ecology of phasmids - KLUEDO - Universität Kaiserslautern

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Table of Contents IV 4.5 Discussion .........................................................................................................................69 4.5.1 The pattern of feeding preference and performance: an attempt of an explanation ................69 4.5.2 Ecological and evolutionary consequences .............................................................................74 4.5.3 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................76 5 Predation pressure and its effects on survival and off-plant migration of M. diocles nymphs ....................................................................................................................................77 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................77 5.2 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................79 5.2.1 Study site and organism...........................................................................................................79 5.2.2 Field experiment......................................................................................................................79 5.2.3 Greenhouse experiment ...........................................................................................................80 5.2.4 Data analysis............................................................................................................................81 5.3 Results ...............................................................................................................................81 5.3.1 Predation-mediated patterns in M. diocles nymph mortality...................................................81 5.3.2 Predation and off-plant migration............................................................................................84 5.4 Discussion .........................................................................................................................86 5.4.1 The top-down view of M. diocles population regulation.........................................................86 5.4.2 Is off-plant migration mediated by natural enemies or by resources?.....................................87 5.4.3 Who are the predators?............................................................................................................88 5.4.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................89 6 Concluding remarks ..............................................................................................................91 6.1 Is M. diocles a herbivore specialist?..................................................................................91 6.2 Bottom-up or top-down or both ........................................................................................92 7 Abstract...................................................................................................................................93 8 Literature cited.......................................................................................................................95 9 Appendix...............................................................................................................................113
List of Figures V List of Figures Figure 1-1: Study design........................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 1-2: Map of Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. ..................................................................... 6 Figure 1-3: Precipitation on Barro Colorado Island in the years 2000 and 2001 ..................................... 7 Figure 2-1: Species accumulation curve for phasmids recorded along line-transects on BCI................ 17 Figure 2-2: Relative abundances of phasmid at forest edges and in the forest understory..................... 17 Figure 2-3: Temporal fluctuations of absolute phasmid abundances along forest edges ....................... 19 Figure 3-1: Mean daily egg production of M. diocles females in relation to body weight..................... 38 Figure 3-2: Hatching phenology of M. diocles nymphs ......................................................................... 38 Figure 3-3: Model of discrete stepwise population growth of M. diocles .............................................. 39 Figure 4-1: Comparison of paired dual-choice preference tests of M. diocles adult females................. 51 Figure 4-2: Relative leaf toughness of 15 selected M. diocles food plant species.................................. 57 Figure 4-3: Water content of leaves from 15 food plant species of M. diocles. ..................................... 58 Figure 4-4: Specific leaf weight (SLW) from 15 food plant species of M. diocles. ............................... 58 Figure 4-5: Total phenol content of leaves from 15 food plant species of M. diocles............................ 60 Figure 4-6: Feeding preference of M. diocles females ........................................................................... 61 Figure 4-7: Preference of M. diocles females in relation to structural and chemical leaf characters ..... 62 Figure 4-8: Time series of the survival of M. diocles neonate nymphs on single food plant species..... 63 Figure 4-9: Relative growth rates of M. diocles nymphs on single food plant species .......................... 65 Figure 4-10: Relative growth rates of nymphs in relation to structural and chemical leaf characters.... 66 Figure 4-11: Relative survival of nymphs in relation to structural and chemical leaf characters.......... 66 Figure 4-12: Feeding preference of nymphs under varying levels of leaf total phenol content ............. 68 Figure 4 -13: Feeding preference of M. diocles nymphs under varying levels of leaf tannin content….68 Figure 5-1: Cumulative survival of phasmid nymphs in exclosures versus controls.............................. 82 Figure 5-2: Mortality of nymphs in exclosures versus controls at night and in the day......................... 82 Figure 5-3: Plant size and migratory behavior of nymphs...................................................................... 85
Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
Page 5 and 6: ECOLOGY OF PHASMIDS (PHASMATODEA) I
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements I Acknowledgements
Page 9: Table of Contents III 3 Life cycle,
Page 13: List of Abbreviations VII List of A
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 2 Regardless whether s
Page 18 and 19: Introduction 4 Description of phasm
Page 20 and 21: Introduction 6 Solanum and Piper (T
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 8 1.3.4 Data analysis
Page 24 and 25: Community structure & host range 10
Page 46 and 47: Life history & potential population
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Adult female feeding preference & n
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Predation mediated mortality & migr
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Concluding remarks 91 6 Concluding
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Abstract 93 7 Abstract Herbivory is
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Literature cited 96 Basset, Y. 1997
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Literature cited 98 Brown, B. J., M
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Literature cited 100 Croat, T. B. 1
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Literature cited 102 Hagerman, A. E
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Literature cited 104 Kearsley, M. J
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Literature cited 106 McNeill, S., T
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Literature cited 108 Reich, P. B.,
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Literature cited 110 Strong, D. R.,
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Appendix 113 9 Appendix Please cont
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Appendix 1: Phasmid species previou
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Tabellarischer Lebenslauf Angaben z
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Berger J., Schaefer, M., 1997. Wild
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