ecology of phasmids - KLUEDO - Universität Kaiserslautern

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Adult female feeding preference & nymph performance 62 MAI [median] MAI [median] 1 0.5 0 1 0.5 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 a) Relative leaf toughness 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 b) c) Specific leaf weight [mg/cm2] d) MAI [m edian] MAI [median] 1 0.5 0 1 0.5 0 60 60 70 70 80 90 Water Water content content [%] [%] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Phenol content [%TAE] Figure 4-7: Preference of M. diocles adult females (expressed as Mean Acceptability Index; MAI) in relation to structural and chemical leaf characters of 14 food plant species. MAI showed no significant relation to any of the measured leaf traits (Product moment correlation, df = 12, all P > 0.05): a) leaf toughness (r = 0.15), b) water content of leaves (r = -0.38), c) specific leaf weight (r = 0.26), d) leaf phenol contents (r < 0.01). 4.4.3 Performance of M. diocles nymphs Survival and growth seemed to be highly depending on the plant species nymphs fed on. A comparison of survival probabilities of nymphs under different food sources revealed substantial and significant differences (Figure 4-8 and Table 4-3). The effects of food source on nymph survival were temporarily heterogeneous. Median survival and quartiles differed species specifically (Table 4-3). For instance within the first day 25 % of nymphs on P. cordulatum had died while initial mortality rate was lower on all other food sources. This effect changed over time. When mortality on P. cordulatum decelerated (and more than 25 % of nymphs had survived at the end) it accelerated on other plant species (D. longispatha, P. grande, P. dariense) leading to comparatively higher mortality in the long run. Median survival time was lowest for P. grande: after six days 50 % of nymphs feeding on P. grande had died. After day 15 no nymphs had survived. Likewise median survival time on D. longispatha was 9 days and no nymph survived beyond day 17. Opposed to these low quality foods, feeding on Philodendron inaequilaterum allowed high nymph survival. After six weeks 76 % of nymphs were still alive while on all other host plant species from 50 % (P. dilatatum) up to 100 % of nymphs had died.
Adult female feeding preference & nymph performance 63 Relative survival of nymphs 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 Time passed [days] Philinae Pdila Pmarg Pcule Pcord Ppelt Preti Phisp Paequ Figure 4-8: Time series of the survival of M. diocles neonate nymphs on single food plant species. A pronounced pattern in differential mortality of nymphs builds after two weeks of feeding and persists over time. Survival probabilities of nymphs calculated by the product limit estimate differed significantly depending on the food source (Log Rank Analysis, X 2 = 178.32, df = 12, P < 0.01). Species names on the right are in the order of relative survival at the end of the experiment. For further details and explanation of species name shortcuts refer to the text and Table 4-3. Analysis of variance revealed that relative growth rates of nymphs differed significantly depending on food sources (Figure 4-9) and relative growth rates modestly corresponded with survival of nymphs (Product Moment Correlation, r = 0.59, df = 11, P < 0.05). Accordingly lowest relative growth rates matched high nymphal mortality on P. grande (RGR = 0.6 %) and D. longispatha (2.4 %), followed by P. dariense (4.3 %) and Philodendron sp. (5 %). Highest growth rates were yielded with 16.8 % weight gain in a two week period on P. peltatum insignificantly different from P. marginatum, P. hispidum and P. cordulatum. Nevertheless, the relative growth rate on Philodendron inaequilaterum - the species with highest survival - ranged on an intermediate level (9 %). Philsp Pdari Dlong Pgran
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ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
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ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
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Acknowledgements I Acknowledgements
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Table of Contents III 3 Life cycle,
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List of Figures V List of Figures F
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List of Abbreviations VII List of A
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Introduction 2 Regardless whether s
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Introduction 4 Description of phasm
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Introduction 6 Solanum and Piper (T
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Introduction 8 1.3.4 Data analysis
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Community structure & host range 10
Page 26 and 27: Community structure & host range 12
Page 46 and 47: Life history & potential population
Page 58 and 59: Adult female feeding preference & n
Page 92 and 93: Predation mediated mortality & migr
Page 105 and 106: Concluding remarks 91 6 Concluding
Page 107: Abstract 93 7 Abstract Herbivory is
Page 110 and 111: Literature cited 96 Basset, Y. 1997
Page 112 and 113: Literature cited 98 Brown, B. J., M
Page 114 and 115: Literature cited 100 Croat, T. B. 1
Page 116 and 117: Literature cited 102 Hagerman, A. E
Page 118 and 119: Literature cited 104 Kearsley, M. J
Page 120 and 121: Literature cited 106 McNeill, S., T
Page 122 and 123: Literature cited 108 Reich, P. B.,
Page 124 and 125: Literature cited 110 Strong, D. R.,
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Appendix 113 9 Appendix Please cont
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Appendix 1: Phasmid species previou
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Tabellarischer Lebenslauf Angaben z
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Berger J., Schaefer, M., 1997. Wild
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