Proceedings World Bioenergy 2010

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Southern or Northern Pipelines, could help spread awareness and educate villagers about the benefits of Biogas, as it is directly responsible for the distribution of natural gas. Consultants can also be hired in order to learn from expertise of the ones who have been successful at Biogas deployments. Working with non-profit organizations such as SNV, which has had immense success in Asia, will be necessary. The Indian Government, which has deployed community biogas plants on a large scale, and has had public-private partnership program in place since a couple of years, can also be asked for support [15]. However a major hindrance to such a system would be the issue of availability of suitable land. Even though it might be leased from a private landholder, or provided by the government, it would definitely slow the process as land ownership can be a serious issue in the rural area. A short term disruption of availability of fertilizer in a community may also arise until slurry can be used. A long term disadvantage of such a system is that it can eventually lead to a higher market price of manure, which is widely used as fertilizer. Another problem in the long run could be animals that are acutely malnourished, as they might be fed to produce manure rather than quality meat and milk, however this might already be the case, as manure can be used as fertilizer or sold in the market. Of course such a system is for domestic use only, and Natural gas for transportation will require a different model than this, characterized by a distribution channel that connects the rural and urban areas of the country. On the other hand, gas for industry too will require a different model. 5.2 Possible ethanol fuel Public-private partnership for use in transport The cost of producing ethanol fuel is still high, therefore the best way to produce it would be to take the path the government has been trying to attempt for a couple of years. Pakistan has a massive sugar refining industry that uses sugar cane to make refined sugar. Many of these are already making ethanol, and they are most likely to already have the existing scale, financial strength, and the cost base, to produce ethanol in large quantities, on their existing sugar mills [9]. The government would have to work with these Sugar Mill owners and give them incentives to start producing fuel grade ethanol from Sugar cane. One of the incentives that can be given to these Sugar Mill owners would be a fixed price of ethanol, independent of market price. On top of that, simply finding a steady buyer would be a great incentive as well, as it would help reduce overall risk and uncertainty. The role of foreign private and public sector would be to support in terms of expertise, technology transfers and of course, bringing in funds. The help of experts from Brazil and the US, which are by far leaders in terms of technology and prevalence of Bio-ethanol, will be necessary. Work has already begun on such a business model, however it is currently at the testing stage and only the government owned ‘Pakistan State Oil’ is allowed to sell it. It is currently being supplied in the south of the country. It must be remembered that this model needs to be further expanded to include all Major Oil Marketing Companies and perhaps also encourage mill owners to use multiple feed stocks, such as Maize or Sweet Sorghum as well, rather than just sugar cane, in order ease the supply pressures that will be put on sugar cane. 74 world bioenergy 2010 Therefore the most important part of the government would be to control the prices of Sugar Cane and Sugar Cane products, and therefore prices in the market, which would be highly open to exploitation by distributors to produce artificial shortages in such a condition. Hence apparent that the possible setbacks of this model is that if it is not implemented correctly with proper policing, sugar supplies can fall (genuinely and artificially) as resources are diverted to making ethanol, ultimately resulting in high prices (and rising imports) of Sugar (or any other crop). Ideally, a non food source should be used as feedstock; however that will require heavy investments of time and effort before a complete industry can be established, as such crops usually have little market value and therefore are short in supply to begin with. In the end, it must be remembered that the problems of an inattentive and negligent governance, corrupting and misappropriation of funds is something that is likely to continue in the current political and bureaucratic culture in Pakistan. It is a long term challenge and needs to be solved for any real progress, in any field. Already Pakistan’s current energy policy is not being implemented [5]. Also Pakistan dwells in a fragile political system that is both corrupt and uncertain. Usually, policies are not retained or sustained over longer periods and successive governments. Stakeholders such as the IMF, or Asian Development Bank, whose help would be needed in acquiring fund and expertise, could become tools of accountability. Also involvement of other stake holders such as universities, domestic and foreign private and public sector companies and nonprofit organization, could help keep accountability, and also make sure that policies transcend governments. 6 CONSLUSION The energy crisis in Pakistan is deep and worsening. By 2030, energy supply and demand gap is expected to increase to over 140.9 MTOE i.e. 64% of the total supply [16]. Due to Pakistan’s large agriculture base, Biomass is one of the alternative energy solutions that can help ease this crisis. However it cannot be done by the private or public sectors alone, and would require help of all kinds from foreign governments, agencies (e.g. The World Bank or USAID), technology companies, nonprofit organizations (such as SNV), universities and consultancies, in order acquire the expertise and the funds to make it all happen. It must be remembered though that there are serious long term issues that need to be overcome for any real progress. One such issues is that of water stress that Pakistan is under. Water could soon be scarce in Pakistan, which can have a significant negative impact on the economy in general and the agriculture sector, including crops and livestock, in particular (1; 28; 30). Overall, Pakistan’s culture of corruption and the inability to implement and sustain policies with changing governments is another major issue. can be overcome by involving as many stakeholders a possible, including international agencies, foreign and domestic private companies, therefore helping put pressure on successive governments to continue legislation and government initiatives. However, Bio Energy alone cannot solve Pakistan problems. With all the issues arising from Biomass, and
