Proceedings World Bioenergy 2010

More documents

Recommendations

Info

This work was performed within the project SWX-Energi financed by the European Union, Region Dalarna Region Gävleborg and Högskolan Dalarna. 6 REFERENCES 1. Bales, C., Combitest - A New Test Method for Thermal Stores Used in Solar Combisystems, in Department of Building Technology. 2004, Chalmers University of Technology: Göteborg, Sweden. 2. Fiedler, F. and T. Persson, Carbon monoxide emissions of combined pellet and solar heating systems. Applied Energy, 2009. 86(2): p. 135- 143. 3. Good, J. and T. Nussbaumer, Emissionsfaktoren moderner pelletkessel unter typischen heizbedingungen. 2009, Hochschule Luzern – Technik & Architektur: Bern, Switzerland. 4. Persson, T., Solar and Pellet Heating Systems : Reduced Electricity Usage in Single-family Houses ed. V.V.D. Müller. 2009, Saarbrücken, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. 153. 5. Persson, T., F. Fiedler, M. Rönnelid, and C. Bales. Increasing efficiency and decreasing COemissions for a combined solar and wood pellet heating system for single-family houses. in Pellets 2006 Conference.30 May - 1 June. 2006. Jönköping, Sweden. 6. Wester, L., Förbrännings- och rökgasreningsteknik, in Compedium to the course: "Förbrännings och rökgasreningsteknik". 2009, Mälardalens Högskola: Västerås, Sweden. 7. Win, K.M., Paavilainen, Janne, Persson, T. Emissions Characterisation of residential pellet boilers during start-up and stop periods in 3 rd International Scientific Conference on “Energy systems with IT".16-17 March. 2010. Stockholm, Sweden. 88 world bioenergy 2010
NEW INSIGHTS IN THE ASH MELTING BEHAVIOUR AND IMPROVEMENT OF BIOMASS ENERGY PELLETS USING FLOUR BOND J. van Soest, J. Renirie, S. Moelchand, M. Schouten, A. van der Meijden, J. Plijter Meneba B.V., www.meneba.com Brielselaan 115, 3081 AB Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Tel. +31 104238130, Fax. +31 104238299, J.vanSoest@meneba.com ABSTRACT: New insight was obtained in the effect of ash composition on the ash melting behavior. It was shown that there is a good correlation between the amount of calcium (Ca), silicon (Si) and potassium (K) contents of the ash and the ash melting temperature (Tmelt) of bio-energy products like wood, agro- and sludge pellets (n=164). Using PCA and linear regression analyses led to a good prediction of the Tmelt by using an easy to use formula: Ln [Tmelt] = 7,24 -0,33*Si-0,70*K+1,28*K*Ca (variance accounted for is 72%) The new formula gives much better predictions of ash Tmelt of wood pellets and other solid bio-energy or biofuel products than previous fits. As expected Ca plays an important positive role. K and Si sink the Tmelt. Other metals play a less dominant role, such as iron (Fe), aluminium (Al) and magnesium (Mg). The new insight was put into practice by showing that by adding FlourBond®, a pressing aid high in Ca, the Tmelt of wood pellet ash can be increased. It is envisaged that an elevated ash Tmelt reduces the risk of slagging of solid biofuels. Keywords: pellets, ash, biomass production, biomass characteristics, sintering 1 INTRODUCTION Wood pellet combustion is nowadays known as a reliable and comfortable heating system. However, the pellets have to be of high quality to ensure stable and long-‐term usage of the heaters. The pellets have to be made according to strict quality criteria as put down in the Önorm or DIN+ or ENplus [1]. It is important to control the pellet properties such as water content, hardness, abrasion, fines, ash content and heating value. In particular ash melting behaviour can create problems in ovens such as corrosion, erosion and slagging [2-‐7]. Some of the pellet properties can be improved by using pressing aids, such as starch or rye meal. Pure starches can be very expensive and rye meal, corn grits or lower quality starches can result in high ash content and melting temperature and severe slagging beside resulting in worse processing and pellet abrasion properties. Therefore, development of a, for the pellet market dedicated, cheap multifunctional pressing aid has become of great importance. New insight has been obtained in the behavior of pressing aids in the production of wood pellets. On the basis of this a novel multifunctional pressing aid was developed with a high calcium content (FlourBond®)[8]. It was shown that free flowing properties were improved making the product easier to use in the pellet factory and control dosage level. The output of the pellet presses could be enhanced resulting in lower energy usage. The pellet properties were improved at lower contents than with currently used pressing aids such as most starches. The pressing aid is readily available and an excellent performing alternative for expensive starches. In this detailed study, the properties of ash from pellets produced in industrial conditions with various pressing aids were investigated. The study includes the