Retrospective Evaluation of Cured-in-Place Pipe - (NEPIS)(EPA ...

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4.2.15 Raman Spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy was used to assess the liner material’s degree of aging. The specimens used were ½ in. × ½ in. as only a very small surface area of the sample is required for collecting Raman spectra. The specimens were polished using a mechanical polisher and cleaned with distilled water. Raman spectroscopy is a technique based on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser source. Inelastic scattering refers to change in the frequency of photons in the monochromatic light upon interaction with a sample. Photons of the laser light are absorbed by the sample and then reemitted. The frequency of the reemitted photons is shifted in comparison with the original monochromatic frequency, a phenomenon called the “Raman Effect”. This shift provides information about vibrational, rotational, and other low frequency transitions in the molecules, which are indicators of degradation and breakdown of the resin at its most fundamental (molecular) level. Spectra from 200 to 2100 cm -1 were collected using an R-3000 HR Raman spectrometer utilizing a 785 nm diode laser operating at 290 mW via a fiber optic probe. Integration time was 30 seconds. As shown in Figure 4-25, the measured intensity of the Raman signal in arbitrary units (a.u.) is plotted on the y-axis, while the wave length in cm 1 is plotted on the x-axis. The plots are nearly identical for the base resin and liner used for 25 years, with no significant change in the intensity of the peaks or region shift, indicating high chemical stability. Additional tests were carried out on the exterior surface of the liner, but no significant changes from the spectra shown in Figure 4-25 were detected. Figure 4-25. Raman Spectra (Denver 8-in. Liner) 4.2.16 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). DSC is used to perform thermal characterization studies on thermosetting resins. As the components in a resin system cure, heat is evolved which is measured by the DSC. When no significant heat of cure is observed, then it is assumed that the resin sample is completely or 100% cured. DSC can also be used to measure the glass transition temperature (Tg) or softening temperature of a thermoset resin. Tg represents the region in which the resin transforms from a hard, glassy solid to a viscous liquid. As a thermosetting resin cures, the Tg 44
increases and the heat of cure decreases. These changes can be used to characterize and quantify the degree of cure of the resin system (Perkins-Elmer, 2000). Four samples of the CIPP liner labeled crown, spring line, invert, and virgin resin material were tested. The Tg determination followed ASTM E1356-08 “Standard Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperatures by Differential Scanning Calorimetry.” The mass of each sample was measured with a Mettler AT261 Delta Range balance and calorimetry was conducted with a Perkin Elmer Diamond DSC that includes an Intracooler cooling accessory. The DSC was calibrated per manufacturer’s specifications using indium and zinc standards. The DSC testing is summarized in Table 4-10. Table 4-10. Perkin Elmer Diamond DSC Testing Parameters Sample Pans Testing Environment Temperature Program Aluminum Pans Nitrogen 1. Heat from -40° C to 225° C at 10° C/min 2. Hold for 10 minutes at 225° C 3. Cool from 225° C to -40° C at 20° C/min 4. Hold for 5 minutes at -40°C 5. Heat from -40° C to 225° C at 10° C/min Glass transition, Tg, values were calculated based on the methodology described in ASTM E1356-08 using the midpoint temperature, Tm, of the extrapolated onset and end temperatures of the transition range. The midpoint temperature is the most commonly used as the glass transition temperature as it has been found to have higher precision and is more likely to agree with the Tg measured by other methods. Minimal gravimetric loss was observed (approximately 3.5% of weight or less) as a result of the imposed thermal cycle indicating, that the samples were thermally stable over the range of temperatures evaluated. The gravimetric data is summarized in Table 4-11. Table 4-11. Gravimetric Data for DSC Test (Denver 8-in. Liner) Sample Run Sample Weight (mg) 45 Post Analysis Weight (mg) Weight loss (%) Invert 1 7.19 7.11 1.1 Invert 2 8.89 8.65 2.7 Crown 1 10.45 10.21 2.3 Crown 2 13.89 13.8 0.6 Spring line 1 12.05 11.7 2.9 Spring line 2 10.86 10.48 3.5 Virgin Resin 1 6.68 6.63 0.7 Virgin Resin 2 14.88 14.82 0.4
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EPA/600/R-12/004 | January 2012 | w
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DISCLAIMER The work reported in thi
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report has bee
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samples had a flexural modulus valu
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CONTENTS DISCLAIMER ...............
Page 11 and 12: 4.3.10.2 Upstream Sample ..........
