Proceedings World Bioenergy 2010

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98 world bioenergy 2010 ORGANISATIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR STRAW-BASED ENERGY SYSTEMS IN UKRAINE AND WESTERN EUROPE Y. Voytenko*, P. Peck *Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University, Nádor u. 9, 1051 Budapest, Hungary, tel. + 36 1 327 3021; yuliya.voytenko@mespom.eu International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics at Lund University, Tegnérsplatsen 4, 22100 Lund, Sweden, tel. +46 46 222 0200; fax: +46 46 222 0230; philip.peck@iiiee.lu.se Ukraine (UA) has large biomass potentials, and faces broad needs for energy security enhancement, agricultural sector revitalisation and environmental improvement. Cross case study analysis is applied to nine straw-fired installations in UA within a conceptual framework developed by the authors. The analysis yields three distinct straw-based frameworks for organisation and action including ‘small scale local heat production’, ‘small scale local straw production for fuel sale to municipality’, and ‘medium scale conversion and district heating’. Ukrainian case is then compared to countries with more advanced bioenergy sectors, i.e. Sweden (SE) and Denmark (DK). Individual business entrepreneurship qualities and knowledge are found crucial on small and medium scale. Straw use on large scale requires substantial and consistent support from the National government. Barriers to the expansion of bioenergy in UA include low access to technology and funding, lack of knowledge on bioenergy funding schemes, and bioenergy in general. The outcomes of the paper are transferable to various contexts on the condition that local specificities are taken into account. Keywords: bioenergy management, developing countries, logistics, non-technical barriers to bioenergy, straw 1 INTRODUCTION This paper has its point of departure from the recognition of a number of parameters that have been found important for the transformation of local energy systems towards bioenergy. These include resources available (i.e. physical, human and organisational capital) [1], financial and technological resources [2], social capital [3], and strategies for the transformation of local energy systems [4-‐10]. The latter component (deliberate strategies) however, infers a need for “frameworks for organisation and action” that can support such transformation. Yet limited work is available in the area. Earlier research by the authors [11,12] highlighted four promising framework types for organisation of straw-‐based energy systems in selected Western European (WE) countries, i.e. Sweden (SE), Denmark (DK) and Spain (ES), and key factors that define and foster energy system transition. Each country has gone down its own transition path but when viewed collectively, they constitute a good ‘learning environment’ for other regions where straw-‐based systems are anticipated to emerge. That work [12] yielded four distinct types of agro-‐biomass based frameworks (ABFs) for organisation and action including ‘small scale local heat production’, ‘medium scale local heat provision with excess for sale’, ‘medium scale conversion and district heating (DH)’, and ‘large scale power or combined heat and power generation (CHP)’. This work focuses on Ukraine (UA), which has significant potential for all bioenergy options and crop residues in particular [13-‐17]. Bioenergy development is driven by an urgent need for energy security enhancement, reduction of dependence on fuel imports, rural diversification, job creation, bioenergy business opportunities and potential for environmental improvement [14,18]. A tangible policy support environment for bioenergy and real straw-‐based heating systems are both emerging in UA [18,19]. This work aims to compile and analyse ABFs that seek to transform energy systems to bioenergy. The objectives of the paper are the following: • to collect and describe existing practices of straw use for energy in UA; • to generate empirical conceptual ABFs that ensure commercial use of straw for energy; • to compare and contrast ABF types in UA and WE. The paper has the following structure. Section 2 provides a background on bioenergy production, potentials, technology, and markets for crop residues for energy in UA as well as on support mechanisms for bioenergy development in the country. Section 3 outlines a methodological approach to the work. Results on ABFs for organisation and action in UA are presented and analysed in Section 4. Section 5 discusses straw-toenergy experiences in UA and compares them to those in WE. Section 5 concludes the paper and presents areas and implications for future research. 2 BIOENERGY IN UKRAINE 2.1 Bioenergy production Current energy production from biomass in UA is about 38 PJ (0.9 Mtoe) per year, which comes only in the
