ecology of phasmids - KLUEDO - Universität Kaiserslautern

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Adult female feeding preference & nymph performance 58 water water content [%] 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 d e Pmarg d e Paequ a b c Parbo f Pcord b c d d Pcule Pdari c d d e Pdila Pgran d e Philinae f Philsp Figure 4-3: Water content of leaves from 15 food plant species of M. diocles. Water content differed significantly among species (ANOVA, F = 42.94, df = 14, P < 0.01). Identical letters below boxes indicate no difference (Tukeys HSD unequal N, P > 0.05). Box-Whiskers show mean, standard deviation and 95 % confidence intervals of standard deviation. specific leaf weight [mg dw/cm 2 specific leaf weight [mg dw/cm ] 2 ] 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 a a a a a a b b b b b b c c c c c d d d e e e f f g g Pmarg Paequ Parbo Pcord Pcule Pdari Pdila Pgran Philinae Philsp Figure 4-4: Specific leaf weight (SLW) from 15 food plant species of M. diocles. SLW differed significantly among species (ANOVA, F = 63.91, df = 14, P < 0.01). P. marginatum (Pmarg) served as reference plant in dual- choice feeding trials. Identical letters below boxes indicate no difference (Tukeys HSD unequal N, P > 0.05). Box- Whiskers show mean, standard deviation and 95 % confidence intervals of standard deviation. d Phisp Phisp a b Pimpe Pimpe e Ppelt Ppelt a Pperl a b c Pperl Preti f Preti
Adult female feeding preference & nymph performance 59 Interspecific differences in total phenol contents ranged from lowest values for P. dariense with 0.64 % TAE to 8.34 % TAE for Philodendron sp. (Figure 4-5 & Table 4-2). Despite this contrast eight of the tested species shared similar phenol levels (1.68 ± 0.58 % TAE to 2.37 ± 5.81 % TAE). P. marginatum phenol contents ranged in the upper scale only being exceeded by P. cordulatum and Philodendron sp.. Tannins were not common in M. diocles host plant species. Four Piper species contained with 1.49 to 1.79 % TAE similar amounts of Tannin (Table 4-2). In P. hispidum tannins seemed to account for the major part of phenolic compounds (71 %). Only part of tested leaves of P. marginatum and P. hispidum showed tannic activity. For the remaining 10 species no BSA precipitation was detectable. Table 4-2: Total phenol and tannin contents of M. diocles host plant species resulting from Price & Butler (1977) method modified by Mole & Waterman (1994) for phenols and radial diffusion assays (RDM) (Hagermann 1987) for tannins. For tannic content 3 samples per leaf were tested.. Note that detection of tannins wasn’t consistent intraspecifically. The RDM assay mainly detects hydrolysable tannins (Hagermann 1987). Plant species Total phenol content [% TAE]* Tannin No. of leaves content [% TAE]* tested containing tannin Piper aequale 1.21 ± 0.17 nd* 5 0 Piper arboreum 4.32 ± 0.37 1.49 ± 0.42 5 5 Piper cordulatum 5.79 ± 0.91 1.79 ± 0.25 5 5 Piper culebranum 3.87 ± 0.40 nd 5 0 Piper dariense 0.64 ± 0.09 nd 5 0 Piper dilatatum 2.26 ± 0.42 nd 5 0 Piper grande 1.72 ± 0.61 nd 5 0 Piper hispidum 2.45 ± 0.60 1.75 ± 0.68 5 2 Piper imperiale 2.33 ± 0.59 nd 5 0 Piper marginatum 5.71 ± 1.73 1.58 ± 0.44 20 14 Piper peltatum 1.87 ± 0.75 nd 5 0 Piper perlascense 1.95 ± 0.30 nd 5 0 Piper reticulatum 1.84 ± 0.56 nd 5 0 Philodendron ineaquilaterum 1.91 ± 0.27 nd 5 0 Philodendron sp. 8.33 ± 0.99 nd 5 0 * Mean ± StDev ** nd = not detected
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ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
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ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
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Acknowledgements I Acknowledgements
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Table of Contents III 3 Life cycle,
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List of Figures V List of Figures F
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List of Abbreviations VII List of A
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Introduction 2 Regardless whether s
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Introduction 4 Description of phasm
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Introduction 6 Solanum and Piper (T
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 8 1.3.4 Data analysis
Page 24 and 25: Community structure & host range 10
Page 46 and 47: Life history & potential population
Page 58 and 59: Adult female feeding preference & n
Page 92 and 93: Predation mediated mortality & migr
Page 105 and 106: Concluding remarks 91 6 Concluding
Page 107: Abstract 93 7 Abstract Herbivory is
Page 110 and 111: Literature cited 96 Basset, Y. 1997
Page 112 and 113: Literature cited 98 Brown, B. J., M
Page 114 and 115: Literature cited 100 Croat, T. B. 1
Page 116 and 117: Literature cited 102 Hagerman, A. E
Page 118 and 119: Literature cited 104 Kearsley, M. J
Page 120 and 121: Literature cited 106 McNeill, S., T
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Literature cited 108 Reich, P. B.,
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Literature cited 110 Strong, D. R.,
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Appendix 113 9 Appendix Please cont
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Appendix 1: Phasmid species previou
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Tabellarischer Lebenslauf Angaben z
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Berger J., Schaefer, M., 1997. Wild
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