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GALL MIDGE-PARASITOID INTERACTIONS IN A PATCHY LANDSCAPE Olof Widenfalk Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, RO.Box 7044 S-750 07 Uppsala, SWEDEN " .. The population structure of a monophagous gall midge and its two parasitoids on a patchily distributed herb were studied at the landscape scale (200 km2). The gall midge was abundant in a majority of patches and its occurrence increased with patch size, whereas densities actually decreased as patches became larger. No effects of isolation were found. " _ 'The attack rates and the relative role of the two parasitoids varied much over the landscape. This variation was affected by patch size, surrounding environment, differences in spatial density dependence and competitiveness. 324 o , . IF J IL
" INDUCED RESISTANCE IN WILLOW AGAINST A GALL-FORMER: ACTIVE DEFENSE OR LACK OF RESISTANCE? Peter Saarikoski, Solveig Hrglund and Stig Larsson Department of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, SWEDEN The aim of this project is to investigate the mechanisms behind resistance in Salix viminalis against a gall-forming insect, Dasineura marginemtorquens (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Earlier research has documented great genetic variation in resistance among willow genotypes. The resistance is manifested through high larval mortality. Patterns of the distribution of galls on resistant and . susceptible willows in field situations strongly indicate the presence of systemic induced resistance. If so, this would be one of the first examples of intraspecific genetic variation in induced resistance against insects. We propose to test this hypothesis by means Qf a series of field and laboratory inoculation experiments. If the induction hypothesis is supported in these experiments, then another series of experiments will be designed to seek moleculai" mechanisms behind resistance. Two alternative explanations are proposed in order to explain the resistance: (1) The defence explanation predicts that substances toxic to the larva are produced as a result of the induction. (2) The recognition explanation suggests that the resistance acts by inhibiting gall formation whereby young larvae will starve to death. In order to gain more insight into the process of resistance, we are screening for differentially expressed genes in resistant and susceptible willow , genotypes. In this project we are using a novel system of RNA fingerprinting termed cDNA-AFLP. .. 325 A
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LJSDA United States i Department Ag
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• , THE BIOLOGY OF GALL-INDUCING
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. TABLE OF CONTENTS - BIOGEOGRAPHY
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Genetic and environmental contribut
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.. GALL INDUCING AND OTHER GALL MID
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Table l. -,Gall midge species assoc
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C e. f. . Figure i'.--Galls of gall
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species and several inquilines may
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XYLOPHILOUS GALL MIDGE SPECIES from
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Rtibsaamen, E.H. 1899. Ueber die Le
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Table ° 1.--A summary of studies o
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• 3 ]5
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Skuhrava, • M.; .. Skuhravy, V. 1
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midge sPecies, several hosts yieldi
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Fedotoval Z,A. 1991. Gall midges (D
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known, nol_having been noted except
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Actilasioptera tumidifoHum GAGNE, N
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° _._. _. ..._..... _._:..--._...,
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Figures 13-16, Postabdomens ofActil
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-7"-% 25 i'.., 27 26 28 30 31 32 I
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Thorax. Wing length, 2.1-2.3 mm (n
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I' . McAlpine, J.F. 1981.2. Morphol
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Table 1.---Comparison between Tephr
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Table 3.raThe Afrotropical Myopitin
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........ _"i!_; _ 2,:_::;_ :L I,_ ,
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anthracina (Doane) (Diptera: Tephri
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o Host Plants Gall-forming insects
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, ENCLOSED 63% Figure 3.--A pie cha
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80% 70% 60% ° 50% - 40% 30% ' 20%
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Table 3. Major galling plant famili
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Appendix 1. Data Sheet for Galls Co
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j " GALLS Ephedra nebrodensis Jt ?W
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IS THERE A COOL-WET TO HOT-DRY GRAD
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10 - These findings suggest that ho
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ROLE OF PERICLISTUS (HYMENOPTERA: C
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° tl A o "!. . I ' Ir Figure l.---
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f . It Figure 2.--Schematic represe
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, ° , ° 3 . _ _ "' . . " Figures
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Table 2._Number of Periclistus larv
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. ° . 12 13 B Figures 12.---Schema
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emain as does the circumscribing la
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. Table 3.--Incidence of inhabitant
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the previous two galls, Aprostocetu
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Periclistus apparently have many of
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O'Brien, T.E; McCully, M.E. 1981. T
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indicator trait for male fitness, a
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Table 1.---Initial analyses to esta
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., these cells, suggesting that fem
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o 8- 6- Krmnm 4- J _1) IP 2- '0- T
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Table 1. Mortality ofT. taxi expres
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kf) =_ i---. J i _ • i J _-" i i
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Table 2.---_-Correlationsfor number
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t Table 3. Mean values for total mo
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. 100 - ' / .r-! 0 i J0 - ,/O_OI 0
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(Figdre 5 continued) -. Tree 63 eve
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" Table 6.---Correlations (r) betwe
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Cameron,.R.A.D.; Redfem, M. 1978. P
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FurIhermore, Osten Sacken (1861 c)
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this letter, which was read at the
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9 WOLBA CHIA-INDUCED THELYTOKY IN C
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Lancieux Ile Besnard • Erquy / Sa
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I Table 3.-mFrequencies offemales h
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Table 7.---z-Frequency offemales in
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. DISCUSSION considered as independ
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Fulton, B.B. 1933. Notes on Habrocy
