ecology of phasmids - KLUEDO - Universität Kaiserslautern
ecology of phasmids - KLUEDO - Universität Kaiserslautern
ecology of phasmids - KLUEDO - Universität Kaiserslautern
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Table <strong>of</strong> Contents IV<br />
4.5 Discussion .........................................................................................................................69<br />
4.5.1 The pattern <strong>of</strong> feeding preference and performance: an attempt <strong>of</strong> an explanation ................69<br />
4.5.2 Ecological and evolutionary consequences .............................................................................74<br />
4.5.3 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................76<br />
5 Predation pressure and its effects on survival and <strong>of</strong>f-plant migration <strong>of</strong> M. diocles<br />
nymphs ....................................................................................................................................77<br />
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................77<br />
5.2 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................79<br />
5.2.1 Study site and organism...........................................................................................................79<br />
5.2.2 Field experiment......................................................................................................................79<br />
5.2.3 Greenhouse experiment ...........................................................................................................80<br />
5.2.4 Data analysis............................................................................................................................81<br />
5.3 Results ...............................................................................................................................81<br />
5.3.1 Predation-mediated patterns in M. diocles nymph mortality...................................................81<br />
5.3.2 Predation and <strong>of</strong>f-plant migration............................................................................................84<br />
5.4 Discussion .........................................................................................................................86<br />
5.4.1 The top-down view <strong>of</strong> M. diocles population regulation.........................................................86<br />
5.4.2 Is <strong>of</strong>f-plant migration mediated by natural enemies or by resources?.....................................87<br />
5.4.3 Who are the predators?............................................................................................................88<br />
5.4.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................89<br />
6 Concluding remarks ..............................................................................................................91<br />
6.1 Is M. diocles a herbivore specialist?..................................................................................91<br />
6.2 Bottom-up or top-down or both ........................................................................................92<br />
7 Abstract...................................................................................................................................93<br />
8 Literature cited.......................................................................................................................95<br />
9 Appendix...............................................................................................................................113