Proceedings World Bioenergy 2010

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there are no grain-drying installations that use waterbased boilers in UA. Straw bales in the majority of Ukrainian cases have an average weight of 300 kg (Fig. 3) while in Swedish and Danish systems these are standardised bales of 500 kg each. However, this is also linked to the boiler scale in UA, which are smaller than those functioning on Swedish and Danish farms for all ABF types. Straw annual requirements are quite the same among countries, and depend on the boiler capacity. Straw storage is different for all cases, and there is no specific trend observed depending on the size or type of the installation. Both in UA and in WE, ash from straw combustion is mainly returned to the soil. In UA unlike WE no cooperative ownership of DH networks is encountered. For analogous installations in UA and WE investment costs are lower in UA while the payback periods are relatively the same (about 2-3 years for comparable systems below 1 MW). In UA energy security issue and a desire to achieve energy self-sufficiency in remote areas were observed to be some of the key driving forces for the transition towards straw. With increasing prices for natural gas imported from Russia [14] the trend towards the increased development of renewable energy alternatives is obvious in UA. Energy security can be forecasted to have a continuous influence and be a facilitating factor for the development of renewables and bioenergy in particular. However, it is not likely to bring groundbreaking changes in the existing energy system until market distortions in the form of cross-subsidised energy tariffs are removed in Ukrainian system [14], and when private users will be paying real price for conventional energy carriers. Figure 3: Field straw storage at agricultural enterprise LLC “DiM”, Drozdy village, Kyiv province, Ukraine Swedish and Danish examples of straw use for energy revealed that medium and large scale straw-fired installations often required political support in addition to purely economic reasons for transformation with targeted incentives in place [11,12]. This is the case for the large scale CHP plants in DK, and may be one of the reasons why in SE there are still no functioning large scale strawfired installations. As for the medium scale installations for neighbour and district heating, if privately owned (which is quite a spread practice in DK), they require significant private investments (in the range of EUR 0.5- 2.3 million) both for the boiler installation and the DH network construction [67-70]. It can be assumed that these investments would be 2-3 times lower in Ukrainian 104 world bioenergy 2010 reality, in case there were straw-fired boilers of domestic manufacture. However, financial constraints can still be quite significant taking into account the low purchasing capacity of Ukrainian agricultural producers. In this case feasible funding schemes will be required for the expansion of straw use for energy on medium scale. All straw-fired installations in UA are only generating heat, which can be explained by their small capacity. CHP plants on straw do not exist below 10 MW, which can be demonstrated with Danish experiences [71]. With existing incentives on electricity generation from renewable sources (“feed in tariff” mechanism) electricity from straw could potentially become a pathway for residual straw utilisation in UA. However, this is not likely to occur until a more targeted governmental support of the activity is put in place like it happened in the case of DK [12]. From Ukrainian experiences it can be concluded that private ownership of a straw-fired installation is one of the important predetermining factors for the enterprise success. This is also noted by Ukrainian bioenergy experts 30. In UA in ABF 1 and 3, where the majority of successful cases on straw for energy can be found, private business interests of actors or agricultural companies played the key role for the transition. In the initiatives within ABF 2, where a straw-fired boiler is owned by local municipality, a wide range of problems were encountered. The problems were mainly linked to the commitment of actors, their interests and a desire to participate in a collective action. For example, the main difference between the project case in Vyshyuvate and the functioning case in Zlatoustivka was the fact that in Zlatoustivka a straw-fired boiler was owned by the agricultural enterprise and the DH provision was ensured by entrepreneurs among their business activities [61]. In the case of Vyshnyuvate the boiler was planned to be financed from the state budget and owned by local municipality, which did not show any commitment but rather opposed the idea. The opposition was mainly linked to the lobby interests of the decision-makers [55], who were interested to keep the functioning coal supply system in place. Described types of problems are likely to be encountered where local authorities and municipalities play a key role as decision-makers. However, in case the energy installations and distribution grids are privatised, the owners become the definitive stakeholders. Successful examples from WE [11,12] show that strawto-energy facilities are very rarely owned by municipalities. Hence the privatisation can become one of the pathways for a more smooth transition towards increased straw use for energy in UA. In Ukrainian conditions similar to Western European context all successful examples of transformation towards straw/bioenergy include a number of economic, environmental and social co-benefits leveraged between the actors in one way or another. 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusions Three types of ABFs are identified in Ukrainian context: • On organisational level – ABF 1: Small scale local straw production for local use for heat; • On intraindustrial level – ABF 2: Small scale