effect of the new pressing aid with high calcium content on pellet ash properties. A broad range of pellets (n=35) were made on different industrial presses based on various wood resources (containing both soft and hard woods, see figure 1). The ash melting behavior and composition were studied and compared with data from literature on the ash composition and melting behavior of various pellets and other bio-energy products [9-20]. The total data set consisted of 164 products. Figure 1: Various pellets 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Various wood pellets (n=35) were made based on miscellaneous wood resources (soft, hard and mixed woods as well as fresh and waste woods). Pellets were made using various presses and pressing aids, including FlourBond. Ash (composition and melting behavior) was characterized according to the following DIN standards: v Water content DIN CEN/TS 14774-3: 2004-11 v Ash content DIN CEN/TS 14775: 2004-11 v Ash composition DIN 51729 part 1 & 11 (as Oxide) v Ash melting DIN CEN/TS 15370-1 Other ash melting data were taken from literature [9- 19]. A large data set was obtained of in total 164 products. Beside wood pellets, the data set contains products consisting of woods, grasses, hay, straw, cereal based products, whole crop products, sludge, municipal and food processing waste products, and waste streams from chemical industry such as paper and textile. From the raw data the metal compositions were calculated expressed as % of the total ash and as mg/kg of the bio-energy products or wood pellet. The sintering (SST), softening (DT), hemispheric (HAT) and flowing (FT) temperatures were used to characterize the ash melting behavior. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION world bioenergy 2010 89
Page 1 and 2:
MaIN spONsOR: WORLD BIOENERGY 2010
Page 3 and 4:
ORGaNIsED BY: The swedish Bioenergy
Page 5 and 6:
a B C CONTENTs OpENING sEssION 7 Bi
Page 7 and 8:
OpENING sEssION world bioenergy 201
Page 9 and 10:
The black curve is what actually ha
Page 11 and 12:
a COMBINED hEaT aND pOWER (Chp), CO
Page 13 and 14:
Chlorine Index: Cl content (%) of t
Page 15 and 16:
The DOMOHEAT European project is fo
Page 17 and 18:
IMPROVED FLEXIBILITY AND ECONOMY BY
Page 19 and 20:
plant, is permanently manned. Rajam
Page 21 and 22:
PROCUREMENT COSTS OF SLASH AND STUM
Page 23 and 24:
Figure 2: Marginal cost curves for
Page 25 and 26:
HARVESTING FOR ENERGY OR PULPWOOD I
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 1: The net income as functio
Page 29 and 30:
CO 2-EQ EMISSIONS OF FOREST CHIP PR
Page 31 and 32:
Figure 4: CO 2-eq emissions (kg/m 3
Page 33 and 34:
[27] Wihersaari, M. 2005. Greenhous
Page 35 and 36:
modes suitable for longer distances
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4: End users’ market share
Page 39 and 40: Table I: Annual capacity of vehicle
Page 41 and 42: comminuted biomass, as is stable gr
Page 43 and 44: BIOMASS FUNCTIONS FOR YOUNG SCOTS P
Page 45 and 46: 2). In the data for branches and fo
Page 47 and 48: ESTIMATING POTENTIALS OF SOLID WOOD
Page 49 and 50: 3.2 Techno-economical potential Whe
Page 51 and 52: C pOLICY - hOW TO MaKE IT aLL happE
Page 53 and 54: of the best (if not the best) way t
Page 55 and 56: 1, nº 1(Jul/Dez.1996)-Rio de janei
Page 57 and 58: consortiums of people) do not have
Page 59 and 60: BIOENERGY IN UKRAINE: STATE OF THE
Page 61 and 62: Ukraine till 2015 can be suggested
Page 63 and 64: ioenergy industry. The Climate Cons
Page 65 and 66: SUPPLY CHAINS OF FOREST CHIP PRODUC
Page 67 and 68: stump wood batches were also commin
Page 69 and 70: INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF PAP
Page 71 and 72: Pakistan’s reserves. Pakistani bu
Page 73 and 74: distributors in Pakistan, and the r
Page 75 and 76: other sources of energy, it is impe
Page 77 and 78: http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-n
Page 79 and 80: BIOGAS UPGRADING BY TEMPERATURE SWI
Page 81 and 82: into the adsorber (more information
Page 83 and 84: Once again, the binary gas mixture
Page 85 and 86: EMISSIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESI
Page 87: Figure 3: Accumulated emissions fro
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4: Statistical analyses (lin
Page 93 and 94: f ENERGY CROps, aGRICuLTuRaL REsIDu
Page 95 and 96: INTERCROPPING OF REED CANARY GRASS,
Page 97 and 98: 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project wa
Page 99 and 100: form of heat and constitutes 0.65%
Page 101 and 102: II BOILER CHARACTERISTICS Capacity,
Page 103 and 104: some optimisation in local employme
Page 105 and 106: local straw production for fuel sal
Page 107 and 108: Secondary School]. (2009). 58. Bela
Page 109 and 110: CONfERENCE TuEsDaY 25 MaY 09.00 OpE
Page 111 and 112: CONfERENCE ThuRsDaY 27 MaY 09.00 pa
Page 113: TaKING YOu fROM KNOW-hOW TO shOW-hO
show all

Proceedings World Bioenergy 2010

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?