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l a0 e, 6 b. Figure 2.--:-_alls of gall midges on leaves ofQuercus cerris: a-c. Dryomyia circinans, a. lower leaf side, b. upper leaf side, c. heavily attacked, deformed leaf," d. Janetia cerris, upper leaf side; e. Janetia homocera, upper leaf side; f. Janetia nervicola, longitudinal section of the main leaf vein. f IP l
species and several inquilines may be found among the All gall midge species associated with Quercus cerris small deformed young leaves of the galls. Inquiline have only one generation a year. Adults fly from the larvae differ from those of the gall-causer mainly in the second half of April to early May. Females lay their eggs color of thebody, and in the shape of the spatula stemalis • on, or in oak organs where larvae hatch from their eggs and last abdominal segment. Larvae leave their galls : after several days. Larval development lasts from several between August and the beginning of September and weeks up to several months. Larvae of Janetia A drop to the soil Where they hibemate until the following pustularis leave their galls by the end of May, larvae of * spring. C. quercina has two generations each year. Dasineura tubularis a little later. Larvae of the remain- Adults Ofthe overwintering generation fly in May and ing species leave their galls between the end of October adults of the summer generation fly in July. and the beginning of November (Skuhravy and Skuhrav_i 1971, Skuhravfi and Skuhravy 1973, Schremmer 19"91). 2. Species associated with Q. pubescens 3. Species associated with Q. coccifera, Q. Uex, and Q. Little is known about Contarinia amenti, which induces lusitanica galls on Quercus pubescens. This species was only briefly described by Kieffer (1909): "Quercus Little is known about the gall midges associated with pubescens. Catkin deformed, shortened and swollen. Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex, and Q. lusitanica which occur Larvae red, situated among the flower parts; dorsal in the Mediterranean area. Larvae of 10 gall midge papiIlae without bristles, spatula at the end only little species cause galls of' various types on organs of these emarginated.". No further details are known of the evergreen oaks. They have also only one generation in a biglogy of this species, year and their larvae hibernate in their galls on the leaves rather than dropping to the soil. 3. Species associated with Q. cerris 4. Species associated with oaks in the Eastern •Quercus cerris is the host plant with the highest number Palaearctic - of gall midge species associated with one oak host species. Of 15 gall midge species, 12 are gall makers Little is known about the biology of gall midges associand 3 are inquilines. Larvae of Contarinia quercicola ated eastern palaearctic oaks. Larvae of Macrodiplosis cause bud galls in which the larvae of three other gall flexa galls the leaves of Quercus mongolica and were midges, Arnoldiola dryophila, Clinodiplosis cilicrus, and found at Sichote-Alin in the Russian far east. Galls of Moreschiella ilicicola, live as inquilines Janetia cerris, J. Ametrodiplosis acutissima causing leaf and stem galls on homocera, Contarinia subulifex. Dasineura tubularis Quercus acutissima, Q. dentata, and Q. variab?tis, and _/ndDryomyia circinans cause unilocular galls of various galls of Silvestriola guercifoliae, were found in Japan shapes, pubescent or hairless, on the leaves of Quercus (Yukawa 1971). cerris. These galls usually protrude on both sides of the leaves. Janetia szepligetii, J. pustularis, and Arnoldiola Subglobular galls of an undetermined Contarinia species trotteri cause pustule or parenchyma galls on leaves, gall the leaves of Quercus glauca in Japan. Yukawa and Larvae ofJanetia nervicola inhabit galls formed from Tsuda (1986) studied the development of this species in .- swollen leaf veins and larvae ofJ. plicans cause folds on detail and came to the conclusion that it causes premature the leaves. Larvae-of Contarinia cerriperda malform leaf fall. single flOwers,on male catkins. Relations Between Gall Midges and Gall midges associated with Quercus cerris have, along Their Host Plants 1t ' with their host plant, a Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean distribution, the majority extending north as far as I1 It is usually accepted that gall midges are tightly associ- - the most southern part of the Czech and Slovak Repub- ated with particular host plant species. Some oak gall lics (Skuhrava 1986, 1991, 1994). In these areas, larvae midges, however, attack species in addition to the oak of the gall midge species mentioned above leave their from which they were first described, usually related galls to hibernate in the soil,' whereas in areas nearer the sympatric oak species or their hybrids. For example, Mediterranean, the larvae hibernate inside their galls and galls of Macrodiplosis dryobia and M. volvens are als0 pupate in them in the following spring. Some gall usually found on Quercus robur and Q. petraea, but they midge.species occur to the north of the natural bound- are also occasionally found on other oaks including aries of the Q. cerris distribution, attacking trees and Quercus pubescens and even Quercus cerris (Skuhravy .shrubs planted in botanical gardens and castle parks in et al. 1997). The full range of host plants, including • the Czech Republic and Germany (Skuhrav_i et al. 1984). occasional hosts, is given in identification keys for galls • (Houard 1908-1909, Buhr 1964-1965).
