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Gouraud shading 51 Gouraud-shaded sphere - note the poor behaviour of the specular References highlight. [1] Gouraud, Henri (1971). Computer Display of Curved Surfaces, Doctoral Thesis. University of Utah. The same sphere rendered with a very high polygon count. [2] Gouraud, Henri (1971). "Continuous shading of curved surfaces". IEEE Transactions on Computers C-20 (6): 623–629. [3] Gouraud, Henri (1998). "Continuous shading of curved surfaces" (http:/ / old. siggraph. org/ publications/ seminal-graphics. shtml). In Rosalee Wolfe (ed.). Seminal Graphics: Pioneering efforts that shaped the field. ACM Press. ISBN 1-58113-052-X. .
Graphics pipeline 52 Graphics pipeline In 3D computer graphics, the terms graphics pipeline or rendering pipeline most commonly refers to the current state of the art method of rasterization-based rendering as supported by commodity graphics hardware pipeline . The graphics pipeline typically accepts some representation of a three-dimensional primitives as an input and results in a 2D raster image as output. OpenGL and Direct3D are two notable 3d graphic standards, both describing very similar graphic pipeline. Stages of the graphics pipeline Generations of graphic pipeline Graphic pipeline constantly evolve. This article describe graphic pipeline as can be found in OpenGL 3.2 and Direct3D 9. Transformation This stage consumes data about polygons with vertices, edges and faces that constitute the whole scene. A matrix controls the linear transformations (scaling, rotation, translation, etc.) and viewing transformations (world and view space) that are to be applied on this data. Per-vertex lighting Geometry in the complete 3D scene is lit according to the defined locations of light sources, reflectance, and other surface properties. Current hardware implementations of the graphics pipeline compute lighting only at the vertices of the polygons being rendered. The lighting values between vertices are then interpolated during rasterization. Per-fragment (i.e. per-pixel) lighting can be done on modern graphics hardware as a post-rasterization process by means of a shader program. Viewing transformation or normalizing transformation Objects are transformed from 3-D world space coordinates into a 3-D coordinate system based on the position and orientation of a virtual camera. This results in the original 3D scene as seen from the camera’s point of view, defined in what is called eye space or camera space. The normalizing transformation is the mathematical inverse of the viewing transformation, and maps from an arbitrary user-specified coordinate system (u, v, w) to a canonical coordinate system (x, y, z). Primitives generation After the transformation, new primitives are generated from those primitives that were sent to the beginning of the graphics pipeline. Projection transformation In the case of a Perspective projection, objects which are distant from the camera are made smaller (sheared). In an orthographic projection, objects retain their original size regardless of distance from the camera. In this stage of the graphics pipeline, geometry is transformed from the eye space of the rendering camera into a special 3D coordinate space called "Homogeneous Clip Space", which is very convenient for clipping. Clip Space tends to range from [-1, 1] in X,Y,Z, although this can vary by graphics API(Direct3D or OpenGL). The Projection Transform is responsible for mapping the planes of the camera's viewing volume (or Frustum) to the planes of the box which makes up Clip Space.
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3D Rendering PDF generated using th
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Image-based lighting 64 Image plane
Page 5 and 6: References Article Sources and Cont
Page 7 and 8: 3D rendering 2 Non real-time Animat
Page 9 and 10: 3D rendering 4 The shaded three-dim
Page 11 and 12: Ambient occlusion 6 ambient occlusi
Page 13 and 14: Ambient occlusion 8 • ShadeVis (h
Page 15 and 16: Anisotropic filtering 10 will only
Page 17 and 18: Beam tracing 12 Beam tracing Beam t
Page 19 and 20: Bilinear filtering 14 Are all true.
Page 21 and 22: Binary space partitioning 16 togeth
Page 23 and 24: Binary space partitioning 18 Other
Page 25 and 26: Binary space partitioning 20 [1] Bi
Page 27 and 28: Bounding interval hierarchy 22 Prop
Page 29 and 30: Bounding volume 24 bounding boxes b
Page 31 and 32: Bump mapping 26 Bump mapping Bump m
Page 33 and 34: CatmullClark subdivision surface 28
Page 35 and 36: CatmullClark subdivision surface 30
Page 37 and 38: Conversion between quaternions and
Page 39 and 40: Cube mapping 34 Advantages Cube map
Page 41 and 42: Cube mapping 36 Related A large set
Page 43 and 44: Diffuse reflection 38 2), or, of co
Page 45 and 46: Displacement mapping 40 Meaning of
Page 47 and 48: DooSabin subdivision surface 42 Ext
Page 49 and 50: False radiosity 44 False radiosity
Page 51 and 52: Geometry pipelines 46 Geometry pipe
Page 53 and 54: Global illumination 48 Rendering wi
Page 55: Gouraud shading 50 Gouraud shading
Page 59 and 60: Graphics pipeline 54 References 1.
