Sampling Vegetation Attributes - Natural Resources Conservation ...

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A. Photographs V. METHODS METHODS—Photographs 1. General Description Photographs and videotapes can be valuable sources of information in portraying resource values and conditions. Therefore pictures should be taken of all study areas. Both photographs and videos can be taken at photo plots or photo points. The difference between photo plots and photo points is that, with photo points, closeup photographs of a permanently marked plot on the ground are not taken. Use close-up and/or general view pictures with all of the study methods. Comparing pictures of the same site taken over a period of years furnishes visual evidence of vegetation and soil changes. In some situations, photo points could be the primary monitoring tool. All pictures should be in color, regardless of whether they are the primary or secondary monitoring tool. 2. Equipment The following equipment is suggested for the establishment of photo plots: • Study Location and Documentation Data form (see Appendix A) • Photo Identification Label (see Appendix C) • Frame to delineate the 3- x 3-foot, 5- x 5-foot, or 1- x 1- meter photo plots (see Illustrations 1 and 2) • Four rods to divide the 3- x 3- foot and 1- x 1-meter photo plot into nine square segments • Stakes of 3/4 - or 1- inch angle iron not less than 16 inches long • Hammer • 35-mm camera with a 28-mm wide-angle lens and film • Small step ladder (for 5- x 5-foot photo plots) • Felt tip pen with waterproof ink 3. Study Identification Number studies for proper identification to ensure that the data collected can be positively associated with specific studies on the ground (see Appendix B). 4. Close-up Pictures Close-up pictures show the soil surface characteristics and the amount of ground surface covered by vegetation and litter. Close-up pictures are generally taken of permanently located photo plots. a The location of photo plots is determined at the time the studies are established. Document the location of photo plots on the Study Location and Documentation Data form to expedite relocation (see Appendix A). b Generally a 3- X 3-foot square frame is used for photo plots; however, a different size and shape frame may be used. Where new studies are being established, a 1-meter x 1-meter photo plot is recommended. Frames can be made of PVC pipe, steel rods, or any similar material. Illustration 1 shows a diagram of a typical photo plot frame constructed of steel rod. 31
32 METHODS—Photographs c Angle iron stakes are driven into the ground at two diagonal corners of the frame to permanently mark a photo plot (see Illustration 3). Paint the stakes with bright-colored permanent spray paint (yellow or orange) to aid in relocation. Repaint these stakes when subsequent pictures are taken. d The Photo Identification Label is placed flat on the ground immediately adjacent to the photo plot frame (see Appendix C). e The camera point, or the location from which the close-up picture is taken, should be on the north side of the photo plot so that repeat pictures can be taken at any time during the day without casting a shadow across the plot. f To take the close-up pictures, stand over the photo plot with toes touching the edge of the frame. Include the photo label in the photograph. Use a 35-mm camera with a 28-mm wide-angle lens. g A step ladder is needed to take close-up pictures of photo plots larger than 3- x 3-foot. 5. General View Pictures General view pictures present a broad view of a study site. These pictures are often helpful in relocating study sites. a If a linear design is used, general view pictures may be taken from either or both ends of the transect. The points from which these pictures are taken are determined at the time the studies are established. Document the location of these points on the Study Location and Documentation Data form to expedite relocation (see Appendix A). b The Photo Identification Label is placed in an upright position so that it will appear in the foreground of the photograph (see Appendix C). c To take general view pictures, stand at the selected points and include the photo label, a general view of the site, and some sky in the pictures. d A picture of a study site taken from the nearest road at the time of establishment of the study facilitates relocation. 6. Photo Points General view photographs taken from a permanent reference point are often adequate to visually portray dominant landscape vegetation. It is important that the photo point location be documented in writing and that the photo include a reference point in the foreground (fencepost, fence line, etc.), along with a distinct landmark on the skyline. Photographs taken from photo points should be brought to the field to assist in finding the photo point and to ensure that the same photograph (bearing, amount of skyline, etc.) is retaken. The photograph should be taken at roughly the same time each year to assist in interpreting changes in vegetation. As always, recording field notes to supplement the photographs is a good idea. Photo points are especially well adapted for use by external groups who are interested in monitoring selected management areas. Photo points require a
Page 1 and 2: SAMPLING VEGETATION ATTRIBUTES INTE
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS SAMPLING VEGETATI
