amperage of the pellet press. Experiments (see figure 7) using 1% FlourBond in comparison with pellets made without additive, 1% corn starch or FlourBond-IP (a new product), were performed by Holzforschung Wien at controlled conditions and show the positive effects of FlourBond on pellet processing and quality. The effect of FlourBond on the ash Tmelt of consumer softwood based pellets and mixed waste wood pellets is shown in figure 8. The Ca/K ratio was taken because the Si level was constant for the pellets because the two type of woods used originated from the same resources and were processed during one production run. The amount of FlourBond was between 0-5% and 0-3%, respectively for the soft wood and mixed waste wood pellets. FlourBond has a high level of calcium compared to other pressing aids. It is shown that by adding FlourBond the Tmelt is clearly increased. Figure 8: Influence addition FlourBond on ash melting temperature. 4 CONCLUSIONS The Ca/(Si+K) ratio can be used to give a good prediction of the ash melting temperatures of all kind of bio-energy products such as wood pellets. Using PCA and linear regression analyses led to an even better prediction of the Tmelt by using an easy to use formula: Ln [Tmelt] = 7,24 -0,33*Si-0,70*K+1,28*K*Ca (variance accounted for is 72%). By using FlourBond as the pressing aid, the ash melting temperature can be increased due to an increase of the Ca/(Si+K) ratio. It is envisaged that as a result the change or risk of slagging can be diminished for pellets made with more difficult woods or other biomass resources. 5 REFERENCES 92 world bioenergy <strong>2010</strong> 1. Englisch, European standards, quality and certification systems in Europe, 8. Pellets Industry Forum, 2008, Conference Book, pp 102 2. Arvelakis et al., Biomass and <strong>Bioenergy</strong> 20 (2001) pp. 459 3. Friedl, Wopienka, Haslinger, Schlackebildung in Pelletsfeuerungen, Beitrag zum Stuttgart 7. InterPellets, 9.-10. Oktober 2007 4. Paulrud, Upgraded Biofuels - Effects of Quality on Processing, Handling Characteristics, Combustion and Ash melting, Unit of Biomass Technology and Chemistry, Umeå, Doctoral thesis, Swedish Univ. Agric. Sci. 5. Ottmann, Verbrennung biogener Brennstoffe in stationären Wirbelschichtfeuerungen, Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München Dissertation. Technischen Universität München 2007 6. NEBrA – Nachhaltige Energieversorgung durch Biomasse aus regionalem Anbau, Vortrag Bloischdorf, 31.8.2007 H-B Rombrecht 7. Thy et al., Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. 2004, 49 (1), 89 8. Meneba, Flour Bond erhốht ergiebigkeit von Holzpellets, Pellets Markt und Trends 2008, nr. 5 9. Hartmann et al., 2000, Naturbelassene biogene Festbrennstoff, Bayerisches Landesanstalt f. Landtechnik (Germany) 10. Kim et al., 2000, www.cheric.org 11. Launhardt, 2002, Thesis Umweltrelevante Einflüsse bei der thermischen Nutzung fester Biomasse in Kleinanlagen Schadstoffemissionen, Aschequalität und Wirkungsgrad, Dept für Biogene Rohstoffe und Technologie der Landnutzung, Lehrstuhl für Landtechnik der Technischen Universität München 12. Analyseergebnisse aller mốgliche Rohstoffe zur Pelletproduktion, BTU Cottbus, Lehrstuhl Kraftwerkstechnik, www.kwt.tu-cottbus.de 13. Ragland, D.J. Aerts, Bioresource Technology 37 (1991) pp. 61 14. Lasselsberger, Österreichischer Biomassetag 2006, Lecture Monitoringprojekte Der Bundesländer NÖ & OÖ 15. Huber, Frieß, 1997 München, Emissionen Bayerischer Biomassefeuerungen Ergebnisse einer Grundsatzuntersuchung 16. Bakker, Elbersen, Managing ash content and -quality in herbaceous biomass: An analysis from plant to product, WUR, Institute Agrotechnology & Food Innovations-Biobased Products\ 17. Anon. www.vt.tuwien.ac.at/Biobib/ 18. Behr, Einflußfaktoren auf das Ascheschmelzverhalten bei der Verbrennung von Holzpellets, Holz-Energie-Zentrum Olsberg GmbH, Tagungsband Vorlage 7. Industrieforum Pellets 2007 Stuttgart 19. Lin, J. Air & Waste Managem. Assoc. 56, pp. 1743 20. van Soest, et al., Increasing the ash melting temperature of wood pellets, <strong>World</strong> Sustainable Energy Days 2009, Pellet Conference Book, Wels/Upper Austria, 2009.
f ENERGY CROps, aGRICuLTuRaL REsIDuEs aND BY-pRODuCTs world bioenergy <strong>2010</strong> 93
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MaIN spONsOR: WORLD BIOENERGY 2010
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plant, is permanently manned. Rajam
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PROCUREMENT COSTS OF SLASH AND STUM
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Figure 2: Marginal cost curves for
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HARVESTING FOR ENERGY OR PULPWOOD I
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Figure 1: The net income as functio
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CO 2-EQ EMISSIONS OF FOREST CHIP PR
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Figure 4: CO 2-eq emissions (kg/m 3
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