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3D rendering 3 Reflection Reflection or scattering is the relationship between incoming and outgoing illumination at a given point. Descriptions of scattering are usually given in terms of a bidirectional scattering distribution function or BSDF. Popular reflection rendering techniques in 3D computer graphics include: • Flat shading: A technique that shades each polygon of an object based on the polygon's "normal" and the position and intensity of a light source. • Gouraud shading: Invented by H. Gouraud in 1971, a fast and resource-conscious vertex shading technique used to simulate smoothly shaded surfaces. The Utah teapot • Texture mapping: A technique for simulating a large amount of surface detail by mapping images (textures) onto polygons. • Phong shading: Invented by Bui Tuong Phong, used to simulate specular highlights and smooth shaded surfaces. • Bump mapping: Invented by Jim Blinn, a normal-perturbation technique used to simulate wrinkled surfaces. • Cel shading: A technique used to imitate the look of hand-drawn animation. Shading Shading addresses how different types of scattering are distributed across the surface (i.e., which scattering function applies where). Descriptions of this kind are typically expressed with a program called a shader. (Note that there is some confusion since the word "shader" is sometimes used for programs that describe local geometric variation.) A simple example of shading is texture mapping, which uses an image to specify the diffuse color at each point on a surface, giving it more apparent detail. Transport Transport describes how illumination in a scene gets from one place to another. Visibility is a major component of light transport. Projection
3D rendering 4 The shaded three-dimensional objects must be flattened so that the display device - namely a monitor - can display it in only two dimensions, this process is called 3D projection. This is done using projection and, for most applications, perspective projection. The basic idea behind perspective projection is that objects that are further away are made smaller in relation to those that are closer to the eye. Programs produce perspective by Perspective Projection multiplying a dilation constant raised to the power of the negative of the distance from the observer. A dilation constant of one means that there is no perspective. High dilation constants can cause a "fish-eye" effect in which image distortion begins to occur. Orthographic projection is used mainly in CAD or CAM applications where scientific modeling requires precise measurements and preservation of the third dimension. External links • Art is the basis of Industrial Design [1] • A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation [2] • The ARTS: Episode 5 [3] An in depth interview with Legalize on the subject of the History of Computer Graphics. (Available in MP3 audio format) • CGSociety [4] The Computer Graphics Society • How Stuff Works - 3D Graphics [5] • History of Computer Graphics series of articles [6] • Open Inventor by VSG [7] 3D Graphics Toolkit for Applications Developers References [1] http:/ / www. eapprentice. net/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article& id=159:art-project& catid=64:model-making [2] http:/ / accad. osu. edu/ ~waynec/ history/ lessons. html [3] http:/ / www. acid. org/ radio/ index. html#ARTS-EP05 [4] http:/ / www. cgsociety. org/ [5] http:/ / computer. howstuffworks. com/ 3dgraphics. htm [6] http:/ / hem. passagen. se/ des/ hocg/ hocg_1960. htm [7] http:/ / www. vsg3d. com/ vsg_prod_openinventor. php
Page 1 and 2: 3D Rendering PDF generated using th
Page 3 and 4: Image-based lighting 64 Image plane
Page 5 and 6: References Article Sources and Cont
Page 7: 3D rendering 2 Non real-time Animat
Page 11 and 12: Ambient occlusion 6 ambient occlusi
Page 13 and 14: Ambient occlusion 8 • ShadeVis (h
Page 15 and 16: Anisotropic filtering 10 will only
Page 17 and 18: Beam tracing 12 Beam tracing Beam t
Page 19 and 20: Bilinear filtering 14 Are all true.
Page 21 and 22: Binary space partitioning 16 togeth
Page 23 and 24: Binary space partitioning 18 Other
Page 25 and 26: Binary space partitioning 20 [1] Bi
Page 27 and 28: Bounding interval hierarchy 22 Prop
Page 29 and 30: Bounding volume 24 bounding boxes b
Page 31 and 32: Bump mapping 26 Bump mapping Bump m
Page 33 and 34: CatmullClark subdivision surface 28
Page 35 and 36: CatmullClark subdivision surface 30
Page 37 and 38: Conversion between quaternions and
Page 39 and 40: Cube mapping 34 Advantages Cube map
Page 41 and 42: Cube mapping 36 Related A large set
Page 43 and 44: Diffuse reflection 38 2), or, of co
Page 45 and 46: Displacement mapping 40 Meaning of
Page 47 and 48: DooSabin subdivision surface 42 Ext
Page 49 and 50: False radiosity 44 False radiosity
Page 51 and 52: Geometry pipelines 46 Geometry pipe
Page 53 and 54: Global illumination 48 Rendering wi
Page 55 and 56: Gouraud shading 50 Gouraud shading
Page 57 and 58: Graphics pipeline 52 Graphics pipel
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Graphics pipeline 54 References 1.
