Retrospective Evaluation of Cured-in-Place Pipe - (NEPIS)(EPA ...

the glass fiber. The tube, which is expanded by inflating it with compressed air, can be inspected with a
CCTV camera before polymerization. Once it is confirmed that the liner is correctly placed, it is then
UV-cured (Roeling, 2009). The liner has a protective inner film and a UV-resistant outer film. The inner
film is removed after installation. The outer film prevents resin from migrating into laterals, as well as
from entering cracks in the host pipe. The outer film also prevents significant styrene emissions. A
rehabilitated length of up to 1,200 ft is reportedly possible. The Berolina Liner is available in diameters
of 6 to 40 in., with thicknesses ranging from 0.08 to 0.47 in.
Insituform I-Plus Composite is a thermal curing liner developed to reduce the need for high liner
thicknesses in large-diameter pipes and/or with high external groundwater pressures. The liner cross
section includes fiber-reinforcing layers at the liner’s top and bottom surfaces. These give the liner a very
high strength and stiffness, allowing the liner’s overall thickness to be reduced (Hahn, 2007).
2.3 North American Experience with CIPP
2.3.1 Experiences and Case Histories. As indicated above, CIPP liners have been in use in the
U.S. since 1976. Judging by their continued and expanding level of use, system owners generally have
been happy with the installation and continued performance of CIPP liners. However, there is rather
sporadic documentation in the literature of the level of problems experienced, the nature of specific
defects that may occur and what steps need to be taken when defects do occur. Some papers that provide
information on significant or extensive experiences with CIPP include Driver and Olson (1983), Hannan
(1990), Barsoom (1993), Hudson (1993), Larsen et al. (1997), Hutchinson (1998), Llagas and Cook
(2004), Kahn (2005), Kahn and Dobson (2007), Lindsey (2007), Schwarz (2007), Kurz et al., (2009), and
Lehmann et al. (2009).
In addition, many project case history descriptions can be found in conference proceedings of the North
American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT), International Society for Trenchless Technology
(ISTT), the Pipeline Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Water Environment
Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference (WEFTEC) and other specialty conferences of the Water
Environment Federation, and the Underground Construction Technology (UCT) conference. A few
examples include Bonanotte and Kampbell (2004), Hansen (2005), Nelson et al. (2005), Pennington et al.
(2005), Martin (2007), Dawson (2008), and Brand et al. (2009).
2.3.2 Testing and QA/QC. Since CIPP was introduced in the U.S. and has grown in popularity,
various standards and test procedures have been developed to govern its use. In addition to the ASTM
standards governing its use and testing (see Sterling et al., 2010, Appendix B), design guidelines and best
practices can be found in sources such as Bennett et al. (1995) and the NASTT best practices short course
for CIPP (www.nastt.org/training_curedInPlace.php).
Municipalities, consultants, and industry members have reported on their experiences in testing and
QA/QC practices. Such references include Pang et al. (1995), Yoshimura et al. (2006), and Herzog et al.
(2007). Recent work on QA/QC practices and testing procedures can be found in Lee and Ferry (2007),
Araujo et al. (2009), Gumbel (2009), Knight and Sarrami (2009), and Kampbell et al. (2011).
The need to develop adequate design procedures and to test products for CIPP application led to an
intensive series of research efforts focusing on pipe rehabilitation using thin, polymer liners within host
pipes subjected to external loads. This research includes the following papers: Guice et al. (1993), Guice
et al. (1994), Straughan et al. (1995), Li and Guice (1995), Falter (1996, 2004, 2008), Omara et al. (1997),
El-Sawy and Moore (1998), Straughan et al. (1998), Hall and Zhu (2000), Zhao et al. (2001), Zhu and
Hall (2001), Kapasi and Hall (2002), Thépot (2003), Zhao et al. (2005), and Zhao and Whittle (2008).
This is by no means a complete list, but should provide a good starting point for in-depth study. The list
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