State of Technology Report for Force Main Rehabilitation, Final ...

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The data in Table 2-1 show clearly that DI and PVC dominate up to 12 inches (300 mm) in diameter. Over 93% of all PVC is in this range. DI is even more dominant in the 14 to 20 inch (350 to 500 mm) range, followed by CI, and then asbestos cement. It remains the main material in the 21 to 36 inch (525 to 900 mm) range, but PCCP is the next most used material in this range, followed by reinforced concrete pipe (RCP), and steel. CI and plastics including polyethylene (PE) and PVC are less widespread in this size range. PCCP is by far the main material used above 36 inches (900 mm) in diameter, with steel also representing a significant proportion of pipe. 2.3 Age of System In contrast to the nation’s water supply and gravity sewer systems, the use of force mains to convey sewage is relatively recent. As depicted in Figure 2-3, 68% of the force mains in use today have been in service for 25 years or less. Another 30% have been in service between 25 and 50 years and only 2% beyond 50 years. Other data sources gave similar results in terms of the age distribution of force mains. Typically no more than 2% is greater than 50 years old. This contrasts sharply with the water supply sector in which the average age of water mains in the US is now 45 years with nearly half of pipes aged more than 50 years old. 2.4 Force Main Location Figure 2-3. Age of Force Mains (WERF, 2009) This information might be important in evaluating the accessibility to the external surface of the pipe. As shown in Figure 2-4, over 91% of the force main pipes are buried, so access to the exterior surface will require some form of excavation. Less than 1% is installed above ground where access would be easier and less costly to achieve. A slightly larger percentage, approximately 1.2%, is installed sub-aqueously where access will be the most difficult. 7
Figure 2-4. Location of Force Mains (WERF, 2009) As shown in Figure 2-5, 66% of the footage of buried force mains lies under undeveloped land, but 21% of the buried footage would require removal of paved surfaces (asphalt or concrete). A location under paved surfaces would imply some degree of disruption to traffic (road and pedestrian) for excavation. Figure 2-5. Land Development over Buried Force Mains (WERF, 2009) 8
Page 1 and 2: EPA/600/R-10/044| March 2010 | www.
Page 3 and 4: DISCLAIMER The work reported in thi
Page 5 and 6: Introduction EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Forc
Page 7 and 8: The use of close-fit liners is ofte
Page 9 and 10: A whole host of ASTM specifications
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS DISCLAIMER ...............
Page 13 and 14: 6.0: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.....
Page 15 and 16: DEFINITIONS Cured-in-place pipe (CI
Page 17 and 18: 3-D three-dimensional AASHTO ACP AR
Page 19 and 20: UV ultraviolet WERF Water Environme
Page 21 and 22: wastewater conveyance systems (EPA,
Page 23 and 24: • Section 8: Findings and Recomme
Page 25: Figure 2-2. Diameter Distribution o
Page 29 and 30: Proper inspection of force mains wo
Page 31 and 32: 0.03% of the overall length. There
Page 33 and 34: Table 3-1. Summary of Renewal Techn
Page 35 and 36: 3.3.3 Joint Repair 3.3.3.1 Internal
Page 37 and 38: more appropriate to a water main wh
Page 39 and 40: are, however, several communities (
Page 41 and 42: Table 3-3. Properties of Hunting Po
Page 43 and 44: 3.4.3.1 Symmetrical Reduction Close
Page 45 and 46: Rolldown Rolldown was developed in
Page 47 and 48: Subline Subline, offered by Subterr
Page 49 and 50: On-Site Expandable PVC Close-Fit Li
Page 51 and 52: 3.4.4.2 Semi-Structural CIPP Liners
Page 53 and 54: inch (150 mm) liner down to 60 psi
Page 55 and 56: 3.4.5.1 Adhesive-Backed Woven Hose
Page 57 and 58: US. Primus Line is a seamless, wove
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3-21. Summary of Replacement
Page 61 and 62: favorable to stringing out a long l
Page 63 and 64: 3.5.1.3 Pipe Slitting. Pipe slittin
Page 65 and 66: 4.1 4.0 TECHNOLOGY SELECTION CONSID
Page 67 and 68: head loss to maintain flow capacity
Page 69 and 70: ferrous main, this can be an intern
Page 71 and 72: 5.0 DESIGN AND QA/QC This section w
Page 73 and 74: thickness? It can still support the
Page 75 and 76: pipe’s design life. Once again, i
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ASTM F1533 The renewal process invo
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AWWA M55 PE Pipe - Design and Insta
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Most of the controversy over the ap
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up to each individual manufacturer.
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For pressure applications, a hydros
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Dimensional checks on the pipe diam
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5.6.2.3 CIPP Long-Term QA/QC Requir
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Figure 6-1. Polyurethane Pipeline C
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in currents or potentials indicate
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could also be used in force mains.
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7.0 GAPS BETWEEN NEEDS AND AVAILABL
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80 Table 7-1. Technology Gaps and C
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82 Table 8-1. Parameters for Evalua
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8.5 Sound, Risk-Based, Decision-Mak
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9.0 REFERENCES Aggarwal, S.C. and M
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Technology/Method Spray - On Lining
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Technology/Method Spray - On Lining
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Technology/Method Spray - on Lining
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Technology/Method Close Fit/Tension
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Technology/Method Close Fit PE/Symm
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Technology/Method Symmetrical Reduc
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Technology/Method Rolldown/Close Fi
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Technology/Method Subcoil/Close Fit
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Technology/Method PE Liner/ Cement
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Technology/Method Subline/Close Fit
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Technology/Method Fold and Form PE
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Technology/Method Fold -and - Form/
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Technology/Method Fold -and - Form/
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Technology/Method Fold -and - Form
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Technology/Method Fold -and - Form
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Technology/Method Close - Fit Linin
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Technology/Method CIPP/Pull In Plac
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Technology/Method CIPP/Inversion wi
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Technology/Method CIPP/Direct Inver
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Technology/Method CIPP/ Inversion a
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Technology/Method CIPP/Glass Fiber
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Technology/Method CIPP/Pull in Plac
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Technology/Method CIPP/UV Light Cur
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Technology/Method CIPP/Glass Reinfo
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Technology/Method CIPP with Carbon
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for Rehabilitated Sections V. Costs
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Technology/Method Woven Hose Lining
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Technology/Method Saertex - Liner®
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Technology/Method Hose Liner/Pulled
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Technology/Method Glass Reinforced
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Technology/Method Sliplining/HDD/Pi
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