Page 13 and 14: 9.2.2 Recommendations for Developme
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5-27. Raman Spectra for the
Page 17 and 18: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AMP Asse
Page 19 and 20: 1.0: INTRODUCTION This report forms
Page 21 and 22: 1.2 Organization of the Report Foll
Page 23 and 24: Some sections of a sewer system may
Page 25 and 26: • The depth of the pipe below the
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2-3 highlights the main diff
Page 29 and 30: The most commonly used resins are i
Page 31 and 32: the glass fiber. The tube, which is
Page 33 and 34: 3.0: DEVELOPMENT OF CIPP EVALUATION
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Page 37 and 38: • Measurements and/or physical sa
Page 39 and 40: Table 3-3. Laboratory Evaluation an
Page 41 and 42: 4.1 Introduction 4.0: CITY OF DENVE
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4-1. Images of the Recovered
Page 45 and 46: Sample ID Figure 4-4. Soil Grain Si
Page 47 and 48: Location Table 4-5. Denver 8-in. Li
Page 49 and 50: Profile Plot Red - Steel tube Green
Page 51 and 52: Table 4-7. Results from Flexural Te
Page 53 and 54: 35 Table 4-9. Comparison of Test Da
Page 55 and 56: 4.2.12 Buckling Test. A steel mecha
Page 57 and 58: Figure 4-18. Pressure Gage and Pres
Page 59 and 60: 4.2.13 Shore D Hardness. Durometer
Page 61: Figure 4-24. Barcol Hardness Readin
Page 65 and 66: In summary, CCTV inspection of thre
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4-28. Thickness for Denver 4
Page 69 and 70: 4.3.6.2 Downstream Sample. Seven sp
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4-34. Flexural Stress-Strain
Page 73 and 74: Table 4-18. Flexural Test Results f
Page 75 and 76: 4.3.8.2 Upstream Sample. Specimens
Page 77 and 78: 4.3.10 Barcol Hardness 4.3.10.1 Dow
Page 79 and 80: 4.3.11.2 Downstream Sample. The Ram
Page 81 and 82: 5.1 Introduction 5.0: CITY OF COLUM
Page 83 and 84: April 16, 2010 The specimen was rec
Page 85 and 86: The resulting gradation curves are
Page 87 and 88: Table 5-4. Soil pH at Designated Lo
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5-8. Average Thickness at Di
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.12 Flexural Testing. Specimens
Page 93 and 94: Figure 5-14. Flexural Stress-Strain
Page 95 and 96: Figure 5-16. Tensile Stress-Strain
Page 97 and 98: 5.2.15 Buckling Test. A mechanical
Page 99 and 100: Figure 5-24. Localized Leak on the
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5-26. Barcol Hardness Readin
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.3 Visual Inspection of Liner. I
Page 105 and 106: Figure 5-32. Ultrasonic Testing for
Page 107 and 108: Table 5-13. Geometric Data for Flex
Page 109 and 110: Figure 5-38. Shore D Hardness of Co
Page 111 and 112: 6.1 Introduction 6.0: REVIEW AND CO
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Overall, the liners appear to be ho
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age difference between the liners i
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Looking for correlations to the low
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A significantly lower range of Shor
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7.0: RECOMMENDED TEST PROTOCOL FOR
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combining this broadly available in
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Table 7-3. Overall Structure for a
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Table 8-2. CIPP and Other Rehabilit
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Table 8-5. Rehabilitation Specifica
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113 Table 8-9. Process Verification
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Göttingen Stadtentwässerung: Göt
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experience and quality, and do not
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km of pipe and 50-year-old pipes ar
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methods are detailed in the Guide t
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The business of pipeline rehabilita
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• Destructive testing (but will n
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In Denver, in CCTV inspections of n
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9.2 Recommendations for Future Work
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Falter, B. 1996. “Structural Anal
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Lehmann, M.A, J.P. Schroeder and C.
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APPENDIX A LIST OF TEST STANDARDS R
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The following table lists the non-A
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B.1 Introduction This study was con
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Mean thickness values for each cont
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APPENDIX C INTERNATIONAL STUDY INTE
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The original Insituform liner insta
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However, the figures published by O
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exfiltration and infiltration. Any
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STW uses CIPP for virtually all of
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method. Top hat repairs to junction
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All design and construction supervi
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Process verification test samples a
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consultant born out of the corporat
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BW continues to use CIPP, mainly in
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East, but has not yet had marked su
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D-1
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D-3
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