
Page 299 and 300: -241- these funds to B.M.C. in the
Page 301 and 302: -243- negotiations which were held
Page 303 and 304: -245- S ources: - "Technical Inform
Page 305 and 306: -247- Prices of sales to affiliated
Page 307 and 308: S ource: -249- TABLE 17 INVESTMENTS
Page 309 and 310: -251- due time a mining concession
Page 311 and 312: -253- The 1967 concession agreement
Page 313 and 314: -255- Changes of the concession agr
Page 315 and 316: -257- Some reasons why the Wologisi
Page 317 and 318: -259- CHAPTER 9 THE FORESTRY SECTOR
Page 319 and 320: -261- Surveys of Liberia's Forest P
Page 321 and 322: -263- (see below) repealed the port
Page 323 and 324: -265- were authorized to issue perm
Page 325 and 326: -267- TABLE 18 LIBERIA'S NATIONAL F
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-269- The Forestry Development Auth
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-271- TABLE 19 TIMBER CONCESSIONS G
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-273- TABLE 20 PRODUCTION OF TIMBER
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-275- Souree: - Annual Report, Depa
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-277- Attempts To Establish A Natio
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YEAR 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
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-281- As a consequence the export v
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-283- December 31, 1977 Liberia lev
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Botanical Name Category 1 Ent, cyli
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-287- these 33 companies; year of s
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-289- were also the principal share
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-291- alleged corruption involving
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-293- It is important to note here
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CHAPTER 10 -295- FISCAL PERFORMANCE
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-297- expenditures in the period pr
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-299- In these years the debt servi
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-301- TABLE 28-A COMPARATIVE STATEM
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-303- the second half of the 1930's
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-305- first to benefit from this U.
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M -307- •' \ •:i TABLE 30 fSS]
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-309- Government Revenues 1941 - 19
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TABLE 31-B MAIN SOURCES OF DOMESTIC
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-313- situation renders the Treasur
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-315- The trend of public expenditu
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-317- •• \ During the 1950 's t
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-319- $ 117 million were due for re
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-321- In 1943 Liberia and the U.S.A
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Sector -323- TABLE 33 PLANNED EXPEN
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Type of Assistance I. Economic Asst
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THE 1963 - 1978 PERIOD Revenue Perf
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Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
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Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
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1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
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-335- of the Ministry of Finance wh
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-337- Development Planning and Expe
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1.1 Agriculture 2.1 Rural Roads 2.2
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-341- The Plan which was approved b
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-343- "Uhile the performance of the
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-345- TABLE 43 PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
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-347- The unenvisaged expenditures
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-349- Under the revised Plan total
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1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
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Note: (1) Preliminary figures. Auth
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-355- Bushrod Island; a new bridge
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-357- TABLE 51 U.H. ASSISTANCE TO L
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-359- happened in a haphazard way.
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-361- The (investment) activities o
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-363- '••] the most organized a
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-365- exploited this situation by s
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-367- all offered staff positions o
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-369- allied to the Tolbert clan bu
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-371- history, secrets and traditio
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-373- At the time of the arrival of
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-375- The very few books which inde
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GOVERNMENT. MISSION. PRIVATE. TRIBA
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-379- TABLE 54 1962 POPULATION AND
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-381- about 19,000 were between 5 a
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-383- Liberia College in 1862. Elem
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-385- mark of 70$. This shocking an
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-387- The 1978 National Education S
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-389- TABLE 58-B SCHOOL ATTENDING P
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-391- TABLE 60 A. NUMBER OF STUDENT
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-393- It seems likely that the rela
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-395- Author's research based on th
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CHAPTER 12 -397- TRANSPORTATION AND
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-399- It thus facilitated the immed
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-401- how many people were employed
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GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTY
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-405- in Liberia was owned, finance
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-407- TABLE 65 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIV
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-409- were politically well covered
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-411- railroad which, with the exce
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-413- the concession sector (LAMCO)
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-415- 5 seater twin-engined Cessna
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-417- Besides, this segment of the
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-419- The telecommunication relay s
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-421- with Germany and hence affect
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-423- :: The 1960 - 1979 Period j F
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-425- with Sierra Leone is less tha
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-427- alarming (see Chapter 10), th
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-429- structural changes and the de
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-431- from roughly one third in 197
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-433- by Fouad Khalifa, a Lebanese,
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-435- The Government indebted itsel
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-437- a very large part of G.D.P. i
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-439- to the distribution of power,
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-441- heard. As early as 1830, but
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-U3- was wrongly thought in those d
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-445- 1962. In the 1950's the triba
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-447- Tubman Estate (66). Interesti
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-449- National Legislature, This de
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-451- The creation of state owned c
Page 511 and 512:
-453- respect to foreign concession
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-455- II. The Government of Liberia
Page 515 and 516:
-457- Most notable among these clau
Page 517 and 518:
-459- ADDENDUM On April 12, 1980, a
Page 519:
ISBN 3-88299-040-6 ISSN 0344-4317
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