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Ray tracing 153 Now we only need to compute the intersection of the latter ray with our field of view, to get the pixel which our reflected light ray will hit. Lastly, this pixel is set to an appropriate color, taking into account how the color of the original light source and the one of the sphere are combined by the reflection. This is merely the math behind the line–sphere intersection and the subsequent determination of the colour of the pixel being calculated. There is, of course, far more to the general process of raytracing, but this demonstrates an example of the algorithms used. References [1] Appel A. (1968) Some techniques for shading machine rendering of solids (http:/ / graphics. stanford. edu/ courses/ Appel. pdf). AFIPS Conference Proc. 32 pp.37-45 [2] Whitted T. (1979) An improved illumination model for shaded display (http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ summary?doi=10. 1. 1. 156. 1534). Proceedings of the 6th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques [3] Tomas Nikodym (June 2010). "Ray Tracing Algorithm For Interactive Applications" (https:/ / dip. felk. cvut. cz/ browse/ pdfcache/ nikodtom_2010bach. pdf). Czech Technical University, FEE. . [4] A. Chalmers, T. Davis, and E. Reinhard. Practical parallel rendering, ISBN 1568811799. AK Peters, Ltd., 2002. [5] Eric P. Lafortune and Yves D. Willems (December 1993). "Bi-Directional Path Tracing" (http:/ / www. graphics. cornell. edu/ ~eric/ Portugal. html). Proceedings of Compugraphics '93: 145–153. . [6] Péter Dornbach. "Implementation of bidirectional ray tracing algorithm" (http:/ / www. cescg. org/ CESCG98/ PDornbach/ index. html). . Retrieved 2008-06-11. [7] Global Illumination using Photon Maps (http:/ / graphics. ucsd. edu/ ~henrik/ papers/ photon_map/ global_illumination_using_photon_maps_egwr96. pdf) [8] Photon Mapping - Zack Waters (http:/ / web. cs. wpi. edu/ ~emmanuel/ courses/ cs563/ write_ups/ zackw/ photon_mapping/ PhotonMapping. html) [9] http:/ / graphics. stanford. edu/ papers/ metro/ metro. pdf [10] See Proceedings of 4th Computer Graphics Workshop, Cambridge, MA, USA, October 1987. Usenix Association, 1987. pp 86–98. [11] "About BRL-CAD" (http:/ / brlcad. org/ d/ about). . Retrieved 2009-07-28. [12] Piero Foscari. "The Realtime Raytracing Realm" (http:/ / www. acm. org/ tog/ resources/ RTNews/ demos/ overview. htm). ACM Transactions on Graphics. . Retrieved 2007-09-17. [13] Mark Ward (March 16, 2007). "Rays light up life-like graphics" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ technology/ 6457951. stm). BBC News. . Retrieved 2007-09-17. [14] Theo Valich (June 12, 2008). "Intel converts ET: Quake Wars to ray tracing" (http:/ / www. tgdaily. com/ html_tmp/ content-view-37925-113. html). TG Daily. . Retrieved 2008-06-16. [15] Nvidia (October 18, 2009). "Nvidia OptiX" (http:/ / www. nvidia. com/ object/ optix. html). Nvidia. . Retrieved 2009-11-06. External links • What is ray tracing ? (http:/ / www. codermind. com/ articles/ Raytracer-in-C+ + -Introduction-What-is-ray-tracing. html) • Ray Tracing and Gaming - Quake 4: Ray Traced Project (http:/ / www. pcper. com/ article. php?aid=334) • Ray tracing and Gaming - One Year Later (http:/ / www. pcper. com/ article. php?aid=506) • Interactive Ray Tracing: The replacement of rasterization? (http:/ / www. few. vu. nl/ ~kielmann/ theses/ avdploeg. pdf) • A series of tutorials on implementing a raytracer using C++ (http:/ / www. devmaster. net/ articles/ raytracing_series/ part1. php) Videos • The Compleat Angler (1978) (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=WV4qXzM641o)
Reflection 154 Reflection Reflection in computer graphics is used to emulate reflective objects like mirrors and shiny surfaces. Reflection is accomplished in a ray trace renderer by following a ray from the eye to the mirror and then calculating where it bounces from, and continuing the process until no surface is found, or a non-reflective surface is found. Reflection on a shiny surface like wood or tile can add to the photorealistic effects of a 3D rendering. • Polished - A Polished Reflection is an undisturbed reflection, like a mirror or chrome. • Blurry - A Blurry Reflection means that tiny random bumps on the surface of the material cause the reflection to be blurry. • Metallic - A reflection is Metallic if the highlights and reflections retain the color of the reflective object. • Glossy - This term can be misused. Sometimes it is a setting which is the opposite of Blurry. (When "Glossiness" has a low value, the reflection is blurry.) However, some people use the term "Glossy Ray traced model demonstrating specular reflection. Reflection" as a synonym for "Blurred Reflection." Glossy used in this context means that the reflection is actually blurred. Examples Polished or Mirror reflection Mirrors are usually almost 100% reflective. Mirror on wall rendered with 100% reflection.