local straw production for fuel sale to municipality and ABF 3: Medium scale local straw production for heat sale. While ABF 1 and 3 were encountered in WE, ABF 2 is specific for UA. Straw-to-energy is in the latent phase of system development in UA. All existing installations are below 1 MW and there are no technology production lines for larger straw-fired boiler capacities. There is no significant political support of straw-toenergy activities in UA, which is a key prerequisite for large-scale straw use and is important on medium scale. Feasible funding schemes are desired to expand the scales of straw use for energy in the country. In UA currently only heat is produced from straw. Electricity generation could become one pathway since “feed-in tariff” is already in place. However, since electricity is only produced on large scale a targeted governmental support will be needed. Energy security is a driving force that is promising to have further influence on straw sector development in UA. However, cross-subsidised tariffs for energy need to be removed. Privatisation can be one of the pathways for a more smooth transition towards straw-to-energy in UA. 5.2 Future research and implications Future research needs to be carried out to deliver a more detailed analysis on the constraints to bioenergy development in UA (i.e. technological and “know how”, financial, political barriers, etc.) with a consequent construction of recommended pathways for the sector development in the country. This work is a part of a full-time PhD research funded by Central European University, Budapest, Hungary, and conducted by the leading author under the supervision of the second author. The results of this paper are expected to be of direct use for policy makers, municipal leaders, business managers, researchers and other actors seeking for the transformation of local energy systems towards bioenergy. The outcomes of the paper are transferable to various contexts on the condition that local specificities are taken into account. 6 REFERENCES 1. Barney, J.B. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17, 99-120 (1991). 2. Dollinger, M.J. Enterpreneurship: Strategies and Resources. (Homewood, IL, 1995). 3. Greene, P.G. & Brown, T.E. Resource needs and the dynamic capitalism typology. Journal of Business Venturing 12, 161-173 (1997). 4. Bergek, A., Jacobsson, S. & Sandén, B.A. ‘Legitimation’ and ‘Development of Positive Externalities’: Two Key Processes in the Formation Phase of Technological Innovation Systems. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 20 (5), 575-592 (2008). 5. Carlsson, B. & Stankiewicz, R. On the Nature, Function and Composition of Technological Systems. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 1 (2), 93-118 (1991). 6. Hektor, B. Planning Models for Bioenergy: Some General Observations and Comments. Biomass and Bioenergy 18, 279-282 (2000). 7. Hillman, K.M., Suurs, M.P., Hekkert, M.P. & Sandén, B.A. Cumulative Causation in Biofuels Development: a Critical Comparison of the Netherlands and Sweden. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 20 (5), 593-612 (2008). 8. Jacobsson, S. & Bergek, A. Transforming the Energy Sector: the Evolution of Technological Systems in Renewable Energy Technology. Industrial and Corporate Change 13 (5), 815-849 (2004). 9. Jacobsson, S. & Johnson, A. Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technology: An Analytical Framework and Key Issues for Research. Energy Policy 28, 625-640 (2000). 10. Mårtensson, K. & Westerberg, K. How to Transform Local Energy Systems towards Bioenergy? Three Strategy Models for Transformation. Energy Policy 7, (2007). 11. Voytenko, Y. & Peck, P. Agro-biomass frameworks for organisation in Southern Sweden. Presented at 17 th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition 29 June-3 July 2009, Hamburg, Germany 12. Voytenko, Y. & Peck, P. Frameworks for Organisation of Straw-based Energy Systems. Presented at Bioenergy Network of Excellence (NoE) Final Seminar, 3 November 2009, Brussels, Belgium 13. Dubrovin, V. et al. Biopalyva: technologiyi, mashyny i obladnannya [Biofuels: technologies, machines and equipment]. (CTI Energetyka i elekrofikatsiya: Kyiv, Ukraine, 2004). 14. Geletukha, G. & Dolinsky, A. State of the art and prospects for bioenergy development in Ukraine. Presented at 5 th International Conference on Biomass to Energy, 22 September 2009, Kyiv, Ukraine 15. Grynyuk, I. Vid pryrodnogo gazu do biomasy [From Natural Gas to Biomass]. Agrosector 4, (2009). 16. Oliynyk, Y., a consultant at SEC Biomass. Telephone interview, 19 January 2010, Lund, Sweden 17. Radchenko, S., Bashtovoy, A. & Chaplygin, S. Osobennosti vybora potentsialnykh obyektov dlya ustanovki solomoszhygayushchikh kotlov [Specific parameters defining the choice of potential objects for the installation of straw-fired boilers]. (2009). 18. Voytenko, Y., Israilava, A. & Peck, P. Bioenergy Cobenefits in Ukraine and Belarus: Realities on the Ground. (2009). 19. Zhelezna, T. & Geletukha, G. Analysis of Legal Frameworks on Bioenergy Development in Ukraine [Analiz zakonodavchoyi bazy rozvytku bioenergetyky v Ukrayini]. Presented at 5 th International Conference on Biomass to Energy, 22 September 2009, Kyiv, Ukraine 20. Geletukha, G., Zhelezna, T., Matveev, Y. & Zhovmir, M. Analysis of the present state and prospects for bioenergy development in Ukraine. Presented at 16 th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 2- 6 June 2008, Valencia, Spain 21. Dolinsky, A. Resolution. Presented at 4 th International Conference on Biomass for Energy, 22-24 September 2008, Kyiv, Ukraine 22. Geletukha, G., director of SEC Biomass and Department Head at the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of National Academy of Sciences of world bioenergy 2010 105
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MaIN spONsOR: WORLD BIOENERGY 2010
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ORGaNIsED BY: The swedish Bioenergy
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a B C CONTENTs OpENING sEssION 7 Bi
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OpENING sEssION world bioenergy 201
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The black curve is what actually ha
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a COMBINED hEaT aND pOWER (Chp), CO
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Chlorine Index: Cl content (%) of t
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The DOMOHEAT European project is fo
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IMPROVED FLEXIBILITY AND ECONOMY BY
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plant, is permanently manned. Rajam
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PROCUREMENT COSTS OF SLASH AND STUM
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Figure 2: Marginal cost curves for
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HARVESTING FOR ENERGY OR PULPWOOD I
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Figure 1: The net income as functio
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CO 2-EQ EMISSIONS OF FOREST CHIP PR
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Figure 4: CO 2-eq emissions (kg/m 3
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[27] Wihersaari, M. 2005. Greenhous
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modes suitable for longer distances
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Figure 4: End users’ market share
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Table I: Annual capacity of vehicle
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comminuted biomass, as is stable gr
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BIOMASS FUNCTIONS FOR YOUNG SCOTS P
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3.2 Techno-economical potential Whe
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