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Table.2.---Sex-ratio of the different D. spinosissimae populations (n = sample size). P opulatio n 1994 1995 1996 Males% n Males % n Males % n .Fontainebleau 23.8 63 19.1 94 0 1 • Queyras - - 28.9 38 - - Argento n - - 0 46 0 20 Saint Pierre 0 12 4.8 21 0 10 " Erdeven 0 30 2.6 39 0 22 , Erquy 6.25 16 0 53 0 29 Lancieux - - 2.2 92 0 37 lie Besnard - - 0 52 8 25 Saint Coulomb 0 '11 10.0 20 0 23 olonne - - 0 6 - - Santec, 0 17 .... Houat 0 10 .... Heterozygosity at Three Microsatellite Loci of individuals from D. fructuum RObsaamen and the only Diplolepis Spinosissimae individual of D. eglanteriae (Hartig) tested were found to be infected by Wolbachia (table 6). Conversely, 10 The same contrast between the two continental popula- females of D. centifoliae (Hartig) and two of D. nervosa tions of Fontainebleau and Queyras, and coastal popula- (Curtis) were not infected. In North America, 6 out of 11 tions is also observed in the frequency of heterozygous species were found to be infected. Liebeliafukudae females for the three microsatellite markers. In coastal Shinjii, a Japanese species belonging to the only other (+ Argent0n) populations, all females but two out of 179 genus of the Rhoditini tribe, was uninfected (table 7). In are homozygous for the three loci (table 3). The absence the "Aylacini" tribe, four out of the eight species tested of heterozygotes is not due to the fixation of one single were found to be infected (table 8). allele because several different genotypes are found in each population (table 4). Conversely, in the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Wolbachia FOntainebleau and Queyras populations, 78 and 100 Strains Found in Cynipid Species and in Other percent, respectively, of females are heterozygous at least Arthropods for one locus. All the males of those populations tested (n = 15) carried a single allele. Sequence of thefisZ gene were easily aligned with . previously published sequence. The neighbor joining Detection of the Endosymbiotic Bacteria Wolbachia in tree calculated with these sequences is given in the figure • D. Spinosissimae 2. Wolbachia strains associated with Cynipid belong to the two major groups of Wolbachia, namely the A and B , Wolbachia-specific .primers revealed the presence of the groups (Werren et al. 1995b). The fisZ gene sequences symbiotic bacteria in all D. spinosissimae populations of the Wolbachia associated with the five infected wheremales are extremely rare (table 5). Almost all European Diplolepis species were identical. Gene It , females ofthe coastal populations and Argenton were sequences of the bacterial strains associated with D. infected by Wolbachia and only seven females (4.0 nodulosa and D. bicolor differed by only two transition_ . percent Out of 174) were free of Wolbachia. One of the and one transversion. Those two groups differ from each two heterozygous females (see above) was infected by other by only four transitions and one transversion out of Woibachia. In contrast to the situation in the coastal 612 bp. The strain associated with Liposthenes population s, none of the 77 females tested from glechomae belongs to a well-characterized sub-group Fontainebleau or Queyras were infected by Wolbachia. (inside the B group). This sub-group, containing the two strains associated with Gryllus pennsylvanicus and Distribution of Wolbachia in the Diplolepis Genus and Tribolium confusum, is characterized by the absence of a in Some "Aylacini" Species 9 b.p. deletion possessed by all B strains relative to A group. The Wolbachia associated with D. spinosa and D. Among the six other European Diplolepis species, all radicum differ by four substitutions, while the strain populations of D. rosae, D. mayri, four out of five associated to D. californica is less closely related. 114 l
I Table 3.-mFrequencies offemales heterozygousfor at leat one microsatellite locus in the different " D. spinosissimae populations (n = number of individuals tested). .. Population 1994 1995 Heterozygous : n Heterozygous n females frequency females frequency . Fontainebleau 0.78 50 - - Queyras - - 0.96 27 Argenton - - 0.05 40 Saint Pierre 0.00 13 0.00 9 Erdeven 0.00 29 - - Erquy 0.00 9 0.00 31 Saint Coulomb 0.00 7 0.00 14 Olonne - - 0.00 6 Santec 0.00 13 - - " Houat 0.00 8 - - Table 4.--Genotype frequencies ofDiplolepis spinosissimae females in the coastal populations (loci 06 and 24 only, locus 50 being monomorphic in all these populations) (n = number of individuals tested). Genotypes found in Fontainebleau and Queyras populations are not reported in this table as respectively 17 and 15 different genotypes were ' represented there (n = 46 and 26, respectively). Population n Genotype (locus 06 then 24) Frequency Argenton 38 6161 8181 0.763 6363 8181 0.184 • 6361 8181 0.052 Olonne 5 0000 0101 1.000 Saint Pierre 18 6363 8181 0.888 6363 7373 0.112 Houat 8 5959 8181 0.875 6363 8181 0.125 Erdeven 23 5959 8181 0.478 J , 6363 8181 0.347 w • 6565 8181 0.173 Santec 8 5959 6969 0.500 5959 8181 0.375 . ' 5959 8585 0.125 Erquy 34 5959 8585 0.647 5959 6969 0.352 Saint Coulomb 18 5959 8585 0.944 5959 6969 0.055 115
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LJSDA United States i Department Ag
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• , THE BIOLOGY OF GALL-INDUCING
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. TABLE OF CONTENTS - BIOGEOGRAPHY
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Genetic and environmental contribut
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.. GALL INDUCING AND OTHER GALL MID
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Table l. -,Gall midge species assoc
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C e. f. . Figure i'.--Galls of gall
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species and several inquilines may
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XYLOPHILOUS GALL MIDGE SPECIES from
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Rtibsaamen, E.H. 1899. Ueber die Le
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Table ° 1.--A summary of studies o