Page 1 and 2: LJSDA United States i Department Ag
Page 3 and 4: • , THE BIOLOGY OF GALL-INDUCING
Page 5 and 6: . TABLE OF CONTENTS - BIOGEOGRAPHY
Page 7 and 8: Genetic and environmental contribut
Page 9 and 10: .. GALL INDUCING AND OTHER GALL MID
Page 11 and 12: Table l. -,Gall midge species assoc
Page 13: C e. f. . Figure i'.--Galls of gall
Page 17 and 18: XYLOPHILOUS GALL MIDGE SPECIES from
Page 19 and 20: Rtibsaamen, E.H. 1899. Ueber die Le
Page 21 and 22: Table ° 1.--A summary of studies o
Page 23 and 24: • 3 ]5
Page 25 and 26: Skuhrava, • M.; .. Skuhravy, V. 1
Page 27 and 28: midge sPecies, several hosts yieldi
Page 29 and 30: Fedotoval Z,A. 1991. Gall midges (D
Page 31 and 32: known, nol_having been noted except
Page 33 and 34: Actilasioptera tumidifoHum GAGNE, N
Page 35 and 36: ° _._. _. ..._..... _._:..--._...,
Page 37 and 38: Figures 13-16, Postabdomens ofActil
Page 39 and 40: -7"-% 25 i'.., 27 26 28 30 31 32 I
Page 41 and 42: Thorax. Wing length, 2.1-2.3 mm (n
Page 43 and 44: I' . McAlpine, J.F. 1981.2. Morphol
Page 45 and 46: Table 1.---Comparison between Tephr
Page 47 and 48: Table 3.raThe Afrotropical Myopitin
Page 49 and 50: ........ _"i!_; _ 2,:_::;_ :L I,_ ,
Page 51 and 52: anthracina (Doane) (Diptera: Tephri
Page 53 and 54: o Host Plants Gall-forming insects
Page 55 and 56: , ENCLOSED 63% Figure 3.--A pie cha
Page 57 and 58: 80% 70% 60% ° 50% - 40% 30% ' 20%
Page 59 and 60: Table 3. Major galling plant famili
Page 61 and 62: Appendix 1. Data Sheet for Galls Co
Page 63 and 64: j " GALLS Ephedra nebrodensis Jt ?W
Page 65 and 66:
IS THERE A COOL-WET TO HOT-DRY GRAD
Page 67 and 68:
10 - These findings suggest that ho
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ROLE OF PERICLISTUS (HYMENOPTERA: C
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° tl A o "!. . I ' Ir Figure l.---
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f . It Figure 2.--Schematic represe
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, ° , ° 3 . _ _ "' . . " Figures
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Table 2._Number of Periclistus larv
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. ° . 12 13 B Figures 12.---Schema
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emain as does the circumscribing la
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. Table 3.--Incidence of inhabitant
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the previous two galls, Aprostocetu
Page 87 and 88:
Periclistus apparently have many of
Page 89 and 90:
O'Brien, T.E; McCully, M.E. 1981. T
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indicator trait for male fitness, a
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Table 1.---Initial analyses to esta
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., these cells, suggesting that fem
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o 8- 6- Krmnm 4- J _1) IP 2- '0- T
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Table 1. Mortality ofT. taxi expres
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kf) =_ i---. J i _ • i J _-" i i
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Table 2.---_-Correlationsfor number
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t Table 3. Mean values for total mo
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. 100 - ' / .r-! 0 i J0 - ,/O_OI 0
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(Figdre 5 continued) -. Tree 63 eve
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" Table 6.---Correlations (r) betwe
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Cameron,.R.A.D.; Redfem, M. 1978. P
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FurIhermore, Osten Sacken (1861 c)
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this letter, which was read at the
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9 WOLBA CHIA-INDUCED THELYTOKY IN C
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Lancieux Ile Besnard • Erquy / Sa
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I Table 3.-mFrequencies offemales h
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Table 7.---z-Frequency offemales in
Page 127 and 128:
. DISCUSSION considered as independ
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Fulton, B.B. 1933. Notes on Habrocy
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• . (26,galls), Nassau (30.27S, 1
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with competition (Stewart 1996) and
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" GALL-FORMING APHIDS ON PISTA CIA:
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Although Geoica belongs in the Baiz
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THE LIFE-CYCLE OF THE BLACKCURRANT
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known" (1) Common form (E), which i
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Table 3._Average number of buds per
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Our prediction of a low cost of res
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- ? J Table 1.--Mean dry stem weigh
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stands; does the variation in resis
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Strong, D.R.; Larsson, S.; Gullberg
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The HR exhibited by the B. brevipes
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HR.is an important mechanism whereb
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q, J 10o • • O _80 • '= • O
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percent (n= 24) of the plants that
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REPROGRAMMING PLANT DEVELOPMENT: TW
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harvested and snap frozen. Protein
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Table 3.---Expected and observed fr
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whi.le it is not possible to discar
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. PLANT HORMONES AND GALL FORMATION
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As a follow up to Beck's (1947) fin
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Table 2.-_--Levels of extractable c
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.. J 0 0.16 m 0.14 - . 0.12 - 0.10
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probably occurs in the intact gall,
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Biddington, N.L.; Thomas, T.H. 1973
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.THE EFFECTS OF GALL FORMATION BY L
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three.larval instars (Mook 1967, Ru
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, + . 12 I I i i 4 .o • 1 10-- "
