Proceedings World Bioenergy 2010

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(Gagnet and Unbyn) [4]. The second samples were taken in May and the first days of June 2003, before the trees started to grow, and the end of August and September after the growing season had finished. In 2003, birches were only sampled in August and September when the leaves were developed but had not started to fall. In 2004, biomass sampling from the thinned plots was done in April. 2.3 Operations in the field The sample tree was cut down at a stump height of about 2 cm. DBH was marked and measured by cross callipering, starting towards the north side of the tree. All trees were measured in the same direction. The north side of the tree was also marked to aid selection of sample branches after felling. The thickness of the bark on Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies was measured using a bark gauge at the height of 1.35 m. The total length of the tree and the length of living crown were measured with a tape-measure. The living crown was defined as the first living branch, if no more than two whorls of dead branches separated the first living branch and the next living branches. The living crown was divided into four sections or strata (25% of the crown each) (Figure 1). One branch was chosen from each stratum for dry weight determination. The sampled branch was subjectively selected to represent all the branches from that section of the crown. The first branch, from the first section of the crown, was chosen from the first quarter (0 - 90 o ) of the stem circle starting at north. The second branch was sampled from the second quarter (90 – 180 o ) in the second section of the crown, the third from the third quarter in the third section and the fourth branch was from the fourth section of the crown and the fourth quarter of the stem. All branches from each section of the living crown were weighed, and a sample of dead branches was also collected from below the living crown for determination of the DW of dead branches. Figure 1. Sample tree for biomass studies 44 world bioenergy <strong>2010</strong> All branches were cut using pruning shears, and live and dead branches were weighed separately. Six stem discs were taken, the first from the butt end of the stem, from the height of 130 cm (= DBH) and four further discs were taken from 30%, 55%, 70% and 85% of the stem height (Figure 1). The diameter of the disc was cross-callipered over bark and all discs were cut to a 50 mm thickness. The discs and the single sample branch were weighed in the field on a laboratory balance (6 kg maximum ± 0.0005 kg). The log sections and all other branches were weighed on a scale (30 kg maximum ± 0.002 kg). 2.3 In the laboratory The four branches, a sample of dead branches from below the living crown, and the 6 discs were put in separate airtight bags and stored in a freezer (-20°C) within 8 hours of sampling, until the dry weight was to be determined. The bark was separated from the disc before drying and all samples were dried in a ventilated oven (85°C for 48 hours). The discs were dried to constant weight, that is to say to the point where further drying resulted in a decrease in weight of < 1%. 2.4 Statistics Anderson-Darling´s test for normality was performed on the data using MINITAB 13 [5]. A logarithmic transformation was applied to the data to obtain a constant variance [6. ]The regressions in this paper are based on the following model: Yi = β 0 + β 1x i + ε I (I = 1,2,…..n) [7]. In this simple linear form, Y i is referred to as log DW (kg), β 0 the intercept and x i to ln DBH * ln H. The models were fitted using MINITAB 13 [5] software. Statistical analysis of mean residuals for the sites showed no significant difference between sites (results not presented) [5]. Biomass for all treatments, each species and component, was related to the natural logarithm of DBH (cm) multiplied by the natural logarithm of height (H) (dm). Biomass functions were created for all species (i.e. Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Betula spp.), and for all tree fractions (whole tree, stem, branches and foliage). For each biomass function, the correction for logarithmic error was calculated as [6]. 3 RESULTS 3.1 Pinus sylvestris The regression explained 77% - 97% of the biomass variation (table 2 – 4). In the case of the PCT stand, biomass functions were only established for Pinus sylvestris (tables 2 – 4). For the whole tree and stem fractions, no significant differences between trees originating from the dense stand or the PCT stand could be detected. Therefore, only one biomass function was constructed for Pinus sylvestris for these fractions (table
2). In the data for branches and foliage, significant differences were found between the different stand densities, but not for the fertilizer treatment. Therefore, different biomass functions were constructed for the unthinned stand and the PCT stand (table 3 - 4). No significant regressions for the dead branch fraction were found. Therefore, the dead branch fraction is excluded from the tables. However, the biomass functions worked well for estimating dry weight (DW) for Pinus sylvestris trees with DBH 11 - 136 mm. Table 2. Biomass function for Pinus sylvestris tree and stem wood Pinus Tree P Stem P sylvestris wood Intercept -0.61492 0.000 -0.82388 0.000 ln DBH * ln H 0.190018 0.000 0.19395 0.000 N 199 199 R 2 0.97 0.99 s 0.0841 0.0607 Table 3. Biomass function for Pinus sylvestris branches Pinus sylvestris Branches from unthinned stand P Branches from thinned stand Intercept -1.6709 0.000 -1.4625 0.000 ln DBH * ln H 0.21155 0.000 0.1900 0.000 N 145 54 R 2 0.84 0.75 s 0.2579 0.2627 Table 4. Biomass function for Pinus sylvestris foliage Pinus sylvestris Foliage from unthinned stand P Foliage from thinned stand Intercept -1.33295 0.000 -1.3069 0.000 ln DBH * ln H 0.16936 0.000 0.17107 0.000 N 145 54 R 2 0.77 0.92 s 0.2582 0.1203 3.2 Picea abies The regression explained 83% - 92% of the biomass variation (tables 5 – 6). Only Picea abies trees from the un-thinned treatment were sampled (tables 5-6). The biomass functions worked well for estimating the dry weight (DW) of Picea abies trees of DBH 10 – 121 mm. Table 5. Biomass function for Picea abies tree and stem wood Picea abies Tree P Stem P Intercept 0.3564 0.000 -0.7912 0.000 ln DBH * ln H 0.1664 0.000 0.18297 0.000 N 83 83 P P R 2 0.92 0.97 s 0.1248 0.0796 Table 6. Biomass function for Picea abies branches and foliage (un-thinned stand) Picea abies Branches P Foliage P Intercept -1.0065 0.000 0.7866 0.000 ln DBH * ln H 0.1569 0.000 0.1519 0.000 N 83 83 R 2 0.83 0.83 s 0.1794 0.1727 3.3 Betula spp. The regression explained 91% - 99% of the biomass variation (tables 7 – 8). Only Betula spp. trees from the un-thinned treatment were sampled (tables 7 - 8). Because the first sampling was performed in early spring, it was not possible to use all of the sample trees when analyzing the foliage. Therefore, the number of sample trees for foliage is lower, compared with other fractions. The biomass functions worked well for estimating dry weight (DW) for trees of DBH 9 – 113 mm. Table 7. Biomass function for Betula spp. tree and stem wood Betula spp. Tree P Stem P Intercept -0.6512 0.000 -0.7606 0.000 ln DBH * ln H 0.1948 0.000 0.1925 0.000 N 106 106 R 2 0.99 0.99 s 0.0647 0.0561 Table 8. Biomass functions for Betula spp. branches and foliage (un-thinned stand). Betula spp Branches P Foliage P Intercept -1.4079 0.000 -1.83747 0.000 ln DBH * ln H 0.19367 0.000 0.19964 0.000 N 106 40 R 2 0.91 0.87 s 0.1721 0.1832 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Participation in this conference was sponsored by Forest power – a project sponsored by the Botnia-Atlantica programme; a cross-border cooperation programme intended to co-fund projects within the Botnia-Atlantica area. Thanks also to Sees-editing Ltd. For correcting the English language. 4.3 REFERENCES [1]. NREL (2002). Transitions to a new energy future. world bioenergy <strong>2010</strong> 45
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