Proceedings World Bioenergy 2010

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produced within the electricity certificate system. However, forest biomass production is spread out over large geographical areas. The production of economically competitive energy (electric power or heat) from primary forest fuels, is strongly dependent on the availability of low-cost raw material. Forest biomass production takes place over extended geographical areas and collection and transport to the receiving facility is costly. Some measures that could be taken in order to make the whole supply chain more effective are: � Increased use of terminals located near the raw material source � Increased use of train transport from terminals to the plant � Use of supply systems suitable for the different sites � Increment of the mass on the trucks (e.g. precrushing of stumps) � Establishment of bioenergy combines (e.g. heat, electricity, pellets) The annual potential of forest energy is not fully utilized. For the future, it is important to consider the regional potential when new CHP plants are established. 5 REFERENCES [1] Swedish Energy Agency 2009. Energy in Sweden. Swedish Energy Agency. ET 2009:30. ISSN 1403-1892. [2] Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 2009. Forestry Statistics 2009. Department of forest resource management. ISSN 0280-0543. (In Swedish) [3] Swedish Forest Agency 2008. Skogliga konsekvensanalyser 2008. SKA-VB 08. Rapport 25. http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se/episerver4/dokument/sks/a ktuellt/press/2008/rapport%20SKA.pdf (In Swedish) [4] Berg, S. 1992. Terrain Classification System for forestry work. Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden. ISBN 91-7614-078-4. [5] v Hofsten, H., Lundström, H., Nordén, B., & Thor, M. 2006. Systemanalys för uttag av skogsbränsle – ett verktyg för fortsatt utveckling. Skogforsk. Resultat nr 6. (In Swedish) [6] Athanassiadis, D., Melin, Y., Nordfjell, T & Lundström, A. (2009). Harvesting Potential and Procurement Costs of Logging Residues in Sweden. In M. Savolainen (Ed.), Bioenergy 2009: Sustainable Bioenergy Business. 4th International Bioenergy conference. 24 world bioenergy 2010
HARVESTING FOR ENERGY OR PULPWOOD IN EARLY THINNINGS? Dan Bergström & Fulvio Di Fulvio Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden Dan.Bergstrom@srh.slu.se, Fulvio.Di.Fulvio@srh.slu.se ABSTRACT: The objectives of the study were to compare the profitability between pulpwood and energy wood harvesting systems in early thinnings. The availability of merchantable volumes of pulpwood and energy wood was calculated for three different types of first thinning stands of pine, spruce and birch, i.e. nine different stands. The energy wood and pulpwood prices were based on year 2009 market prices for Sweden and a system analysis was carried out including costs for harvesting and forwarding to roadside. The tree volume of removal ranged from 15 to 84 dm 3 and was in average 38 dm 3 . In average the biomass to pulpwood ratio of the gross income in the pine, spruce and birch stands was 2.1, 2.9 and 2.3, respectively. The net income for the pulpwood system was negative (generating costs) in all stands. The net income for the energy wood system was profitable in 67% of the stands; 133 €×ha -1 in pine stands, ranging from 37 to 145 €×ha -1 in spruce stands, and 19 to 76 €×ha -1 in birch stands. If the market price for energy wood increases with 30% (compared to the current level) harvesting for energy wood in early thinnings could generate a considerable income for the forest owner. Keywords: bioenergy, forestry, thinnings, young forests, harvesting, wood chips. 1 INTRODUCTION In Sweden there are large areas of young forests that have not being subjected to a pre-commercial thinning (PCT) and thus are dense and rich of biomass. However, performing a late PCT in such stands is expensive and the only alternative is to perform an early thinning. In early thinnings about 20-30% of the cut trees are too small sized for pulpwood and are left unutilized at the felling site. However, in the energy wood system full trees are merchantable and there are no restrictions of tree size and therefore all tree biomass are commercial available. Energy wood thinning can be a profitable alternative compared to pulpwood thinning [1]; the biomass removal can be 15-50% higher and the harvesting costs from stump to road side can be reduced by 20-40% [2]. In early thinning operations for pulpwood multi-stem processing heads are used which render higher efficiency compared to using single-tree processing heads. In the multiple-tree handling of whole trees in thinning for energy wood accumulating felling heads (AFH) are used which can be mounted on single-grip harvesters or specially designed feller-bunchers [3] [4]. These multitree handling system shown to increase productivity by as much as 35-40 % when compared to single-tree handling [5]. In energy wood harvesting the felling and bunching operation still remains the largest cost component in the system (forwarding and comminution included) [4] [6]. In 2009 the wood fuel (chips) costs for the thermal industry in Sweden was in average 167 SEK×MWh -1 (~ 317 SEK×(m 3 solid) -1 and the pulpwood price at road side was in average 310 SEK×(m 3 solid under-bark) -1 [7]. The most profitable alternative depends on the relation between merchantable volumes, biomass prizes and the costs of respectively harvesting systems and supply chains. The objectives of the study were to compare the profitability between pulpwood and energy wood harvesting systems in early thinnings, from stump to road side. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS The availability of merchantable volumes of pulpwood and energy wood thinning in different types of first thinning stands was estimated using pine, spruce and birch type stands from Bredberg (1972). In the analysis three stands per species aged from 22 to 42 years (age classes: “young”, “middle” and “old”) were used. In each of the stands the volume availability per treatment were calculated at a 30% level of intensity of removal of the basal area. Only trees with a dbh ≥ 5cm were used in calculations and trees where thinned from below according to a pre-suggested thinning “priority” [8]. The minimum pulpwood stem diameter under-bark was set to 5 cm and the merchantable logs length range between 3.0 and 5.5 m. The oven-dry weight of stem, branches and needles biomass was calculated using Marklund’s (1987) [9] functions and was then converted into solid volume by using stem basic densities and values for crown biomass by Hakkila (1978) [10]. Stumpage prices were based on year 2009 market prices for Sweden: the roadside price of pulpwood overbark was 278 SEK×m -3 (340 SEK×m -3 u. b.) and the energy wood price at roadside (tree parts) of 200 SEK×m - ³biomass -1 . Prices and costs were translated into Euro (€), assuming an exchange rate of 1€=10SEK. A system analysis was carried out including costs for biomass harvesting and forwarding to roadside. The harvesting productivity (productive work time; PW [11]) was set to 5.4 m 3 pulpwood×PW-hour -1 in pulpwood treatment and 11.0 m 3 biomass×PW-hour -1 in energy wood treatment, according to Kärhä et al. (2004) [12] and Kärhä et al. (2006) [13] functions. The productivity of pulpwood forwarding was based on Nurminen et al. (2006) [14] study giving an average value of 13.8 world bioenergy 2010 25
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