State of Technology Report for Force Main Rehabilitation, Final ...

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2.1 2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF FORCE MAIN SYSTEMS It is important to understand the characteristics of force main systems and the typical failure modes and mechanisms in order to evaluate the most appropriate renewal technologies. The approximate length of the force main system in the US is 60,000 miles. The Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) recently published a report titled Guidelines for the Inspection of Force Mains (WERF, 2009). As part of this effort, Jason Consultants conducted an electronic survey of all WERF utility subscriber members. Over 32 utilities responded to the survey with detailed data on their force main systems. The data from this WERF survey are presented in the next few sections and characterizes the types of pipe materials used, diameter ranges, ages, location accessibility, and failure modes and mechanisms for force mains determined from field data. Material Usage Figure 2-1 shows the breakdown by pipe material type. DI pipe is the predominant material, representing 47.3% of the total. Ferrous pipe materials (i.e., CI, DI, and steel) represent on average 63.4% of all pipes used for force mains. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe at 14.3% is the next largest category of pipe material. Also, it can be seen that pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) is used for 11.6% of sewer force mains, this being predominantly in diameters 24 inches (600 mm) and above. 2.2 Figure 2-1. Pipe Material Usage for Sewer Force Mains (WERF, 2009) Diameter Distribution For a breakdown by diameters, as shown in Figure 2-2, approximately 46.6% of all sewer force mains fall into the diameter range 4 to 12 inches (100 to 300 mm). Another 22.7% is in the diameter range 14 to 20 inches (350 to 500 mm) and 22.2% in the diameter range 21 to 36 inches (525 to 900 mm). Over 91% of sewer force mains are between 4 and 36 inches (100 to 900 mm) diameter, which are within the non-man entry size range. 5
Figure 2-2. Diameter Distribution of Sewer Force Mains (WERF, 2009) Figures 2-1 and 2-2 show the overall breakdown of materials and diameters. However, the distribution of materials varies significantly by diameter range. Table 2-1 shows the percentages of each material in each diameter range. Table 2-1. Percentage of Materials by Diameter Range (WERF, 2009) Material 4 - 12 inches 14 - 20 inches 21 - 36 inches 37 - 54 inches >54 inches DI 46.8% 62.5% 46.0% 13.9% 3.1% CI 16.9% 12.7% 5.3%
Page 1 and 2: EPA/600/R-10/044| March 2010 | www.
Page 3 and 4: DISCLAIMER The work reported in thi
Page 5 and 6: Introduction EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Forc
Page 7 and 8: The use of close-fit liners is ofte
Page 9 and 10: A whole host of ASTM specifications
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS DISCLAIMER ...............
Page 13 and 14: 6.0: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.....
Page 15 and 16: DEFINITIONS Cured-in-place pipe (CI
Page 17 and 18: 3-D three-dimensional AASHTO ACP AR
Page 19 and 20: UV ultraviolet WERF Water Environme
Page 21 and 22: wastewater conveyance systems (EPA,
Page 23: • Section 8: Findings and Recomme
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2-4. Location of Force Mains
Page 29 and 30: Proper inspection of force mains wo
Page 31 and 32: 0.03% of the overall length. There
Page 33 and 34: Table 3-1. Summary of Renewal Techn
Page 35 and 36: 3.3.3 Joint Repair 3.3.3.1 Internal
Page 37 and 38: more appropriate to a water main wh
Page 39 and 40: are, however, several communities (
Page 41 and 42: Table 3-3. Properties of Hunting Po
Page 43 and 44: 3.4.3.1 Symmetrical Reduction Close
Page 45 and 46: Rolldown Rolldown was developed in
Page 47 and 48: Subline Subline, offered by Subterr
Page 49 and 50: On-Site Expandable PVC Close-Fit Li
Page 51 and 52: 3.4.4.2 Semi-Structural CIPP Liners
Page 53 and 54: inch (150 mm) liner down to 60 psi
Page 55 and 56: 3.4.5.1 Adhesive-Backed Woven Hose
Page 57 and 58: US. Primus Line is a seamless, wove
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3-21. Summary of Replacement
Page 61 and 62: favorable to stringing out a long l
Page 63 and 64: 3.5.1.3 Pipe Slitting. Pipe slittin
Page 65 and 66: 4.1 4.0 TECHNOLOGY SELECTION CONSID
Page 67 and 68: head loss to maintain flow capacity
Page 69 and 70: ferrous main, this can be an intern
Page 71 and 72: 5.0 DESIGN AND QA/QC This section w
Page 73 and 74: thickness? It can still support the
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pipe’s design life. Once again, i
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ASTM F1533 The renewal process invo
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AWWA M55 PE Pipe - Design and Insta
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Most of the controversy over the ap
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up to each individual manufacturer.
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For pressure applications, a hydros
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Dimensional checks on the pipe diam
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5.6.2.3 CIPP Long-Term QA/QC Requir
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Figure 6-1. Polyurethane Pipeline C
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in currents or potentials indicate
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could also be used in force mains.
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7.0 GAPS BETWEEN NEEDS AND AVAILABL
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80 Table 7-1. Technology Gaps and C
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82 Table 8-1. Parameters for Evalua
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8.5 Sound, Risk-Based, Decision-Mak
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9.0 REFERENCES Aggarwal, S.C. and M
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Technology/Method Spray - On Lining
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Technology/Method Spray - On Lining
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Technology/Method Spray - on Lining
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Technology/Method Close Fit/Tension
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Technology/Method Close Fit PE/Symm
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Technology/Method Symmetrical Reduc
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Technology/Method Rolldown/Close Fi
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Technology/Method Subcoil/Close Fit
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Technology/Method PE Liner/ Cement
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Technology/Method Subline/Close Fit
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Technology/Method Fold and Form PE
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Technology/Method Fold -and - Form/
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Technology/Method Fold -and - Form/
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Technology/Method Fold -and - Form
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Technology/Method Fold -and - Form
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Technology/Method Close - Fit Linin
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Technology/Method CIPP/Pull In Plac
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Technology/Method CIPP/Inversion wi
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Technology/Method CIPP/Direct Inver
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Technology/Method CIPP/ Inversion a
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Technology/Method CIPP/Glass Fiber
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Technology/Method CIPP/Pull in Plac
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Technology/Method CIPP/UV Light Cur
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Technology/Method CIPP/Glass Reinfo
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Technology/Method CIPP with Carbon
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for Rehabilitated Sections V. Costs
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Technology/Method Woven Hose Lining
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Technology/Method Saertex - Liner®
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Technology/Method Hose Liner/Pulled
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Technology/Method Glass Reinforced
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Technology/Method Sliplining/HDD/Pi
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