ecology of phasmids - KLUEDO - Universität Kaiserslautern

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Community structure & host range 18 adults from highest abundances in May and June 2000 (each with 18 ind.). Because such extremes in abundances covered seasonal effects, a potential increase in abundances from dry season (January to April) to the rainy season (from May on) was tested from for the year 2001: there was no detectable heterogeneity in phasmid abundances (for all specimens: GOF, χ 2 = 4.55, df = 5, p > 0.05; for phasmid nymphs: GOF, χ 2 = 5.03, df = 5, p > 0.05; for phasmid adults: GOF, χ 2 = 10.25, df = 5, p > 0.05). Table 2-1: Phasmid species and their community structure on BCI (absolute numbers of individuals in subscript; line transect data, N = 307). Phasmid species Habitat Bacteria ploiaria (WESTWOOD) +53 Bacteria sp.* +10 Isagoras dentipes REDTENBACHER +68 Forest edge Understory Metriophasma diocles WESTWOOD +33 +18 Oncotophasma martini (GRIFFINI) +103 +1 Otocrania sp.* +3 Prisopus berosus WESTWOOD +4 Pterinoxylus spinulosus REDTENBACHER +8 Stratocles multilineatus REHN +1 Diapheromerini: Phanocles group* +2 Metriophasma iphicles* REDTENBACHER +2 +1 Pseudophasma menius (WESTWOOD) not found in line-transects Shannon Wiener Diversity H’ Overall (forest edge & understory) 2.47 Per habitat 2.40 0.78 Shannon Wiener Eveness J’ Morisita’s Similarity Cλ Phasmid density [ind*ha -1 ] ± SD 0.69 0.72 0.39 All phasmid species 274.92 ± 211.48 7.81 ± 14.07 Metriophasma diocles. 21.58 ± 43.36 6.70 ± 11.42 * until submission no type material was available, therefore identification should be considered as preliminary 0.24
Community structure & host range 19 Absolute abundance [ind.] 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Nymphs Adults May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Figure 2-3: Temporal fluctuations of absolute phasmid abundances along forest edges on BCI for phasmid nymphs (black bars) and phasmid adults (white bars). Each bar represents the cumulative catch per month along three line-transects (N = 286). Please note that Oct. 2000 and Jul. 201 were excluded from GOF tests. 2.3.3 Food niche Single phasmid species showed a highly aggregated distribution on particular host plant families resulting in narrow resource niches with values for Levin’s standardized niche breadth BA ranging from 0 (Otocrania sp.) to 0.40 (Bacteria ploiaria) (Table 2-2). For example, the low niche breadth of 0.10 for I. dentipes (the second most abundant species in forest edge habitats; cf. Figure 2-1) resulted from 68 specimens recorded on two plant families, and 91 % of these specimens were found on two individuals of Vismia baccifera (Clusiaceae). All three individuals of Otocrania sp. were found on Sapindaceae. Niche breadth was larger in the other three species because they were recorded on more plant families and individuals were less aggregated (major proportion of individuals per plant family: O. martini, 55 % on Clusiaceae, 18 % on Euphorbiaceae; B. ploiaria, 34 % on Rhamnaceae; M. diocles, 49 % on Piperaceae,and one third of these on P. marginatum, 25 % on Araceae). Generally, resource niches of phasmid species were separated as demonstrated by Pianka’s index of niche overlap Ojk, usually ranging from 0 to 0.19. In contrast, niche overlap between O. martini and I. dentipes was high (Ojk = 0.91) because 55 % of the O. martini and 91 % of the I. dentipes individuals shared 2 individuals of Vismia baccifera as food resource (cf. Table 2-2).
Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
Page 5 and 6: ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements I Acknowledgements
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents III 3 Life cycle,
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures V List of Figures F
Page 13: List of Abbreviations VII List of A
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 2 Regardless whether s
Page 18 and 19: Introduction 4 Description of phasm
Page 20 and 21: Introduction 6 Solanum and Piper (T
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 8 1.3.4 Data analysis
Page 24 and 25: Community structure & host range 10
Page 46 and 47: Life history & potential population
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Adult female feeding preference & n
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Predation mediated mortality & migr
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Concluding remarks 91 6 Concluding
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Abstract 93 7 Abstract Herbivory is
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Literature cited 96 Basset, Y. 1997
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Literature cited 98 Brown, B. J., M
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Literature cited 100 Croat, T. B. 1
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Literature cited 102 Hagerman, A. E
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Literature cited 104 Kearsley, M. J
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Literature cited 106 McNeill, S., T
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Literature cited 108 Reich, P. B.,
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Literature cited 110 Strong, D. R.,
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Appendix 113 9 Appendix Please cont
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Appendix 1: Phasmid species previou
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Tabellarischer Lebenslauf Angaben z
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Berger J., Schaefer, M., 1997. Wild
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