other sources of energy, it is imperative Pakistan utilizes its immense Hydro, Thermal and Wind power potentials as well. Each approach has its own advantages, disadvantages, according to the location, distribution, costs, maintenance and sustainability [5]. This will also help Pakistan diversify its energy mix, which relies heavily on oil, gas and electricity [24; 26]. One estimate of the potential electricity generation capability of Pakistan’s coastal areas from wind power is over 50,000 MW [5]. The hydel power potential of the Indus River System itself is estimated to be around 54,000 MW while coal resources are estimated at 185 billion tons ( oil equivalent, this is higher than the reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran, combined) [24]. Therefore it is imperative that Pakistan does not reply on a few sources of energy and rather have a very diverisified energy mix (in which Bioenergy can play a very important role). Even though the crisis Pakistan faces is severe, if the intenrational community works with the private and public sector organizations in Pakistan, in a ‘war like urgency’, not only can the problem be solved, but Pakistan will be able able to become an economy with a broad energy mix, with heavy reliance on bioenergy. Therefore becoming self sufficient to a very large extent, and in the process developing new business, technologies and generate continuous economic growth and prosperity. REFERENCES: (1) Ali, T., 2010 Shortage of quality Livestock fodders. [Online]. Dawn.com. Available at: http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn -content-library/dawn/in-papermagazine/economic-and-business/shortage-ofquality-livestock-fodder-150 [Accessed on 28th May, 2010]. (2) Akhtar, P., 2009. Consumers to have renewable energy on subsidised rates. [Online]. Daily Times. Available at: http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page =2009\04\21\story_21-4-2009_pg5_9 [Accessed on 13th March 2010]. (3) Arifeen, M., 2010. Circular Debt stays un paid. [Online]. The Financial Daily. Availvlae at: http://thefinancialdaily.com/NewsDetail/92442. aspx [Accessed on 11th May 2010]. (4) BETAPAK., 2010. BioGas Plants, Equipments and Services. [Online]. Betapk.org. Available at: http://betapk.org/potential.html [Accessed on 15th May, 2010] (5) Bhatti, M.W., 2010. Renewable energy policy not being implemented. The News. Available at: http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=239 573 [Accessed on 17 th May 2010]. (6) Chaudary, S., 2008. Ethanol Manufacturers Demand Subsidies. [Online]. The Daily Times. Available at: http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page =2008\02\17\story_17-2-2008_pg5_9 [Accessed on 12th March 2010]. (7) ESP., 2010. Economic Survey of Pakistan [Online] . Ministry of Finance. Available at: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_0910.html [Accessed at 3th of June, 2010]. (8) FAS., 2009. Pakistan Agriculture Economy and Policy. [Online]. Federation of American Scientists. Available at: http://www.fas.usda.gov/country/Pakistan/Paki stan%20Agriculture%20and%20Policy%20Rep ort.pdf [Accessed at 6th June 2010] (9) Haq., 2010. Pakistan’s Twin energy shortages of Gas and Electricity. [Online]. Haq’s Musings. Available at: http://www.riazhaq.com/2010/01/pakistanstwin-energy-crises-of-gas-and.html. [Accessed on 19th May 2010]. (10) IAE, 2008. World Energy Outlook: Energy and Development. [Online]. International Energy Agency. Available at: http://www.iea.org/weo/slide_library.pdf [Accessed on 13th March 2010]. (11) Illyas. S.Z., 2006. A Case Study to Bottle the Biogas in cylinders as Source of Power for Rural Industries Development in Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 1(2), 127-130. (12) ILRI 2010. Pakistan. [Online]. International Livestick Research Institute. Aavilable at http://www.ilri.org/infoserv/webpub/fulldocs/w ana/Pakistan.htm [Accessed on 22nd April, 2010] (13) Iqbal, A., 2006. US investors to explore energy sector. [Online]. Dawn. Available at: http://www.dawn.com/2006/08/21/top10.htm [Accessed on 23rd March 2010]. world bioenergy 2010 75
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MaIN spONsOR: WORLD BIOENERGY 2010
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ORGaNIsED BY: The swedish Bioenergy
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a B C CONTENTs OpENING sEssION 7 Bi
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OpENING sEssION world bioenergy 201
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The black curve is what actually ha
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a COMBINED hEaT aND pOWER (Chp), CO
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Chlorine Index: Cl content (%) of t
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The DOMOHEAT European project is fo
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IMPROVED FLEXIBILITY AND ECONOMY BY
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plant, is permanently manned. Rajam
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PROCUREMENT COSTS OF SLASH AND STUM
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Page 31 and 32: Figure 4: CO 2-eq emissions (kg/m 3
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Page 39 and 40: Table I: Annual capacity of vehicle
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Page 113: TaKING YOu fROM KNOW-hOW TO shOW-hO
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