ecology of phasmids - KLUEDO - Universität Kaiserslautern

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Introduction 6 Solanum and Piper (Thies 1998). The flora of BCI comprises more than 1200 plant species and is described in detail by Croat (1978). Annual rainfall on BCI averages 2634 mm (Paton 2002). There is a distinctive seasonality in rainfall with a wet season from May to mid-December and a pronounced dry season approximately from mid- December to the end of April (Figure 1-3). On average, only 293 mm of rain falls during the dry season. The annual average temperature on BCI is 27 ºC, with a diurnal variation of 7-8 ºC. A detailed description on vegetation and climatic conditions of BCI is given in Leigh et al. (1990). Figure 1-2: Map of Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama (source STRI; modified). Lines with names represent trails, numbers assign distances from the trail origin (x100 m). Bold lines illustrate streams. Circles mark locations of line-transects (see Chapter 2).
Introduction 7 Precipitation [mm] 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month 2000 2001 1929-2001 Figure 1-3: Precipitation on Barro Colorado Island in the years 2000 and 2001 compared to the long-term average (1929 to 2001; source Paton 2002). 1.3.2 Maintenance of phasmid species in the laboratory The phasmids used for setting up lab colonies were collected by hand in a haphazard way during specific night walks in forest parts and clearings other than that used for line-transects. Field collections were made during a cumulative period from July 1999 to December 2001. Lab populations of Metriophasma diocles WESTWOOD, Bacteria ploiaria (WESTWOOD) and Otocrania sp. could be established permanently, while nymphs of Oncotophasma martini (GRIFFINI) could be reared from eggs but no females grew to maturity. Consequently the population collapsed in April 2000 and was given up, as it could not be provided with sufficient animals from field collections. Phasmid species were maintained in cages (1 m height, 0.5 m depth, 0.5 m width, covered with mosquito net) in screened and shaded rooms. Cages were sprayed with fresh water daily and provided with edible plants periodically. Eggs were collected weekly when cages were cleaned. 1.3.3 Identification of phasmid and plant species Phasmid species were identified in cooperation with the taxonomist Sven Bradler at University of Göttingen, Germany. Vouchers were deposited at the STRI insect collection in Panama City, Republic of Panamá. Plant species were identified with the help of Croat’s Flora of BCI (Croat 1978) and verified by Rolando Pérez, Andrés Hernández and Salomón Aguilar who work as field botanists for the Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS). Plant Vouchers were deposited at the herbarium of BCI, Republic of Panamá.
Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
Page 5 and 6: ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements I Acknowledgements
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents III 3 Life cycle,
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures V List of Figures F
Page 13: List of Abbreviations VII List of A
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 2 Regardless whether s
Page 18 and 19: Introduction 4 Description of phasm
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 8 1.3.4 Data analysis
Page 24 and 25: Community structure & host range 10
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Adult female feeding preference & n
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Predation mediated mortality & migr
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Concluding remarks 91 6 Concluding
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Abstract 93 7 Abstract Herbivory is
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Literature cited 96 Basset, Y. 1997
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Literature cited 98 Brown, B. J., M
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Literature cited 100 Croat, T. B. 1
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Literature cited 102 Hagerman, A. E
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Literature cited 104 Kearsley, M. J
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Literature cited 106 McNeill, S., T
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Literature cited 108 Reich, P. B.,
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Literature cited 110 Strong, D. R.,
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Appendix 113 9 Appendix Please cont
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Appendix 1: Phasmid species previou
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Tabellarischer Lebenslauf Angaben z
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Berger J., Schaefer, M., 1997. Wild
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