il ' ii - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service

TEPHRITIDGALLS AND GALL TEPHRITIDAE REVISITED, WITH
SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON MYOPITINE GALLS
Amnon Freidberg
Department of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel .
Abstract.----Knowledge of tephritid cecidology is summarized and compared to
cecidomyiid cecidology. New data about Myopitini cecidology are presented, in
particular for the genus Stamnophora, and the evolutionary implications of this informa-
, _ ' tion is discussed.
INTRODUCTION includes sections on host plants and biogeography,
location and structure of tephritid galls, gall histology
The title of this contribution refers primarily to my and morphogenesis, life histories, ecology, economic
review ofgall Tephritidae, published in 1984 as a chapter importance and evolution. Data for most biogeographiin
Ananthakrishnan's book, Biology of Gall Insects cal regions were previously amassed by many scientists,
'(Freidberg 1984). Because the book has not been widely while those for the Afrotropical region were primarily the
disseminated, I am taking this opportunity first to result of work, H.K. Munro, to whom I dedicated the
summarize briefly the contents of this chapter. I then chapter. Munro's death, shortly after the chapter was
review the progress made on this topic since the chapter published, terminated a highly productive career which
was published; and finally, I provide some unpublished lasted over 60 years. The most general and interesting
data, and conclude with some evolutionary remarks, conclusions emerging from the review are summal;ized in
: table 1, which compares Tephritidae with Cecidomyiidae.
Tephritid galls and gall Tephritidae are of interest
primarily because they represent dipterous gall commu- Recent Publications
nities second in number and diversity only to
cecidomyiid gall communities. Furthermore, some gall Little work has been done specifically on tephritid
Tephritidae also have practical or potential economic cecidogeny in the last two decades, and the credit for
.importance, of benefit to human welfare, most of the published data should go to Prof. Richard D.
Goeden, Riverside, California, to whom I dedicate this
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE article. Goeden has meticulously studied the nonfrugiverous
tephritids of southern California, and in the
Review Papers last two decades he has published around 30 papers olp
. these flies; about half of them deal with cecidogenous
When preparing my 1984 review (Freidberg 1984), I species (Goeden 1988, 1990a,b, 1992, 1993; Goedel_and
discovered that no previous such review had ever been Headrick 1990, 1991; Goeden and Teemick 1996a,b,c,
made. The reason for this was probably two-fold: 1997a,b; Goeden et al. 1993, 1994; Green et al. 1993;
Firstly, the study of gall tephritids is overshadowed by Headrick and Goeden 1993; Silverman and Goeden
that of the extremely economic_illy important frugivorous 1980). While these papers have not dramatically altered
species, none of which are cecidogenous; secondly, the the overall picture of gall tephritids and their galls, they
number of gall tephritids is relatively small, with only have added many interesting details, in particular the
about 50 known species in each of the major biogeo- descriptions of immature stages of most of these species,
graphical regions, based on SEM studies. Although there are probably not
enough cecidogenous tephritids in southern California to
The chapter includes a list of the 48 cecidogenous rival the hegemony of Munro, it is interesting to devote a
genera, with data relating to number of species, distribu- few lines to the comparison of the two Tephritidologists.
tion, host genera and most important literature. It also Munro was primarily a taxonomist, who described about
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