State of Technology Report for Force Main Rehabilitation, Final ...

6.0: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.............................................................................................. 71
6.1 Procedures to Prolong the Life of Existing Force Mains ........................................................ 71
6.1.1 Cleaning ..................................................................................................................... 71
6.1.2 Cathodic Protection .................................................................................................... 73
6.1.3 Continuous Corrosion Monitoring ............................................................................. 74
6.1.4 Pressure Monitoring ................................................................................................... 75
6.1.5 Leak Monitoring......................................................................................................... 76
6.1.6 Acoustic Monitoring for Wire Breaks in PCCP......................................................... 76
6.2 Maintenance and Emergency Repair of Rehabilitation Systems............................................. 77
7.0: GAPS BETWEEN NEEDS AND AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES................................................ 78
7.1 Data Gaps ................................................................................................................................ 78
7.2 Capability Gaps ....................................................................................................................... 79
7.3 Benefits, Costs and Challenges in Closing Gaps..................................................................... 79
8.0: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................... 81
8.1 What Systems Would Benefit Most from Being Demonstrated in Field Settings?................. 81
8.2 Key Parameters for Evaluation in Demonstration Projects..................................................... 81
8.3 Guidance for Establishing a Comprehensive System Rehabilitation Program ....................... 83
8.4 Guidance for Maintenance Programs ...................................................................................... 83
8.5 Sound, Risk-Based, Decision-Making Process Development................................................. 84
8.6 Cost-Effectiveness of Decision-Making Processes ................................................................. 84
8.7 Timing for Rehabilitation Action ............................................................................................ 84
8.8 Demonstration/Verification of Pressure System Rehabilitation.............................................. 85
9.0: REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 86
FIGURES
Figure 2-1. Pipe Material Usage for Sewer Force Mains ......................................................................... 5
Figure 2-2. Diameter Distribution of Sewer Force Mains ........................................................................ 6
Figure 2-3. Age of Force Mains................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2-4. Location of Force Mains ........................................................................................................ 8
Figure 2-5. Land Development over Buried Force Mains........................................................................ 8
Figure 2-6. Causes of Failure in Ferrous Force Mains ........................................................................... 10
Figure 2-7. Causes of Failure in Non-Ferrous Sewer Force Mains ........................................................ 10
Figure 3-1. Renewal Approaches for Force Mains................................................................................. 11
Figure 3-2. Repair Approaches for Force Mains .................................................................................... 14
Figure 3-3. Link-Pipe 12 inch Pressure-Seal .......................................................................................... 15
Figure 3-4. Romac SS2 Repair Clamp.................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3-5. AMEX 10 Mono Seal........................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3-6. Rehabilitation Approaches for Force Mains ........................................................................ 17
Figure 3-7. Summary of Spray Lining Technologies ............................................................................. 18
Figure 3-8. Typical Stress Strain Curve for Ferrocement....................................................................... 19
Figure 3-9. Summary of Close Fit PE Technologies .............................................................................. 23
Figure 3-10. PE Close-Fit Liner Hole Spanning Capabilities................................................................... 23
Figure 3-11. Roller Reduction Unit for PolyFlex ..................................................................................... 25
Figure 3-12. Illustration of PE Pipe Compression.................................................................................... 25
Figure 3-13. Summary of Fold-and-Form Close Fit Lining Technologies............................................... 26
Figure 3-14. Relationship Between Diameter and SDR for Folding ........................................................ 28
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