Proceedings World Bioenergy 2010

and high (30 €/t CO 2), and the Kemera support for chips
from small-diameter thinning wood is 0 to 8 €/MWh in
2020. The presuppositions for the Kemera support
claimed for small-diameter wood cut in young forests
are:
• When the average stem size of removal as whole
trees is less than 60 dm 3 in stands, the Kemera
support is at three different levels in the
calculations (8, 4 and 0 €/MWh).
• When the average stem size of removal as whole
trees is more than 60 dm 3 in stands, the Kemera
support is always 0 €/MWh in the calculations.
4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The research showed that the growth objective set in
the Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy [3] can be
attained through the supply and demand of wood-based
fuels because for instance in the Basic scenario the
techno-economical supply potential was 27 TWh of
forest chips in 2020 (cf. Fig. 4). However, realizing this
potential would require major investments in the entire
forest chip production system, because the
competitiveness of wood-based fuels in energy
generation is currently not at a sufficient level.
Also we have to pay attention to the fact that the
forest chip production resources are very huge. Kärhä et
al. [6] mapped out how much machinery and labour
would be needed for large-scale forest chip production if
the use of forest chips increases extensively in Finland.
According to Kärhä et al. [6] calculations, if the
production and consumption of forest chips are 25 to 30
TWh in Finland in 2020, 1,900 to 2,200 units of
machinery, i.e. machines and trucks, would be needed.
This would mean total investments in production
machinery of 530 to 630 million (VAT 0%). The labour
demand would be 3,400 to 4,000 machine operators and
drivers, and 4,200 to 5,100 labour years including
indirect labour.
We clarified forest chip procurement potentials in the
study using only as a raw material for forest chips so
called traditional raw material sources, i.e. logging
residues, stumps, and small-diameter wood. On the other
words, we assumed that pulpwood is primary utilized in
pulping industry. Nevertheless, it can be estimated that
when the total supply costs of most expensive forest chip
volumes are around 18–22 €/MWh, the pulpwood will
remove this kind of the most expensive forest chip
quantities.
Considering the huge resources required by the forest
chip production system and the current low
competitiveness of forest chips, it is estimated that the
use of forest chips in Finland with the low price for
emission rights and current incentives by the State will
reach the level of 20 TWh at the earliest by the year
2020. Therefore, in the practise there are no possibilities
to achieve the set targets of renewable energy with woodbased
fuels in Finland if the competitiveness of woodbased
energy does not improve strongly.
We will need certain measures for improving
operation environment in the field of forest chip
production. And we need measures very fast because we
have time only ten years for our targets of 2020.
REFERENCES
50 world bioenergy 2010
[1] Preliminary Energy Statistics. 2009. SVT, Statistics
Finland, Energy. Available at:
http://www.stat.fi/tup/julkaisut/isbn_978-952-244-019-
8.pdf.
[2] Ylitalo, E. 2009. Puun energiakäyttö 2008. (Use of
wood for energy generation in 2008). Finnish Forest
Research Institute, Forest Statistical Bulletin 15.
[3] Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy. Government
Report to Parliament 6 November 2008. 2008.
Publications of the Ministry of Employment and the
Economy, Energy and climate 36. Available at:
http://www.tem.fi/files/21079/TEMjul_36_2008_energia
_ja_ilmasto.pdf.
[4] Kärhä, K., Elo, J., Lahtinen, P., Räsänen, T. &
Pajuoja, H. 2009. Availability and use of wood-based
fuels in Finland in 2020. Metsäteho Review 40. Available
at:
http://www.metsateho.fi/uploads/Katsaus_40.pdf.
[5] Koistinen, A. & Äijälä, O. 2006. Energiapuun korjuu.
(Energy Wood Harvesting). Metsätalouden
kehittämiskeskus Tapio, Hyvän metsänhoidon opassarja.
[6] Kärhä, K., Strandström, M., Lahtinen, P. & Elo, J.
2009. Forest chip production machinery and labour
demand in Finland in the year 2020. Metsäteho Review
41. Available at:
http://www.metsateho.fi/uploads/Katsaus_41.pdf.