Vyshnyuvate, (Rozivka, Zaporizzhya) Polkovnyche, (Stavyshche, Kyiv) Zlatoustivka, (Volnovakha, Donetsk) Drozdy (Bila Tserkva, Kyiv) Dyagova (Mena, Chernihiv) 100 world bioenergy <strong>2010</strong> 150 or 350 (project) and kindergarten Heat for local secondary school and (possibly) to local municipality 600 Heat for trading company and agroenterprise “ROPA Ukraine” 600 DH to municipal buildings in the village 980 and 150 DH to municipal buildings in the village; for pigbreeding facility on the farm 250 Heat for a grain dryer on the farm Project coordinator Director of the agro-enterprise Director of agroenterprise Deputy director of the agro- enterprise A farmer and a boiler operator 3.2 Data collection This work involved both “desktop” and field research. Field studies were carried out in June 2009 – February <strong>2010</strong>, and involved 14 in-depth interviews with key actors within an agro-biomass production chain (Table I). Six interviews were conducted face-to-face and eight - over the telephone. This study also involved site visits to two grain producing farms with straw-fired installations, straw storages, baling equipment, premises with heating needs, etc. Interviews sought to reveal the main components of a conceptual framework to this study and answer the key overarching area of query framed as follows: “How did actors collect and combine the necessary resources in a new straw based business?” Table II: Coverage topics for case studies Coverage topic Comment Installation capacity One or two examples are examined in-depth for each straw-fired boiler capacity that is available in UA at present Purpose of installation Cases examined represent different ways of energy end-use (e.g. grain drying, local heating of industrial premises, DH of municipal buildings and dwelling houses) Boiler ownership Straw-fired boilers examined are owned by various actors i.e. agricultural enterprises, companies and municipalities Boiler manufacturer Initiatives described involve installations developed producers and manufactured by various Degree of the installation success Not only successful examples are included but also those facing constraints in their establishment or operation 3.3 Conceptual framework Conceptual framework was developed by the authors in previous work [11,12]. It is based on theoretical considerations from neoinstitutional theory and studies on the legitimisation of new ventures 45,4,46,47, diffusion models that describe the variables critical to the rate of adoption of new ventures 4,7-9, studies on Technological Innovation Systems (TISs) 4,5,7-9, and work explaining the behaviour of actors 48-50. Four main categories in the conceptual framework include: 1) actors and their networks, 2) natural resources, 3) “hard” (technical) components, and 4) “soft” (non-technical) components. They build the core of an ‘agro-biomass framework for organisation and action’. The frameworks are grouped according to the empirical examples of straw use for energy identified in UA (Section 4-1). These in turn are classified according to a number of industrial development stages suggested by Aldrich and Fiol [45] (Table IV). 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Agro-biomass frameworks for organisation and action Three distinct ABF types (Table III) were found in this study including: ABF 1: Small scale local heat production ABF 2: Small scale local straw production for fuel sale to municipality ABF 3: Medium scale conversion and DH Four principal categories, which were found important to group the variables describing each ABF type, include ‘general parameters’, ‘boiler characteristics’, ‘straw supply chain’ variables, and ‘economy and reasons for transformation’. Aldrich and Fiol [45] identify four stages in the industry development (levels of analysis) – organisational, intraindustrial, interindustrial, and institutional. Ukrainian ABF types are analysed along these stages (Table IV). Discussion on comparison of Ukrainian and Western European realities [11,12] is presented in the Sub-sections 4.2-4.4, 5.2. In comparison to WE two framework types are absent in UA namely ‘medium scale local heat provision with excess for sale’ and ‘large scale power or CHP generation’ [11,12]. Instead an additional ABF type is identified in UA – ‘small scale local straw production with fuel sale to municipality’. Organisations in case studies within this research include agricultural enterprises, village councils, village schools, funding bodies, bioenergy and renewable energy consultancies, local authorities, boiler manufacturers, etc. 4.2 ABF 1: Small scale local straw production for local use for heat ABF 1 is represented with a privately owned small scale straw-fired installation (a water-based boiler or an air-based heat generator) located on a grain producing agricultural enterprise that also yields significant amounts of crop residues and has substantial heating needs. In all cases [51,52,60,64] the land is rented from private users (long-term leasing) since in UA land sale is prohibited by law. Most of the enterprises are not only involved in agricultural activities on the farm but also deal with industrial production and trading/service provision. Table III. Types of empirical agro-biomass frameworks for organisation and action in Ukraine Case study Strutynka (Sn), Lebedyn (L), Polkovnyche (P), Dyagova (Dg) Farm size 800-2000 ha 16 000 ha (L) ABF 1 ABF 2 ABF 3 I GENERAL PARAMETERS Olgopil (O), Stavy (St), Vyshnyuvate (V) Zlatoustivka (Z), Drozdy (D) 6000 ha (O) 10 000 ha (Z) 3250 ha (D) Energy type Heat Heat Heat Energy end use Heat network ownership Enterprise (premises, facilities) or farm (e.g. a grain dryer) heating Heating of a village school/ kindergarten Heating of village municipal buildings on a DH grid Private Municipal Municipal
II BOILER CHARACTERISTICS Capacity, kW 250-600
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