Proceedings World Bioenergy 2010

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Figure 1: Amount of biomass and botanical composition in August 2009 in small plots 50 x 50 cm. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There were significant differences in legume biomass between the species mixtures (Figure 1). Alsike clover was the most productive sown legume, followed by red clover. Goats rue was a slow starter and it formed a low but healthy undergrowth. The nitrogen fixation as determined by the difference method varied very much between plots and differences between legumes were not significant. However there was significantly less N-fixation, 28 kg N/ha, with full Nfertilization compared to half N-fertilization, 39 kg N/ha. The low nitrogen fixation rate was probably due to strong competition from the very dense reed canary grass crop. It was not possible to use the 15 N natural abundance method to determine the N-fixation since the difference in 15 N natural abundance in reed canary grass and legumes was too small. The amount of reed canary grass was higher with the higher N-fertilization level (Figure 1). However the difference was not significant. There were no significant differences between the treatment with sewage sludge and the corresponding treatment without sludge. Establishment of reed canary grass undersown in barley did not work well. The harvest was less than half of the other species mixtures. Also there were more weeds in the barley treatment. The reason is probably that the barley was harvested with a stubble height of only 7 cm in early September 2008 and the reed canary grass probably was not able to grow enough rhizomes before winter to get a good spring growth 2009. Both in October 2009 and in May 2010, the harvest of the larger plots showed the same pattern as the smaller plots, but due to the smaller variation there was significantly more biomass with full N-fertilization. The biomass harvest in spring was 64 % of the biomass harvest in autumn, and there were no significant differences in winter losses between treatments. Three similar experiments have also been established 96 world bioenergy 2010 in other parts of Sweden. In two of these, there have been large problems with weeds: white clover in one site and couch grass in the other site. More information is given in a recent report [4]. 4 ECONOMICS AND CONCLUSIONS An economic calculation showed that the establishment costs (the first two growing seasons) can be lowered by intercropping with red clover (Table 1). However it is also involves more risks, related to weeds, and cannot be recommended on fallow soil with a large seed bank of weeds. Weed management with glyphosate (Roundup) the year before sowing and Basagran SG when the legumes have three full leaves, is recommended in order to decrease the total competition of weeds. Table 1: Establishment costs for reed canary grass. To calculate the cost per MWh the establishment cost were spread over 10 harvesting years with 5000 kg biomass harvest/ ha and year and 4,2 MWh/ton field dry material. RCG + red clover RCG Half fertilization Full fertilization SEK/ha SEK/ha Seeds 1105 825 Fertilizer 2000 4000 Herbicides 500 250 Other 300 300 Plowing 1000 1000 Harrowing 675 675 Seeding Spreading 200 200 of fertilizer Application 825 825 of herbicide 300 300 Sum 6905 8375 Cost/MWh 32.9 39.9
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was founded by The Swedish Energy Agency through Värmeforsk (Thermal Engineering Research Institute). We thank Per-Erik Nemby and coworkers for skillful field work. 6 References 1. Wrobel, C., B.E. Coulman, and D.L. Smith, The potential use of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) as a biofuel crop. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science, 2009. 59(1): p. 1-18. 2. Jasinskas, A., A. Zaltauskas, and A. Kryzeuiciene, The investigation of growing and using of tall perennial grasses as energy crops. Biomass & Bioenergy, 2008. 32(11): p. 981-987. 3. Unkovich, M., et al., 15 N Natural abundance method, in Measuring plant-associated nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems. 2008, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, Australien. p. 132-162. 4. Palmborg, C. and E. Lindvall, Optimering av odlingsåtgärder i rörflen för ökad lönsamhet. Fältstudier av sorter, samodling med baljväxter och korn, gödsling samt markpackning. 2010, Värmeforsk: Stockholm. p. 44. world bioenergy 2010 97
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