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• 3 ]5
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Skuhrava, • M.; .. Skuhravy, V. 1
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midge sPecies, several hosts yieldi
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Fedotoval Z,A. 1991. Gall midges (D
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known, nol_having been noted except
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Actilasioptera tumidifoHum GAGNE, N
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° _._. _. ..._..... _._:..--._...,
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Figures 13-16, Postabdomens ofActil
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-7"-% 25 i'.., 27 26 28 30 31 32 I
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Thorax. Wing length, 2.1-2.3 mm (n
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I' . McAlpine, J.F. 1981.2. Morphol
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Table 1.---Comparison between Tephr
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Table 3.raThe Afrotropical Myopitin
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........ _"i!_; _ 2,:_::;_ :L I,_ ,
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anthracina (Doane) (Diptera: Tephri
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o Host Plants Gall-forming insects
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, ENCLOSED 63% Figure 3.--A pie cha
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80% 70% 60% ° 50% - 40% 30% ' 20%
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Table 3. Major galling plant famili
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Appendix 1. Data Sheet for Galls Co
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j " GALLS Ephedra nebrodensis Jt ?W
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IS THERE A COOL-WET TO HOT-DRY GRAD
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10 - These findings suggest that ho
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ROLE OF PERICLISTUS (HYMENOPTERA: C
Page 71 and 72: ° tl A o "!. . I ' Ir Figure l.---
Page 73 and 74: f . It Figure 2.--Schematic represe
Page 75 and 76: , ° , ° 3 . _ _ "' . . " Figures
Page 77 and 78: Table 2._Number of Periclistus larv
Page 79 and 80: . ° . 12 13 B Figures 12.---Schema
Page 81 and 82: emain as does the circumscribing la
Page 83 and 84: . Table 3.--Incidence of inhabitant
Page 85 and 86: the previous two galls, Aprostocetu
Page 87 and 88: Periclistus apparently have many of
Page 89 and 90: O'Brien, T.E; McCully, M.E. 1981. T
Page 91 and 92: indicator trait for male fitness, a
Page 93 and 94: Table 1.---Initial analyses to esta
Page 95 and 96: ., these cells, suggesting that fem
Page 97 and 98: o 8- 6- Krmnm 4- J _1) IP 2- '0- T
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mortality ofT. taxi expres
Page 101 and 102: kf) =_ i---. J i _ • i J _-" i i
Page 103 and 104: Table 2.---_-Correlationsfor number
Page 105 and 106: t Table 3. Mean values for total mo
Page 107 and 108: . 100 - ' / .r-! 0 i J0 - ,/O_OI 0
Page 109 and 110: (Figdre 5 continued) -. Tree 63 eve
Page 111 and 112: " Table 6.---Correlations (r) betwe
Page 113 and 114: Cameron,.R.A.D.; Redfem, M. 1978. P
Page 115 and 116: FurIhermore, Osten Sacken (1861 c)
Page 117 and 118: this letter, which was read at the
Page 119 and 120: 9 WOLBA CHIA-INDUCED THELYTOKY IN C
Page 121: Lancieux Ile Besnard • Erquy / Sa
Page 125 and 126: Table 7.---z-Frequency offemales in
Page 127 and 128: . DISCUSSION considered as independ
Page 129 and 130: Fulton, B.B. 1933. Notes on Habrocy
Page 131 and 132: • . (26,galls), Nassau (30.27S, 1
Page 133 and 134: with competition (Stewart 1996) and
Page 135 and 136: " GALL-FORMING APHIDS ON PISTA CIA:
Page 137 and 138: Although Geoica belongs in the Baiz
Page 139 and 140: THE LIFE-CYCLE OF THE BLACKCURRANT
Page 141 and 142: known" (1) Common form (E), which i
Page 143 and 144: Table 3._Average number of buds per
Page 145 and 146: Our prediction of a low cost of res
Page 147 and 148: - ? J Table 1.--Mean dry stem weigh
Page 149 and 150: stands; does the variation in resis
Page 151 and 152: Strong, D.R.; Larsson, S.; Gullberg
Page 153 and 154: The HR exhibited by the B. brevipes
Page 155 and 156: HR.is an important mechanism whereb
Page 157 and 158: q, J 10o • • O _80 • '= • O
Page 159 and 160: percent (n= 24) of the plants that
Page 161 and 162: REPROGRAMMING PLANT DEVELOPMENT: TW
Page 163 and 164: harvested and snap frozen. Protein
Page 165 and 166: Table 3.---Expected and observed fr
Page 167 and 168: whi.le it is not possible to discar
Page 169 and 170: . PLANT HORMONES AND GALL FORMATION
Page 171 and 172: As a follow up to Beck's (1947) fin
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Table 2.-_--Levels of extractable c
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.. J 0 0.16 m 0.14 - . 0.12 - 0.10
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probably occurs in the intact gall,
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Biddington, N.L.; Thomas, T.H. 1973
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.THE EFFECTS OF GALL FORMATION BY L
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three.larval instars (Mook 1967, Ru
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, + . 12 I I i i 4 .o • 1 10-- "
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, o Figure 5-1 to 5-6.----detailed
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Table 3.1Nutritional composition of
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gro.wing point, it is the latter th
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Byers, J.A+; Brewer, J.W.; Denna, D
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Skuhravy, V_1978. Invertebrates: de
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de.rivative spectra of pigment-prot
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Thylakoid Morphology CONCLUSION Ult
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.I THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN OVAL-SHAPE