Page 61 and 62: Hidden surface determination 56 imp
Page 63 and 64: High dynamic range rendering 58 Hig
Page 65 and 66: High dynamic range rendering 60 Ton
Page 67 and 68: High dynamic range rendering 62 Fro
Page 69 and 70: High dynamic range rendering 64 •
Page 71 and 72: Irregular Z-buffer 66 Applications
Page 73 and 74: Lambert's cosine law 68 than would
Page 75 and 76: Lambertian reflectance 70 Lambertia
Page 77 and 78: Level of detail 72 Well known appro
Page 79 and 80: Level of detail 74 Hierarchical LOD
Page 81 and 82: Newell's algorithm 76 Newell's algo
Page 83 and 84: Non-uniform rational B-spline 78 Us
Page 85 and 86: Non-uniform rational B-spline 80 of
Page 87 and 88: Non-uniform rational B-spline 82 ar
Page 89 and 90: Non-uniform rational B-spline 84 Ex
Page 91 and 92: Normal mapping 86 How it works To c
Page 93 and 94: OrenNayar reflectance model 88 Oren
Page 95 and 96: OrenNayar reflectance model 90 , ,
Page 97 and 98: Painter's algorithm 92 The algorith
Page 99 and 100: Parallax mapping 94 • Parallax Ma
Page 101 and 102: Particle system 96 A cube emitting
Page 103 and 104: Path tracing 98 History Further inf
Page 105 and 106: Path tracing 100 Scattering distrib
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Phong reflection model 102 Visual i
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Phong reflection model 104 Because
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Phong shading 106 Visual illustrati
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Photon mapping 108 Rendering (2nd p
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Photon tracing 110 Advantages and d
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Potentially visible set 112 • Can
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Potentially visible set 114 Externa
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Procedural generation 116 increases
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Procedural generation 118 • Softi
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Procedural generation 120 Reference
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Procedural texture 122 Self-organiz
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Procedural texture 124 References [
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3D projection 126 The distance of t
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Quaternions and spatial rotation 12
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Radiosity 140 Overview of the radio
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Radiosity 142 This is sometimes kno
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Radiosity 144 References [1] " Mode
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Ray casting 146 the light will reac
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Ray tracing 148 Typically, each ray
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Ray tracing 150 independence of eac
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Ray tracing 152 On June 12, 2008 In
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Reflection 154 Reflection Reflectio
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Reflection 156 Glossy Reflection Fu
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Reflection mapping 158 Cube mapping
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Render Output unit 160 Render Outpu
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Rendering 162 • indirect illumina
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Rendering 164 Ray tracing Ray traci
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Rendering 166 Academic core The imp
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Rendering 168 • 1984 Distributed
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Retained mode 170 Retained mode In
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Scanline rendering 172 Comparison w
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Screen Space Ambient Occlusion 174
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Screen Space Ambient Occlusion 176
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Shadow mapping 178 Algorithm overvi
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Shadow mapping 180 Drawing the scen
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Shadow mapping 182 Further reading
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Shadow volume 184 There is also a p
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Shadow volume 186 The depth fail me
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Silhouette edge 188 Silhouette edge
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Specular highlight 190 Specular hig
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Specular highlight 192 normalized o
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Sphere mapping 194 Sphere mapping I
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Stencil codes 196 Stencil codes Ste
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Stencil codes 198 Stencils The shap
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Stencil codes 200 [7] Wellein, G et
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Subdivision surface 202 used a four
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Subsurface scattering 204 Subsurfac
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Subsurface scattering 206 External
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Surface normal 208 If a (possibly n
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Surface normal 210 Normal in geomet
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Texture filtering 212 Texture filte
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Texture mapping 214 Texture mapping
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Texture mapping 216 constant distan
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Texture synthesis 218 • Structure
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Texture synthesis 220 Pattern-based
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Texture synthesis 222 • Micro-tex
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UV mapping 224 A UV map can either
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Vertex 226 Polytope vertices are re
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Vertex Buffer Object 228 //Make the
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Vertex Buffer Object 230 GLuint sha
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Vertex Buffer Object 232 vertexes *
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Virtual actor 234 Virtual actor A v
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Virtual actor 236 exercises, and ev
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Volume rendering 238 Volume ray cas
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Volume rendering 240 Maximum intens
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Volume rendering 242 Image-based me
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Volumetric lighting 244 References
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Voxel 246 • Outcast, a game made
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Z-buffering 248 Z-buffering In comp
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Z-buffering 250 } } display COLOR a
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Z-fighting 252 Z-fighting Z-fightin
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Appendix 3D computer graphics softw
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3D computer graphics software 256
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3D computer graphics software 258
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3D computer graphics software 260 2
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Article Sources and Contributors 26
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Article Sources and Contributors 26
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contrib
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contrib
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