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Hidden surface determination 56 imp
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High dynamic range rendering 58 Hig
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High dynamic range rendering 60 Ton
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High dynamic range rendering 62 Fro
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High dynamic range rendering 64 •
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Irregular Z-buffer 66 Applications
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Lambert's cosine law 68 than would
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Lambertian reflectance 70 Lambertia
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Level of detail 72 Well known appro
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Level of detail 74 Hierarchical LOD
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Newell's algorithm 76 Newell's algo
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 78 Us
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 80 of
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 82 ar
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 84 Ex
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Normal mapping 86 How it works To c
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OrenNayar reflectance model 88 Oren
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OrenNayar reflectance model 90 , ,
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Painter's algorithm 92 The algorith
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Parallax mapping 94 • Parallax Ma
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Particle system 96 A cube emitting
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Path tracing 98 History Further inf
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Path tracing 100 Scattering distrib
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Phong reflection model 102 Visual i
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Phong reflection model 104 Because
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Phong shading 106 Visual illustrati
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Photon mapping 108 Rendering (2nd p
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Photon tracing 110 Advantages and d
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Potentially visible set 112 • Can
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Potentially visible set 114 Externa
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Procedural generation 116 increases
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Procedural generation 118 • Softi
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Procedural generation 120 Reference
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Procedural texture 122 Self-organiz
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Procedural texture 124 References [
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3D projection 126 The distance of t
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Quaternions and spatial rotation 12
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Radiosity 140 Overview of the radio
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Radiosity 142 This is sometimes kno
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Radiosity 144 References [1] " Mode
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Ray casting 146 the light will reac
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Ray tracing 148 Typically, each ray
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Ray tracing 150 independence of eac
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Ray tracing 152 On June 12, 2008 In
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Reflection 154 Reflection Reflectio
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Reflection 156 Glossy Reflection Fu
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Reflection mapping 158 Cube mapping
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Render Output unit 160 Render Outpu
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Rendering 162 • indirect illumina
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Rendering 164 Ray tracing Ray traci
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Rendering 166 Academic core The imp
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Rendering 168 • 1984 Distributed
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Retained mode 170 Retained mode In
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Scanline rendering 172 Comparison w
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Screen Space Ambient Occlusion 174
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Screen Space Ambient Occlusion 176
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Shadow mapping 178 Algorithm overvi
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Shadow mapping 180 Drawing the scen
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Shadow mapping 182 Further reading
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Shadow volume 184 There is also a p
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Shadow volume 186 The depth fail me
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Silhouette edge 188 Silhouette edge
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Specular highlight 190 Specular hig
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Specular highlight 192 normalized o
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Sphere mapping 194 Sphere mapping I
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Stencil codes 196 Stencil codes Ste
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Stencil codes 198 Stencils The shap
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Stencil codes 200 [7] Wellein, G et
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Subdivision surface 202 used a four
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Subsurface scattering 204 Subsurfac
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Subsurface scattering 206 External
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Surface normal 208 If a (possibly n
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Surface normal 210 Normal in geomet
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Texture filtering 212 Texture filte
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Texture mapping 214 Texture mapping
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Texture mapping 216 constant distan
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Texture synthesis 218 • Structure
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Texture synthesis 220 Pattern-based
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Texture synthesis 222 • Micro-tex
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UV mapping 224 A UV map can either
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Vertex 226 Polytope vertices are re
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Vertex Buffer Object 228 //Make the
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Vertex Buffer Object 230 GLuint sha
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Vertex Buffer Object 232 vertexes *
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Virtual actor 234 Virtual actor A v
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Virtual actor 236 exercises, and ev
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Volume rendering 238 Volume ray cas
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Volume rendering 240 Maximum intens
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Volume rendering 242 Image-based me
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Volumetric lighting 244 References
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Voxel 246 • Outcast, a game made
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Z-buffering 248 Z-buffering In comp
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Z-buffering 250 } } display COLOR a
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Z-fighting 252 Z-fighting Z-fightin
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Appendix 3D computer graphics softw
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3D computer graphics software 256
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3D computer graphics software 258
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3D computer graphics software 260 2
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Article Sources and Contributors 26
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Article Sources and Contributors 26
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contrib
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contrib
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