form of heat and constitutes 0.65% in UA’s total primary energy supply (TPES) [20]. UA utilises biomass mainly as firewood [21]. Wood pellet production is primarily export oriented [22,23]. Crop residues are burnt in converted and specifically designed boilers [20,24,25]. There exist up to 25 straw-fired boilers in rural areas in UA [26]. A few farms operate small-scale individual biogas units [20]. Among larger biogas installations a few pilot projects were carried out in 2004-2009 [27,28]. Today only a few large-scale plantations of energy crops (i.e. coppice crops and perennial grasses) exist in UA [23]. All of them have been introduced quite recently, and have not been harvested yet. There exist six first generation bioethanol production plants with a total capacity of 135 000 million tonnes per year [29] and eight big oil-extracting plants that produce rapeseed oil [24] in the country. 2.2 Potentials for energy from biomass and straw Total technical potential of biomass and peat is estimated at 1062 PJ per year or 18.11% in the country’s TPES [14]. Annual potentials for agricultural residues and energy crops constitute the main share equalling 739 PJ (or 69.5% in the country’s overall biomass potential). Straw has the highest potential among all agricultural residues - 175 PJ per year (or 16.5% of total biomass potential). Every year from 6-8 [13] to 10.2 [17] million tonnes of straw can be used for energy production in UA without putting other needs in straw under pressure. In addition, straw is also considered to be one of the easiest and the cheapest biomass options that can be developed in Ukrainian conditions [13,15,30]. For the farms with their own straw resources a straw-fired boiler payback is 1-2 years while for those that purchase straw at USD 26- 33 per tonne it is about 3 years [15]. Current total annual fuel consumption in all boiler houses in rural areas of UA constitutes about 84 PJ, which can be fully supplied with straw resources available in the country [31]. At present the main share of straw use for energy is performed in UTEM boilers [32], the total installed capacity of which is about 8.9 MW. Annual use of straw in these boilers is about 14 100 tonnes (or 0.2 PJ) [33,16]. 2.3 Technology for crop residue use for energy Straw combustion technology in UA is represented with a few companies that produce straw-fired boilers and their parts, heat generators and grain-drying units that use straw and/or other crop residues as a fuel. The biggest straw-fired boiler manufacturer and the only one that produces water-based straw-fired boilers with the capacity of up to 1 MW that can be used for the heating of premises is OJSC UTEM [26,32]. UTEM produces boilers under the license of Danish company Passat Energi A/S; it also provides design works, arranges heat works and service maintenance [32]. Currently up to 25 UTEM boilers are installed in different regions in UA [26], which in most cases produce heat for municipal buildings in the villages (i.e. schools, kindergartens, premises of village councils, cultural centres, multi-storeyed living houses, etc.) or/and for local agricultural enterprises. Scientific Engineering Centre (SEC) Biomass carries out research and development of straw-fired heat generators [34]. OJSC Bryg is one of the few companies that produce biomass-fired heat generators and grain- drying units on biomass [35]. Currently about 20 Bryg products are installed in the country [36]. There are also a few manufacturers of heat generators and boilers that work on a mixture of solid fuels [37-40]. 2.4 Market potential for crop residues SEC Biomass estimated technical and commercial potential for biomass boilers and suggests that by 2015 total thermal capacity of wood-, straw- and peat-fired boilers in UA can reach 9000 MW [21]. This would allow to reduce GHG emissions by 11 million tonnes per year and substitute 5.44 billion m 3 of natural gas annually. The total estimated investment cost is about USD 0.64 billion [21]. In October 2009 97% of briquettes from sunflower husk and 100% straw briquettes produced in UA were sold outside the country [41]. The main markets can be found in Poland with smaller amount sold in Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary and Lithuania. 2.5 Support schemes and mechanisms Ukrainian government accepted a number of documents supporting bioenergy development in the country. The State Development Programme of Biofuel Production and Consumption is the framework policy. It aims to increase the share of biofuels in the national energy balance to 5-7% [42]. Other important laws in this area include the Law of UA On Amendments to Some Laws of Ukraine on Support of Biofuel Production and Consumption, which sets a target to increase the share of biofuel use to 20% in total fuel consumption in the country by 2020 [43]; the so called Law On Green Electricity Tariff, and a set of Laws On Minimisation of Financial Crisis Impact. The latter laws set specific economic support mechanisms. Bioenergy projects in UA can also be developed as joint implementation (JI) projects under Kyoto Protocol [44]. 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 General approach This work presents results on straw use for energy in UA and compares them to similar experiences in SE and DK. A detailed analysis of nine initiatives (Table I) on straw for energy is applied to underpin the proposal of three types of ABFs for organisation and action in Ukrainian setting. ABFs are developed for each case, and then contrasted and compared in a cross-case analysis and a broader cross-country context. Coverage topics that have driven case study selection are given in Table II. Table I: Cases on straw use for energy in Ukraine Village (region, province) Strutynka, (Lypovetsk, Vinnytsya) Lebedyn, (Shpola, Cherkasy) Olgopil (Chechelnyk, Vinnytsya) Stavy, (Kagarlyk, Kyiv) Boiler size, kW Purpose Informants 250 Heat for agro- Director of the enterprise “Rapsodiya” and a mill agro-enterprise 250 Heat for agro- Leading energy enterprise “Lebedyn Seed Plant” expert 300 Heat for the local 1st deputy head secondary school of local administration 350 Heat for local Project secondary school coordinator world bioenergy 2010 99
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