Effect of Functionalization of Carbon Black on Rubber Properties

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Table I. Analytical properties <strong>of</strong> the fillers Si content % BET-SA, m2 /g STSA, m2/g CDBP I2 No. Silica coveragea TMCS uptake Filler As is HF As is HF As is HF mL/100g mg/g % #/nm 2 N134 N/A N/A 146 N/A 134 N/A 104 143 N/A N/A N234 N/A N/A 122 122 118 118 100 120 N/A 0.02 CSDPF CRX2124 4.1 0.85 171 251 133 146 115 120 9 0.32 CSDPF CRX4210 10.0 0.01 154 167 123 155 108 62 55 1.04 Silica Z1165 46.7 N/A 168 N/A 132 N/A N/A NA 100 2.02 a. The silica-surface coverage <strong>of</strong> CRX2124 was estimated from silicon content and that <strong>of</strong> CRX4000 was from iodine number and surface area which was the averaged value <strong>of</strong> BET-SA and STSA. b. Number <strong>of</strong> TMCS uptake per nm 2 estimated using averaged surface areas from BET-SA and STSA is referred to as CSDPF 4000 family corresponding to CRX4XXX group. In this paper, we will first describe the features <strong>of</strong> CSDPF 2000 and 4000 with regard to their analytical characteristics and in-rubber properties, and then discuss the applications <strong>of</strong> CSDPF 4000 to passenger tire tread compounds and CSDPF 2000 to truck tire tread compounds, taking CRX4210 and CRX2124 as examples, respectively. The features <strong>of</strong> CSDPF 2000 and CSDPF 4000 Series Shown in Table I are the basic properties <strong>of</strong> CSDPF 2000 and 4000 compared with those <strong>of</strong> conventional fillers. While both new materials contain silica, some <strong>of</strong> the differences between CSDPF 2000 and 4000 include their distribution <strong>of</strong> silica, silica-surface coverage and silicon content. CSDPF 4000 has much higher silica-surface coverage relative to CSDPF 2000 which is due to the silica domain distribution and high silicon content. This can be seen from the changes in silica content and surface area upon hydr<strong>of</strong>luoric acid (HF) extraction. During HF extraction, the silica will be dissolved with the carbon domain remaining unchanged. The fact that significant portions <strong>of</strong> silica still remains, and surface areas drastically increase upon HF treatment <strong>of</strong> CSDPF 2000, suggest that the silica <strong>of</strong> CSDPF 2000 is distributed throughout the aggregates. By contrast, in the case <strong>of</strong> CSDPF 4000, the small change in surface areas and the fact that there is almost no silica left after HF extraction indicate that the silica in the CSDPF 4000 aggregates is located on the surface. This observation is supported by the images and the 6 b
Bright field image <strong>Carbon</strong> map Silicon map Figure 2. Bright field and compositional images (carbon and silicon) <strong>of</strong> a CSDPF 4000 aggregate carbon- and silicon-maps obtained by means <strong>of</strong> STEM/EDX. In the aggregate <strong>of</strong> CSDPF 4000 shown in Figure 2, the silica is obviously concentrated on the aggregate surface. In the case <strong>of</strong> CSDPF 2000, the silica domains are distributed within the aggregates (Figure 3). The silica distributions can be also visualized from the TEM images <strong>of</strong> the filler aggregates/agglomerates and those <strong>of</strong> ashed aggregates/agglomerates. Figure 4 contains a TEM image <strong>of</strong> a CSDPF 2000 aggregate and an image <strong>of</strong> the same aggregate that was ashed leaving behind the silica phase. Obviously, the silica domains can be envisaged as having been finely distributed throughout the aggregate. However, ashing <strong>of</strong> the CSDPF 4000 aggregates resulted in a quite different picture (Figure 5). Upon ashing, silica is left as a shell-like structure whose shape is similar to the contour <strong>of</strong> the unashed particles/ Bright field image <strong>Carbon</strong> map Silicon map Figure 3. Bright field and compositional images (carbon and silicon) <strong>of</strong> a CSDPF 2000 aggregate 7
Page 1 and 2: Effect of<
Page 3 and 4: carbon blacks to improve the trade<
Page 8 and 9: Before ashing After ashing Figure 4
Page 10 and 11: 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Strai
Page 12 and 13: 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
Page 14 and 15: Wet skid resistance: The results <s
Page 17 and 18: compounds. With this filler, the hi
Page 19 and 20: 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Wet skid

Effect of Functionalization of Carbon Black on Rubber Properties

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