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Adult female feeding preference & nymph performance 64 Table 4-3: Survival of neonate M. diocles nymphs resulting from long term feeding trials on 13 potential host plant species. Nymphs were fed on a single food plant species for 42 days. Plant species are in descending order of relative survival at the end of the experiment. The short names are used in Figure 8. plant species short name replicates nymphs Philodendron ineaquilaterum Piper dilatatum Piper marginatum Piper culebranum Piper cordulatum Piper peltatum Piper reticulatum Piper hispidum Piper aequale Philodendron sp. Piper dariense Dieffenbacchia longispatha Piper grande number of percent days to died nymphs survived nymphs survived median survival* 25% Quartile** 75% Quartile Philinae 30 7 23 76.7 . . . Pdila 24 12 12 50 . 21 . Pmarg 61 32 29 47.5 31 8 . Pcule 30 17 13 43.3 37 16 . Pcord 33 21 12 36.4 14 1 . Ppelt 39 25 14 35.9 13 6 . Preti 29 20 9 31 26 7 . Phisp 49 38 11 22.4 10 6 30 Paequ 30 24 6 20 21 6 30 Philsp 30 26 4 13.3 11 9 34 Pdari 30 27 3 10 15 12 22 Dlong 30 30 0 0 9 7 11 Pgran 60 60 0 0 6 5 9 * median survival time = the time when half of the nymphs had died ** 25% and 75% Quartiles = the time when 25% and 75% of nymphs had died
Adult female feeding preference & nymph performance 65 Survival and growth of nymphs as key demographic traits in insect herbivores were expected to decrease with increasing defensive leaf characters. Correlation analysis of performance with leaf toughness, specific leaf weight, water and total phenol content showed no relationship to nymph growth (Figure 4-10) and survival (Figure 4-11). Considering tannin contents of leaves their effects on nymph performance remained unclear. (Leaf tannin content could not be correlated to nymph performance due to rare presence of tannins.) If tannins influenced survival plant species containing tannins should have ranged on the upper end considering nymph mortality. In contrast to this prediction 47.5 % of nymphs survived on P. marginatum (1.58 % TAE) only exceeded by survival on two other tannin-free plant species (P. dilatatum, Phil. inaequilaterum; cf. Table 4-2 and Table 4-3). Similarly survival of nymphs feeding on tannin containing leaves of P. cordulatum and P. hispidum ranged on mid levels. While tannins seemed not to be related to nymph survival there is a clear pattern in terms of growth rates of nymphs. Growth rates on all three Piper species containing tannins and fed to nymphs (P. cordulatum, P. hispidum, P. marginatum; cf. Figure 4-9 and Table 4-2) were only exceeded by nymph growth on P. peltatum (tannin-free). relative growth rate of nymphs 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 f g Dlong Mean ±StDev. ±1.96*StDev. c d e f Paequ a b Pcord b c Pcule e f Pdari c d e Pdil g Pgran b c d Philinae d e f g Philsp a b Phisp a a Figure 4-9: Relative growth rates of M. diocles nymphs on single food plant species (measurements after two weeks, one week later too many nymphs had died). Growth rates differed significantly depending on food source (ANOVA, F = 34.2, df = 12, P < 0.01). Identical letters indicate no significant difference (Tukeys HSD unequal N, P > 0.05). Pmarg Ppelt c d e f Preti
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ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
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ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
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Acknowledgements I Acknowledgements
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Table of Contents III 3 Life cycle,
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List of Figures V List of Figures F
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List of Abbreviations VII List of A
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Introduction 2 Regardless whether s
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Introduction 4 Description of phasm
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Introduction 6 Solanum and Piper (T
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Introduction 8 1.3.4 Data analysis
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Community structure & host range 10
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Community structure & host range 12
Page 28 and 29: Community structure & host range 14
Page 46 and 47: Life history & potential population
Page 58 and 59: Adult female feeding preference & n
Page 92 and 93: Predation mediated mortality & migr
Page 105 and 106: Concluding remarks 91 6 Concluding
Page 107: Abstract 93 7 Abstract Herbivory is
Page 110 and 111: Literature cited 96 Basset, Y. 1997
Page 112 and 113: Literature cited 98 Brown, B. J., M
Page 114 and 115: Literature cited 100 Croat, T. B. 1
Page 116 and 117: Literature cited 102 Hagerman, A. E
Page 118 and 119: Literature cited 104 Kearsley, M. J
Page 120 and 121: Literature cited 106 McNeill, S., T
Page 122 and 123: Literature cited 108 Reich, P. B.,
Page 124 and 125: Literature cited 110 Strong, D. R.,
Page 127: Appendix 113 9 Appendix Please cont
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Appendix 1: Phasmid species previou
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Tabellarischer Lebenslauf Angaben z
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Berger J., Schaefer, M., 1997. Wild
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