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, o Figure 5-1 to 5-6.----detailed
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Table 3.1Nutritional composition of
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gro.wing point, it is the latter th
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Byers, J.A+; Brewer, J.W.; Denna, D
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Skuhravy, V_1978. Invertebrates: de
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de.rivative spectra of pigment-prot
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Thylakoid Morphology CONCLUSION Ult
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.I THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN OVAL-SHAPE
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. LITERATURE CITED Rohfritsch, O. 1
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.PATTERNS IN GALL-INDUCING INSECTS
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fact, large Shrubs supported the hi
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We may conclude that the reduced ap
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Price, EW: 1997. Insect ecology. 3d
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of egg insertion. The galls of Euur
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species within each group. Close sp
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, According tO our present knowledg
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saying, that, according to A.K. Skv
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Benson, R.B. 1960a. Studies in Pont
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J Table 1. The Ranges of host plant
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(table 2 continued ) Host plant gen
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(table 4 continued) .. Host plant g
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Table 6.--List of host plants for P
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Table 9.--List of host plants for P
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(table o 9 continued) Host plant ge
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J America north of Mexico and addit
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Table 1.-,Host species and habitat
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this sampling and rearing of insect
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. Eastern USA Host Oaks White 0.8 g
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composed of Q. bicolor and Q. macro
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Q..rubraand Q. coccinea. Furthermor
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Fritz, R.S.; Nichols-Orians, C.M.;
Page 249 and 250:
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF NORTH AMERIC
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. RESULTS The heuristic search usin
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a few genera to consider evidence o
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. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS
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. Table 1._Author names of the taxa
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28 26 24 22 A 20 18 0 q_ 1.4 O. 0 !
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•" _ _ _ o ,. _ _ -.--_.,. _ Ii .
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Among species groups, the topology
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. D. ignota D. nebulosa _!I D. fusi
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. LITERATURE CITED Dalla Torre, K.W
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PATTERNS IN THE EVOLUTION OF GALL S
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Figure 1. Gallstructures induced by
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the s.ection Quercus, and the 'blac
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t SG AG Species Clade " _ _ Name 9a
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non-Andricus cynipine species (fig.
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SG AG Species Clade _ t Name 100 94
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.an asexual-only ancestor. The sexu
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.. "j V 6 '_ _!i..-".'='-,.. " •
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Abe, Y. 1997. Well-developed gall t
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Stone, G.N.; Schrnrogge, K.; Crawle
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Quercus cerris, while a parthenogen
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Table t.----Summary statistics for
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Distance from root . 0.00 0.04 0.08
Page 295 and 296:
Table 3.--Summary statistics for ge
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° . A. 40- -, 30- _ w _ A. kollari
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the alleles they possess at specifi
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e!atively narrow water barrier to l
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. TESTS OF HYPOTHESES REGARDING HYB
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classifieati0nerrors for various ba
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Tabl.e 2. Canonical discriminantfun
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encourage hybrid zone workers to ab
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Strauss, S,Y. 1994. Level of herbiv
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sense heritability of resistance to
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0.25 - Adelges abietis • 0.20 q)
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0 a 1 . W ! 309 A
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" I I_)! o Io Io Io I__1o I I I I_)
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classes for A. abietis suggests tha
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0 POSTER ABSTRACTS . W ! O ,l 315
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A . REFERENCES .. Huntley, B.H.; Bi
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CECIDOMYIID-INDUCED GALLS OF MA CHI
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. GALL MIDGE FAUNAS (DIPTERA: CECID
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GALL-INDUCER AND GALL-INQUILINE CYN
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" INDUCED RESISTANCE IN WILLOW AGAI
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.BROAD OVERVIEW OF A GALL-SYSTEM: F
Page 337 and 338:
TWOSPECIES OF EURYTOMID GALL FORMER
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Csdka, Gyuri; Mattson, William J.;
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