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• . (26,galls), Nassau (30.27S, 1
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with competition (Stewart 1996) and
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" GALL-FORMING APHIDS ON PISTA CIA:
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Although Geoica belongs in the Baiz
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THE LIFE-CYCLE OF THE BLACKCURRANT
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known" (1) Common form (E), which i
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Table 3._Average number of buds per
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Our prediction of a low cost of res
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- ? J Table 1.--Mean dry stem weigh
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stands; does the variation in resis
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Strong, D.R.; Larsson, S.; Gullberg
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The HR exhibited by the B. brevipes
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HR.is an important mechanism whereb
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q, J 10o • • O _80 • '= • O
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percent (n= 24) of the plants that
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REPROGRAMMING PLANT DEVELOPMENT: TW
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harvested and snap frozen. Protein
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Table 3.---Expected and observed fr
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whi.le it is not possible to discar
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. PLANT HORMONES AND GALL FORMATION
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As a follow up to Beck's (1947) fin
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Table 2.-_--Levels of extractable c
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.. J 0 0.16 m 0.14 - . 0.12 - 0.10
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probably occurs in the intact gall,
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Biddington, N.L.; Thomas, T.H. 1973
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.THE EFFECTS OF GALL FORMATION BY L
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three.larval instars (Mook 1967, Ru
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, + . 12 I I i i 4 .o • 1 10-- "
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, o Figure 5-1 to 5-6.----detailed
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Table 3.1Nutritional composition of
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gro.wing point, it is the latter th
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Byers, J.A+; Brewer, J.W.; Denna, D
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Skuhravy, V_1978. Invertebrates: de
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de.rivative spectra of pigment-prot
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Thylakoid Morphology CONCLUSION Ult
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.I THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN OVAL-SHAPE
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. LITERATURE CITED Rohfritsch, O. 1
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.PATTERNS IN GALL-INDUCING INSECTS
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fact, large Shrubs supported the hi
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We may conclude that the reduced ap
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Price, EW: 1997. Insect ecology. 3d
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of egg insertion. The galls of Euur
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species within each group. Close sp
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, According tO our present knowledg
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saying, that, according to A.K. Skv
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Benson, R.B. 1960a. Studies in Pont
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J Table 1. The Ranges of host plant
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(table 2 continued ) Host plant gen
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(table 4 continued) .. Host plant g
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Table 6.--List of host plants for P
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Table 9.--List of host plants for P
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(table o 9 continued) Host plant ge
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J America north of Mexico and addit
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Table 1.-,Host species and habitat
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this sampling and rearing of insect
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. Eastern USA Host Oaks White 0.8 g
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composed of Q. bicolor and Q. macro
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Q..rubraand Q. coccinea. Furthermor
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Fritz, R.S.; Nichols-Orians, C.M.;
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MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF NORTH AMERIC
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. RESULTS The heuristic search usin
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a few genera to consider evidence o
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. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS
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. Table 1._Author names of the taxa
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28 26 24 22 A 20 18 0 q_ 1.4 O. 0 !
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•" _ _ _ o ,. _ _ -.--_.,. _ Ii .
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Among species groups, the topology
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. D. ignota D. nebulosa _!I D. fusi
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. LITERATURE CITED Dalla Torre, K.W
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PATTERNS IN THE EVOLUTION OF GALL S
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Figure 1. Gallstructures induced by
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the s.ection Quercus, and the 'blac
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t SG AG Species Clade " _ _ Name 9a
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non-Andricus cynipine species (fig.
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SG AG Species Clade _ t Name 100 94
Page 281 and 282: .an asexual-only ancestor. The sexu
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Page 285 and 286: Abe, Y. 1997. Well-developed gall t
Page 287 and 288: Stone, G.N.; Schrnrogge, K.; Crawle
Page 289 and 290: Quercus cerris, while a parthenogen
Page 291 and 292: Table t.----Summary statistics for
Page 293 and 294: Distance from root . 0.00 0.04 0.08
Page 295 and 296: Table 3.--Summary statistics for ge
Page 297 and 298: ° . A. 40- -, 30- _ w _ A. kollari
Page 299 and 300: the alleles they possess at specifi
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Page 303 and 304: . TESTS OF HYPOTHESES REGARDING HYB
Page 305 and 306: classifieati0nerrors for various ba
Page 307 and 308: Tabl.e 2. Canonical discriminantfun
Page 309 and 310: encourage hybrid zone workers to ab
Page 311 and 312: Strauss, S,Y. 1994. Level of herbiv
Page 313 and 314: sense heritability of resistance to
Page 315 and 316: 0.25 - Adelges abietis • 0.20 q)
Page 317 and 318: 0 a 1 . W ! 309 A
Page 319 and 320: " I I_)! o Io Io Io I__1o I I I I_)
Page 321 and 322: classes for A. abietis suggests tha
Page 323 and 324: 0 POSTER ABSTRACTS . W ! O ,l 315
Page 325 and 326: A . REFERENCES .. Huntley, B.H.; Bi
Page 327 and 328: CECIDOMYIID-INDUCED GALLS OF MA CHI
Page 329 and 330: . GALL MIDGE FAUNAS (DIPTERA: CECID
Page 331: GALL-INDUCER AND GALL-INQUILINE CYN
Page 335 and 336: .BROAD OVERVIEW OF A GALL-SYSTEM: F
Page 337 and 338: TWOSPECIES OF EURYTOMID GALL FORMER
Page 339 and 340: Csdka, Gyuri; Mattson, William J.;
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