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Rendering 169 External links • SIGGRAPH [30] The ACMs special interest group in graphics — the largest academic and professional association and conference. • http:/ / www. cs. brown. edu/ ~tor/ List of links to (recent) siggraph papers (and some others) on the web. References [1] http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ summary?doi=10. 1. 1. 56. 830 [2] http:/ / portal. acm. org/ citation. cfm?id=1185817& jmp=abstract& coll=GUIDE& dl=GUIDE [3] http:/ / graphics. stanford. edu/ courses/ Appel. pdf [4] http:/ / www. cs. uiowa. edu/ ~cwyman/ classes/ spring05-22C251/ papers/ ContinuousShadingOfCurvedSurfaces. pdf [5] http:/ / www. pixartouchbook. com/ storage/ catmull_thesis. pdf [6] http:/ / jesper. kalliope. org/ blog/ library/ p311-phong. pdf [7] http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 87. 8903& rep=rep1& type=pdf [8] http:/ / design. osu. edu/ carlson/ history/ PDFs/ crow-shadows. pdf [9] http:/ / citeseer. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 134. 8225& rep=rep1& type=pdf [10] http:/ / research. microsoft. com/ pubs/ 73939/ p286-blinn. pdf [11] http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 112. 4406& rep=rep1& type=pdf [12] http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 114. 7629& rep=rep1& type=pdf [13] http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 88. 7796& rep=rep1& type=pdf [14] http:/ / citeseer. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 163. 6298& rep=rep1& type=pdf [15] http:/ / keithp. com/ ~keithp/ porterduff/ p253-porter. pdf [16] http:/ / www. cs. rutgers. edu/ ~nealen/ teaching/ cs428_fall09/ readings/ cook84. pdf [17] http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 112. 356& rep=rep1& type=pdf [18] http:/ / www. arnetminer. org/ dev. do?m=downloadpdf& url=http:/ / arnetminer. org/ pdf/ PDFFiles2/ --g---g-Index1255026826706/ The%20hemi-cube%20%20a%20radiosity%20solution%20for%20complex%20environments1255058011060. pdf [19] http:/ / citeseer. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 31. 581& rep=rep1& type=pdf [20] http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 63. 1402& rep=rep1& type=pdf [21] http:/ / graphics. pixar. com/ library/ Reyes/ paper. pdf [22] http:/ / citeseer. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 93. 5694& rep=rep1& type=pdf [23] http:/ / smartech. gatech. edu/ bitstream/ handle/ 1853/ 3686/ 92-31. pdf?sequence=1 [24] http:/ / citeseer. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 57. 9761& rep=rep1& type=pdf [25] http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 97. 2724& rep=rep1& type=pdf [26] http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 88. 944& rep=rep1& type=pdf [27] http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 15. 240& rep=rep1& type=pdf [28] http:/ / www. mpi-inf. mpg. de/ ~jnkautz/ projects/ prt/ prtSIG02. pdf [29] http:/ / radsite. lbl. gov/ radiance/ papers/ sg94. 1/ [30] http:/ / www. siggraph. org/
Retained mode 170 Retained mode In computing, retained mode rendering is a style for application programming interfaces of graphics libraries, in which the libraries retain a complete model of the objects to be rendered. Overview By using a "retained mode" approach, client calls do not directly cause actual rendering, but instead update an internal model (typically a list of objects) which is maintained within the library's data space. This allows the library to optimize when actual rendering takes place along with the processing of related objects. Some techniques to optimize rendering include: • managing double buffering • performing occlusion culling • only transferring data that has changed from one frame to the next from the application to the library Immediate mode is an alternative approach; the two styles can coexist in the same library and are not necessarily exclusionary in practice. For example, OpenGL has immediate mode functions that can use previously defined server side objects (textures, vertex and index buffers, shaders, etc.) without resending unchanged data. Scanline rendering Scanline rendering is an algorithm for visible surface determination, in 3D computer graphics, that works on a row-by-row basis rather than a polygon-by-polygon or pixel-by-pixel basis. All of the polygons to be rendered are first sorted by the top y coordinate at which they first appear, then each row or scan line of the