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 7 and 8: I. PREFACE PREFACE The intent of th
Page 9 and 10: 2 INTRODUCTION values when individu
Page 11 and 12: 4 INTRODUCTION represent the “pul
Page 13 and 14: 6 INTRODUCTION G. Coordination Moni
Page 15 and 16: 8 STUDY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS A. Plan
Page 17 and 18: 10 STUDY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS Macrop
Page 19 and 20: 12 STUDY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS Becaus
Page 21 and 22: 14 STUDY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS d From
Page 23 and 24: 16 STUDY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS b Cove
Page 25 and 26: 18 STUDY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS sideoa
Page 27 and 28: 4 3.5 3 2.5 20 5 STUDY DESIGN AND A
Page 29 and 30: 22 STUDY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS C. Oth
Page 31 and 32: 24 ATTRIBUTES Frequency is the numb
Page 33 and 34: 26 ATTRIBUTES 2. Advantages and Lim
Page 35 and 36: 28 ATTRIBUTES b Standing crop and p
Page 37: 30 ATTRIBUTES
Page 41 and 42: METHODS—Photographs Hinge Rod sta
Page 43 and 44: METHODS—Photographs angle iron st
Page 45 and 46: 38 METHODS—Frequency • One tran
Page 47 and 48: 40 METHODS—Frequency transected,
Page 49 and 50: 42 METHODS—Frequency (3) Total fr
Page 51: Page of Frequency 44 Study Number D
Page 55 and 56: METHODS—Frequency The frame is ma
Page 57 and 58: 50 METHODS—Dry Weight Rank C. Dry
Page 59 and 60: 52 METHODS—Dry Weight Rank After
Page 62 and 63: D. Daubenmire Method METHODS—Daub
Page 64 and 65: METHODS—Daubenmire b Ten Cover Cl
Page 66: Page of Daubenmire Study Number Dat
Page 70 and 71: 50 cm Six Cover Class Frame 20 cm R
Page 72 and 73: METHODS—Line Intercept b Pilot St
Page 74 and 75: METHODS—Line Intercept Hanley, Th
Page 77 and 78: 70 METHODS—Step Point F. Step-Poi
Page 79 and 80: 72 METHODS—Step Point the boot an
Page 81 and 82: 74 METHODS—Step Point measures AN
Page 85 and 86: 78 METHODS—Point Intercept G. Poi
Page 87 and 88: 80 METHODS—Point Intercept 8. Sam
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82 METHODS—Point Intercept b Tran
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METHODS—Point Intercept Examples
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86 METHODS—Cover Board H. Cover B
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88 METHODS—Cover Board g Study Do
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Page of Cover Board Method Profile
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94 METHODS—Density I. Density Met
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96 METHODS—Density (often very mu
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98 METHODS—Density able to make s
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Page of Density Study Number Date E
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• Herbage Yield Tables for Trees
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METHODS—Double Weight Sampling (4
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METHODS—Double Weight Sampling d
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Page of Production Study Number Dat
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112 METHODS—Harvest K. Harvest Me
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114 METHODS—Harvest 7. Taking Pho
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116 METHODS—Comparative Yield L.
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118 METHODS—Comparative Yield (1)
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120 METHODS—Comparative Yield Tab
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M. Visual Obstruction Method - Robe
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METHODS—Visual Obstruction—Robe
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Sampling Interval Study Location 1
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130 METHODS—Other N. Other Method
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132 GLOSSARY browse: (1) the part o
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134 GLOSSARY grazable woodland: for
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136 GLOSSARY sample: a set of sampl
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138 GLOSSARY
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140 REFERENCES Crocker, R.L. and N.
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142 REFERENCES Hironaka, M. 1985. F
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144 REFERENCES Nie, Norman H., C. H
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146 REFERENCES Society for Range Ma
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148 REFERENCES Whitman, W.C. and E.
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Location 150 APPENDIX A Study Locat
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APPENDIX B APPENDIX B—STUDY AND P
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APPENDIX B 3. Label 3 A placard on
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APPENDIX C Photo Identification Lab
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160 APPENDIX C
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162 APPENDIX D The formula for usin
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Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Pub
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