ecology of phasmids - KLUEDO - Universität Kaiserslautern

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Community structure & host range 22 Table 2-3: Dimensions of the food niche of four phasmids on BCI. Results from feeding trials represent the absolute food niche, while overlap with field records (i.e. the realized multidimensional niche) represents the realized food niche. Family Plant Order Species lf 1 ab 2 Food plant species Metriophasma ft 3 diocles lt 4 Oncotophasma martini Bacteria ploiaria Otocrania sp. ft lt ft lt ft lt Araceae Philodendron spp. + + - - - Araceae Dieffenbachia spp. he + + nt nt nt Araceae Homalomena wendlandii he + nt nt nt Araceae Monstera sp. h + nt nt nt Piperaceae Peperomyia spp. he + nt nt nt Piperaceae Piper spp. + + nt nt nt Piperaceae Piper cordulatum ls 28 + - - - Clusiaceae Vismia spp. pi - + - - Clusiaceae Vismia baccifera pi 164 - + + + - - Dilleniaceae Tetracera portobellensis l - + + - Euphorbiaceae Croton billbergianus pi 48 - + + + - + Malpighiaceae Stigmatophylon ellipticum l - + - nt Melastomataceae Miconia argentea pi 52 - + - - Sterculiaceae Byttneria aculeata l - + + + nt Sterculiaceae Guazuma ulmifolia pi 187 - nt + nt Bignoniaceae Arrabidaea spp. l - + - + + - Rhamnaceae Gouania lupuloides l - - + + + - Tiliaceae Luehea semanii pi 113 - - + + - Melastomataceae Mouriri myrtilloides ls 6 nt nt + nt Sapindaceae Paullinia spp. l - - + + Sapindaceae Serjania spp. l - - + + + + + Urticaceae Urera sp. - + nt nt nt Vitaceae Vitis tiliifolia l nt - - + nt Abundant tree species on BCI (>1000 ind./50ha) 2 Violaceae Hybanthus prunifolius ls 1 - - - - Rubiaceae Alseis blackiana ls 5 - - - - Rubiaceae Psychotria horizontalis ls 7 - - - - Chrysobalanaceae Hirtella triandra ls 8 - - - - Burseraceae Tetragastris panamensis ls 10 - - - - Burseraceae Protium tenuifolium ls 14 - - - - Bombacaceae Quararibea asterolepis ls 20 - - - -
Community structure & host range 23 Plant Order Family Species lf 1 ab 2 Metriophasma Oncotophasma Bacteria Otocrania diocles martini ploiaria sp. ft 3 lt 4 ft lt ft lt ft lt Moraceae Poulsenia armata ls 23 - - - - Fabaceae Prioria copaifera ls 36 - - - - Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana arborea pi 37 - - - - Random species Anacardiaceae Anacardium excelsum ls 208 - - - - Annonaceae Annona spraguei pi 135 - - - - Bignoniaceae Jacaranda copaia pi 102 - - - - Bombacaceae Ochroma pyramidale pi 246 - - - - Bombacaceae Pseudobombax septenatum pi 221 - - - - Euphorbiaceae Hyeronima laxiflora pi nt - nt nt Flacourtiaceae Hasseltia floribunda ls 56 - - - - Gesneriaceae Codonanthe crassifolia ls - nt nt nt Mimosoideae Inga quaternata l 65 nt nt - - Moraceae Cecropia obtusifolia pi 189 - - - - Myristicaceae Virola surinamensis ls 109 - - - nt Orchidaceae Catasetum viridifloris e - nt nt nt Papilionoideae Dipteryx panamensis ls 185 - - - - 1 lf = life-form: e = epiphyte, h = hemiepiphyte, he = herb, l = liana, ls = plant of late succession, pi = plant of early succession 2 ab = abundance: species rank of absolute abundance in the 50 ha plot on BCI according to Condit et al. (1998) 3 ft = feeding trial: + = edible, - = not edible, nt = not tested; 4 lt = line-transect: + = phasmid species was recorded on plant species
Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
Page 5 and 6: ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements I Acknowledgements
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents III 3 Life cycle,
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures V List of Figures F
Page 13: List of Abbreviations VII List of A
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 2 Regardless whether s
Page 18 and 19: Introduction 4 Description of phasm
Page 20 and 21: Introduction 6 Solanum and Piper (T
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 8 1.3.4 Data analysis
Page 24 and 25: Community structure & host range 10
Page 46 and 47: Life history & potential population
Page 58 and 59: Adult female feeding preference & n
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Adult female feeding preference & n
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Predation mediated mortality & migr
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Concluding remarks 91 6 Concluding
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Abstract 93 7 Abstract Herbivory is
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Literature cited 96 Basset, Y. 1997
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Literature cited 98 Brown, B. J., M
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Literature cited 100 Croat, T. B. 1
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Literature cited 102 Hagerman, A. E
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Literature cited 104 Kearsley, M. J
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Literature cited 106 McNeill, S., T
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Literature cited 108 Reich, P. B.,
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Literature cited 110 Strong, D. R.,
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Appendix 113 9 Appendix Please cont
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Appendix 1: Phasmid species previou
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Tabellarischer Lebenslauf Angaben z
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Berger J., Schaefer, M., 1997. Wild
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