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Adult female feeding preference & nymph performance 60 Total Total phenol phenol content [% TAE] 10 8 6 4 2 0 c d Pmarg b e Paequ c c d Parbo Pcord c f Pcule Pdari a a Pdila e Pgran a b Philinae d Philsp a f Phisp a a a a b b b Figure 4-5: Total phenol content of leaves from 15 food plant species of M. diocles. Total phenol content differed significantly among species (ANOVA, F = 44.60, df = 14, P < 0.01). Identical letters below boxes indicate no difference (Tukeys HSD unequal N, P > 0.05). Box-Whiskers show mean, standard deviation and 95 % confidence intervals of standard deviation. 4.4.2 Preference of M. diocles adult females Feeding preference of adult M. diocles females differed significantly indicating that they differentiated among food plant species (Figure 4-6). The assessed preference pattern at the same time revealed broad interspecific similarities. P. marginatum seemed to represent a food source of high value within the range of species tested. P. peltatum was most similarly accepted as food compared to P. marginatum as its median MAI was closest to 0.5. As preferences for six more plant species were not different to P. peltatum they also seemed to range on a similar preference level with P. marginatum as M. diocles foods. Only four out of 14 species were preferred to P. marginatum, i.e. the MAI resulting from dual- choice feeding trials was significantly above 0.5 (as compared to MAI of P. peltatum). Three plant species were clearly avoided by adult females: presented with P. aequale, P. grande and P. perlascense the insects strongly preferred the reference P. marginatum. The measured leaf characters seemed not to function as defenses against herbivory by M. diocles. Preference for host species neither correlated with structural and physical parameters tested nor with total phenol contents of leaves (Figure 4-7). Likewise tannin contents of leaves seemed not to account for the observed preference pattern of M. diocles adult females (correlation analysis was dismissed due to rare presence of tannins). Assuming a defensive function of tannins the animals should have preferred the leaves of plant species missing tannins. This could not be confirmed (compare Figure 4-6 and Pimpe Ppelt Pperla Preti
Adult female feeding preference & nymph performance 61 Table 4-2). In addition P. arboreum was preferred to P. marginatum despite the fact that they shared similar tannin contents (while no preference for the tannin containing P. hispidum and P. cordulatum was detected in dual-choice trials). Particularly biochemical properties of leaves could be differing stronger with increasing taxonomic distance of plants (Ehrlich & Raven 1964). Under the assumption that leaf biochemistry influences feeding habits such differences could cover factors favoring or deterring feeding among closely related host plant species. To account for taxonomically related biochemical leaf properties correlation analysis was repeated among Piper congeners under exclusion of the two species of the Araceae. Within Piper host plants the preference pattern of adult females did not relate to phenol content (Product Moment Correlation MAI to phenol content r = 0.10, df = 10, P > 0.05). Likewise particular biochemical properties of Araceae leaves could have influenced preference of females, thereby covering relationships between physical leaf traits and female preference considering Piper congeners. Exclusion of Araceae from correlation analysis did not reveal any significant relationship between any of these leaf traits and the MAI (Product Moment Correlation, df = 10, MAI to: leaf toughness r = 0.14, water content r = -0.57, specific leaf weight r = 0.45, all P > 0.05). Nevertheless, all resulting correlation coefficients increased after excluding Araceae host plants. MAI 1.0 0.5 0.0 e Paequ-Pmarg a a a a b b c d d e f f g Parbo-Pmarg Pcord-Pmarg Pcule-Pmarg Pdari-Pmarg Pdila-Pmarg Pgran-Pmarg Philinae-Pmarg a b Philsp-Pmarg a b c Phisp-Pmarg Figure 4-6: Feeding preference of M. diocles females resulting from dual-choice feeding trials. Preference is expressed as median of the mean acceptability index (MAI). MAI among feeding trials differed significantly (Kruskall Wallis H(13, N=422) = 101.90, P < 0.01). Identical letters indicate no significant difference (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.05). Box plots show median, 25 to 75 % quartiles and minimum/maximum values. b c g Pimpe-Pmarg a b Ppelt-Pmarg d e Pperl-Pmarg f Preti-Pmarg
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ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
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ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
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Acknowledgements I Acknowledgements
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Table of Contents III 3 Life cycle,
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List of Figures V List of Figures F
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List of Abbreviations VII List of A
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Introduction 2 Regardless whether s
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Introduction 4 Description of phasm
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Introduction 6 Solanum and Piper (T
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Introduction 8 1.3.4 Data analysis
Page 24 and 25: Community structure & host range 10
Page 46 and 47: Life history & potential population
Page 58 and 59: Adult female feeding preference & n
Page 92 and 93: Predation mediated mortality & migr
Page 105 and 106: Concluding remarks 91 6 Concluding
Page 107: Abstract 93 7 Abstract Herbivory is
Page 110 and 111: Literature cited 96 Basset, Y. 1997
Page 112 and 113: Literature cited 98 Brown, B. J., M
Page 114 and 115: Literature cited 100 Croat, T. B. 1
Page 116 and 117: Literature cited 102 Hagerman, A. E
Page 118 and 119: Literature cited 104 Kearsley, M. J
Page 120 and 121: Literature cited 106 McNeill, S., T
Page 122 and 123: Literature cited 108 Reich, P. B.,
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Literature cited 110 Strong, D. R.,
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Appendix 113 9 Appendix Please cont
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Appendix 1: Phasmid species previou
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Tabellarischer Lebenslauf Angaben z
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Berger J., Schaefer, M., 1997. Wild
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