Proceedings World Bioenergy 2010

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and high (30 €/t CO 2), and the Kemera support for chips from small-diameter thinning wood is 0 to 8 €/MWh in 2020. The presuppositions for the Kemera support claimed for small-diameter wood cut in young forests are: • When the average stem size of removal as whole trees is less than 60 dm 3 in stands, the Kemera support is at three different levels in the calculations (8, 4 and 0 €/MWh). • When the average stem size of removal as whole trees is more than 60 dm 3 in stands, the Kemera support is always 0 €/MWh in the calculations. 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The research showed that the growth objective set in the Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy [3] can be attained through the supply and demand of wood-based fuels because for instance in the Basic scenario the techno-economical supply potential was 27 TWh of forest chips in 2020 (cf. Fig. 4). However, realizing this potential would require major investments in the entire forest chip production system, because the competitiveness of wood-based fuels in energy generation is currently not at a sufficient level. Also we have to pay attention to the fact that the forest chip production resources are very huge. Kärhä et al. [6] mapped out how much machinery and labour would be needed for large-scale forest chip production if the use of forest chips increases extensively in Finland. According to Kärhä et al. [6] calculations, if the production and consumption of forest chips are 25 to 30 TWh in Finland in 2020, 1,900 to 2,200 units of machinery, i.e. machines and trucks, would be needed. This would mean total investments in production machinery of 530 to 630 million (VAT 0%). The labour demand would be 3,400 to 4,000 machine operators and drivers, and 4,200 to 5,100 labour years including indirect labour. We clarified forest chip procurement potentials in the study using only as a raw material for forest chips so called traditional raw material sources, i.e. logging residues, stumps, and small-diameter wood. On the other words, we assumed that pulpwood is primary utilized in pulping industry. Nevertheless, it can be estimated that when the total supply costs of most expensive forest chip volumes are around 18–22 €/MWh, the pulpwood will remove this kind of the most expensive forest chip quantities. Considering the huge resources required by the forest chip production system and the current low competitiveness of forest chips, it is estimated that the use of forest chips in Finland with the low price for emission rights and current incentives by the State will reach the level of 20 TWh at the earliest by the year 2020. Therefore, in the practise there are no possibilities to achieve the set targets of renewable energy with woodbased fuels in Finland if the competitiveness of woodbased energy does not improve strongly. We will need certain measures for improving operation environment in the field of forest chip production. And we need measures very fast because we have time only ten years for our targets of 2020. REFERENCES 50 world bioenergy <strong>2010</strong> [1] Preliminary Energy Statistics. 2009. SVT, Statistics Finland, Energy. Available at: http://www.stat.fi/tup/julkaisut/isbn_978-952-244-019- 8.pdf. [2] Ylitalo, E. 2009. Puun energiakäyttö 2008. (Use of wood for energy generation in 2008). Finnish Forest Research Institute, Forest Statistical Bulletin 15. [3] Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy. Government Report to Parliament 6 November 2008. 2008. Publications of the Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Energy and climate 36. Available at: http://www.tem.fi/files/21079/TEMjul_36_2008_energia _ja_ilmasto.pdf. [4] Kärhä, K., Elo, J., Lahtinen, P., Räsänen, T. & Pajuoja, H. 2009. Availability and use of wood-based fuels in Finland in 2020. Metsäteho Review 40. Available at: http://www.metsateho.fi/uploads/Katsaus_40.pdf. [5] Koistinen, A. & Äijälä, O. 2006. Energiapuun korjuu. (Energy Wood Harvesting). Metsätalouden kehittämiskeskus Tapio, Hyvän metsänhoidon opassarja. [6] Kärhä, K., Strandström, M., Lahtinen, P. & Elo, J. 2009. Forest chip production machinery and labour demand in Finland in the year 2020. Metsäteho Review 41. Available at: http://www.metsateho.fi/uploads/Katsaus_41.pdf.
C pOLICY – hOW TO MaKE IT aLL happEN world bioenergy <strong>2010</strong> 51
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