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. LITERATURE CITED Rohfritsch, O. 1
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.PATTERNS IN GALL-INDUCING INSECTS
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fact, large Shrubs supported the hi
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We may conclude that the reduced ap
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Price, EW: 1997. Insect ecology. 3d
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of egg insertion. The galls of Euur
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species within each group. Close sp
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, According tO our present knowledg
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saying, that, according to A.K. Skv
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Benson, R.B. 1960a. Studies in Pont
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J Table 1. The Ranges of host plant
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(table 2 continued ) Host plant gen
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(table 4 continued) .. Host plant g
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Table 6.--List of host plants for P
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Table 9.--List of host plants for P
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(table o 9 continued) Host plant ge
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J America north of Mexico and addit
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Table 1.-,Host species and habitat
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this sampling and rearing of insect
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. Eastern USA Host Oaks White 0.8 g
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composed of Q. bicolor and Q. macro
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Q..rubraand Q. coccinea. Furthermor
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Fritz, R.S.; Nichols-Orians, C.M.;
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MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF NORTH AMERIC
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. RESULTS The heuristic search usin
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a few genera to consider evidence o
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. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS
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. Table 1._Author names of the taxa
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28 26 24 22 A 20 18 0 q_ 1.4 O. 0 !
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•" _ _ _ o ,. _ _ -.--_.,. _ Ii .
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Among species groups, the topology
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. D. ignota D. nebulosa _!I D. fusi
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. LITERATURE CITED Dalla Torre, K.W
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PATTERNS IN THE EVOLUTION OF GALL S
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Figure 1. Gallstructures induced by
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the s.ection Quercus, and the 'blac
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t SG AG Species Clade " _ _ Name 9a
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non-Andricus cynipine species (fig.
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SG AG Species Clade _ t Name 100 94
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.an asexual-only ancestor. The sexu
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.. "j V 6 '_ _!i..-".'='-,.. " •
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Abe, Y. 1997. Well-developed gall t
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Stone, G.N.; Schrnrogge, K.; Crawle
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Quercus cerris, while a parthenogen
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Table t.----Summary statistics for
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Distance from root . 0.00 0.04 0.08
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Table 3.--Summary statistics for ge
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° . A. 40- -, 30- _ w _ A. kollari
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the alleles they possess at specifi
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e!atively narrow water barrier to l
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. TESTS OF HYPOTHESES REGARDING HYB
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classifieati0nerrors for various ba
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Tabl.e 2. Canonical discriminantfun
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encourage hybrid zone workers to ab
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Strauss, S,Y. 1994. Level of herbiv
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sense heritability of resistance to
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0.25 - Adelges abietis • 0.20 q)
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0 a 1 . W ! 309 A
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" I I_)! o Io Io Io I__1o I I I I_)
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classes for A. abietis suggests tha
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0 POSTER ABSTRACTS . W ! O ,l 315
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A . REFERENCES .. Huntley, B.H.; Bi
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CECIDOMYIID-INDUCED GALLS OF MA CHI
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. GALL MIDGE FAUNAS (DIPTERA: CECID
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GALL-INDUCER AND GALL-INQUILINE CYN
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" INDUCED RESISTANCE IN WILLOW AGAI
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.BROAD OVERVIEW OF A GALL-SYSTEM: F
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TWOSPECIES OF EURYTOMID GALL FORMER
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Csdka, Gyuri; Mattson, William J.;
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