image is computed using the intersection of a scan line with the polygons on the front of the sorted list, while the sorted list is updated to discard no-longer-visible polygons as the active scan line is advanced down the picture. The main advantage of this method is that sorting vertices along the normal of the scanning plane reduces the number of comparisons between edges. Another advantage is that it is not necessary to translate the coordinates of all vertices from the main memory into the working memory—only vertices defining edges that intersect the current scan line need to be in active memory, and each vertex is read in only once. The main memory is often very slow compared to the link between the central processing unit and cache memory, and thus avoiding re-accessing vertices in main memory can provide a substantial speedup. This kind of algorithm can be easily integrated with the Phong reflection model, the Z-buffer algorithm, and many other graphics techniques. Algorithm The usual method starts with edges of projected polygons inserted into buckets, one per scanline; the rasterizer maintains an active edge table(AET). Entries maintain sort links, X coordinates, gradients, and references to the polygons they bound. To rasterize the next scanline, the edges no longer relevant are removed; new edges from the current scanlines' Y-bucket are added, inserted sorted by X coordinate. The active edge table entries have X and other parameter information incremented. Active edge table entries are maintained in an X-sorted list by bubble sort, effecting a change when 2 edges cross. After updating edges, the active edge table is traversed in X order to emit only the visible spans, maintaining a Z-sorted active Span table, inserting and deleting the surfaces when edges are crossed.
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3D Rendering PDF generated using th
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Image-based lighting 64 Image plane
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References Article Sources and Cont
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3D rendering 2 Non real-time Animat
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3D rendering 4 The shaded three-dim
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Ambient occlusion 6 ambient occlusi
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Ambient occlusion 8 • ShadeVis (h
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Anisotropic filtering 10 will only
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Beam tracing 12 Beam tracing Beam t
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Bilinear filtering 14 Are all true.
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Binary space partitioning 16 togeth
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Binary space partitioning 18 Other
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Binary space partitioning 20 [1] Bi
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Bounding interval hierarchy 22 Prop
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Bounding volume 24 bounding boxes b
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Bump mapping 26 Bump mapping Bump m
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CatmullClark subdivision surface 28
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CatmullClark subdivision surface 30
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Conversion between quaternions and
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Cube mapping 34 Advantages Cube map
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Cube mapping 36 Related A large set
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Diffuse reflection 38 2), or, of co
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Displacement mapping 40 Meaning of
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DooSabin subdivision surface 42 Ext
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False radiosity 44 False radiosity
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Geometry pipelines 46 Geometry pipe
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Global illumination 48 Rendering wi
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Gouraud shading 50 Gouraud shading
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Graphics pipeline 52 Graphics pipel
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Graphics pipeline 54 References 1.
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Hidden surface determination 56 imp
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High dynamic range rendering 58 Hig
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High dynamic range rendering 60 Ton
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High dynamic range rendering 62 Fro
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High dynamic range rendering 64 •
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Irregular Z-buffer 66 Applications
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Lambert's cosine law 68 than would
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Lambertian reflectance 70 Lambertia
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Level of detail 72 Well known appro
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Level of detail 74 Hierarchical LOD
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Newell's algorithm 76 Newell's algo
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 78 Us
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 80 of
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 82 ar
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 84 Ex
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Normal mapping 86 How it works To c
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OrenNayar reflectance model 88 Oren
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OrenNayar reflectance model 90 , ,
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Painter's algorithm 92 The algorith
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Parallax mapping 94 • Parallax Ma
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Particle system 96 A cube emitting
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Path tracing 98 History Further inf
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Path tracing 100 Scattering distrib
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Phong reflection model 102 Visual i
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Phong reflection model 104 Because
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Phong shading 106 Visual illustrati
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Photon mapping 108 Rendering (2nd p
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Photon tracing 110 Advantages and d
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Potentially visible set 112 • Can
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Potentially visible set 114 Externa
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Procedural generation 116 increases
Page 123 and 124: Procedural generation 118 • Softi
Page 125 and 126: Procedural generation 120 Reference
Page 127 and 128: Procedural texture 122 Self-organiz
Page 129 and 130: Procedural texture 124 References [
Page 131 and 132: 3D projection 126 The distance of t
Page 133 and 134: Quaternions and spatial rotation 12
Page 145 and 146: Radiosity 140 Overview of the radio
Page 147 and 148: Radiosity 142 This is sometimes kno
Page 149 and 150: Radiosity 144 References [1] " Mode
Page 151 and 152: Ray casting 146 the light will reac
Page 153 and 154: Ray tracing 148 Typically, each ray
Page 155 and 156: Ray tracing 150 independence of eac
Page 157 and 158: Ray tracing 152 On June 12, 2008 In
Page 159 and 160: Reflection 154 Reflection Reflectio
Page 161 and 162: Reflection 156 Glossy Reflection Fu
Page 163 and 164: Reflection mapping 158 Cube mapping
Page 165 and 166: Render Output unit 160 Render Outpu
Page 167 and 168: Rendering 162 • indirect illumina
Page 169 and 170: Rendering 164 Ray tracing Ray traci
Page 171 and 172: Rendering 166 Academic core The imp
Page 173: Rendering 168 • 1984 Distributed
Page 177 and 178: Scanline rendering 172 Comparison w
Page 179 and 180: Screen Space Ambient Occlusion 174
Page 181 and 182: Screen Space Ambient Occlusion 176
Page 183 and 184: Shadow mapping 178 Algorithm overvi
Page 185 and 186: Shadow mapping 180 Drawing the scen
Page 187 and 188: Shadow mapping 182 Further reading
Page 189 and 190: Shadow volume 184 There is also a p
Page 191 and 192: Shadow volume 186 The depth fail me
Page 193 and 194: Silhouette edge 188 Silhouette edge
Page 195 and 196: Specular highlight 190 Specular hig
Page 197 and 198: Specular highlight 192 normalized o
Page 199 and 200: Sphere mapping 194 Sphere mapping I
Page 201 and 202: Stencil codes 196 Stencil codes Ste
Page 203 and 204: Stencil codes 198 Stencils The shap
Page 205 and 206: Stencil codes 200 [7] Wellein, G et
Page 207 and 208: Subdivision surface 202 used a four
Page 209 and 210: Subsurface scattering 204 Subsurfac
Page 211 and 212: Subsurface scattering 206 External
Page 213 and 214: Surface normal 208 If a (possibly n
Page 215 and 216: Surface normal 210 Normal in geomet
Page 217 and 218: Texture filtering 212 Texture filte
Page 219 and 220: Texture mapping 214 Texture mapping
Page 221 and 222: Texture mapping 216 constant distan
Page 223 and 224: Texture synthesis 218 • Structure
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Texture synthesis 220 Pattern-based
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Texture synthesis 222 • Micro-tex
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UV mapping 224 A UV map can either
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Vertex 226 Polytope vertices are re
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Vertex Buffer Object 228 //Make the
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Vertex Buffer Object 230 GLuint sha
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Vertex Buffer Object 232 vertexes *
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Virtual actor 234 Virtual actor A v
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Virtual actor 236 exercises, and ev
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Volume rendering 238 Volume ray cas
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Volume rendering 240 Maximum intens
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Volume rendering 242 Image-based me
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Volumetric lighting 244 References
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Voxel 246 • Outcast, a game made
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Z-buffering 248 Z-buffering In comp
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Z-buffering 250 } } display COLOR a
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Z-fighting 252 Z-fighting Z-fightin
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Appendix 3D computer graphics softw
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3D computer graphics software 256
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3D computer graphics software 258
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3D computer graphics software 260 2
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Article Sources and Contributors 26
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Article Sources and Contributors 26
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contrib
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contrib
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