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3D Rendering PDF generated using th
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Image-based lighting 64 Image plane
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References Article Sources and Cont
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3D rendering 2 Non real-time Animat
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3D rendering 4 The shaded three-dim
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Ambient occlusion 6 ambient occlusi
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Ambient occlusion 8 • ShadeVis (h
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Anisotropic filtering 10 will only
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Beam tracing 12 Beam tracing Beam t
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Bilinear filtering 14 Are all true.
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Binary space partitioning 16 togeth
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Binary space partitioning 18 Other
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Binary space partitioning 20 [1] Bi
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Bounding interval hierarchy 22 Prop
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Bounding volume 24 bounding boxes b
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Bump mapping 26 Bump mapping Bump m
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CatmullClark subdivision surface 28
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CatmullClark subdivision surface 30
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Conversion between quaternions and
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Cube mapping 34 Advantages Cube map
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Cube mapping 36 Related A large set
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Diffuse reflection 38 2), or, of co
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Displacement mapping 40 Meaning of
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DooSabin subdivision surface 42 Ext
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False radiosity 44 False radiosity
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Geometry pipelines 46 Geometry pipe
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Global illumination 48 Rendering wi
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Gouraud shading 50 Gouraud shading
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Graphics pipeline 52 Graphics pipel
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Graphics pipeline 54 References 1.
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Hidden surface determination 56 imp
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High dynamic range rendering 58 Hig
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High dynamic range rendering 60 Ton
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High dynamic range rendering 62 Fro
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High dynamic range rendering 64 •
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Irregular Z-buffer 66 Applications
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Lambert's cosine law 68 than would
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Lambertian reflectance 70 Lambertia
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Level of detail 72 Well known appro
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Level of detail 74 Hierarchical LOD
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Newell's algorithm 76 Newell's algo
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 78 Us
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 80 of
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 82 ar
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Non-uniform rational B-spline 84 Ex
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Normal mapping 86 How it works To c
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OrenNayar reflectance model 88 Oren
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OrenNayar reflectance model 90 , ,
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Painter's algorithm 92 The algorith
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Parallax mapping 94 • Parallax Ma
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Particle system 96 A cube emitting
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Path tracing 98 History Further inf
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Path tracing 100 Scattering distrib
Page 107 and 108: Phong reflection model 102 Visual i
Page 109 and 110: Phong reflection model 104 Because
Page 111 and 112: Phong shading 106 Visual illustrati
Page 113 and 114: Photon mapping 108 Rendering (2nd p
Page 115 and 116: Photon tracing 110 Advantages and d
Page 117 and 118: Potentially visible set 112 • Can
Page 119 and 120: Potentially visible set 114 Externa
Page 121 and 122: Procedural generation 116 increases
Page 123 and 124: Procedural generation 118 • Softi
Page 125 and 126: Procedural generation 120 Reference
Page 127 and 128: Procedural texture 122 Self-organiz
Page 129 and 130: Procedural texture 124 References [
Page 131 and 132: 3D projection 126 The distance of t
Page 133 and 134: Quaternions and spatial rotation 12
Page 145 and 146: Radiosity 140 Overview of the radio
Page 147 and 148: Radiosity 142 This is sometimes kno
Page 149 and 150: Radiosity 144 References [1] " Mode
Page 151 and 152: Ray casting 146 the light will reac
Page 153 and 154: Ray tracing 148 Typically, each ray
Page 155 and 156: Ray tracing 150 independence of eac
Page 157: Ray tracing 152 On June 12, 2008 In
Page 161 and 162: Reflection 156 Glossy Reflection Fu
Page 163 and 164: Reflection mapping 158 Cube mapping
Page 165 and 166: Render Output unit 160 Render Outpu
Page 167 and 168: Rendering 162 • indirect illumina
Page 169 and 170: Rendering 164 Ray tracing Ray traci
Page 171 and 172: Rendering 166 Academic core The imp
Page 173 and 174: Rendering 168 • 1984 Distributed
Page 175 and 176: Retained mode 170 Retained mode In
Page 177 and 178: Scanline rendering 172 Comparison w
Page 179 and 180: Screen Space Ambient Occlusion 174
Page 181 and 182: Screen Space Ambient Occlusion 176
Page 183 and 184: Shadow mapping 178 Algorithm overvi
Page 185 and 186: Shadow mapping 180 Drawing the scen
Page 187 and 188: Shadow mapping 182 Further reading
Page 189 and 190: Shadow volume 184 There is also a p
Page 191 and 192: Shadow volume 186 The depth fail me
Page 193 and 194: Silhouette edge 188 Silhouette edge
Page 195 and 196: Specular highlight 190 Specular hig
Page 197 and 198: Specular highlight 192 normalized o
Page 199 and 200: Sphere mapping 194 Sphere mapping I
Page 201 and 202: Stencil codes 196 Stencil codes Ste
Page 203 and 204: Stencil codes 198 Stencils The shap
Page 205 and 206: Stencil codes 200 [7] Wellein, G et
Page 207 and 208: Subdivision surface 202 used a four
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Subsurface scattering 204 Subsurfac
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Subsurface scattering 206 External
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Surface normal 208 If a (possibly n
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Surface normal 210 Normal in geomet
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Texture filtering 212 Texture filte
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Texture mapping 214 Texture mapping
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Texture mapping 216 constant distan
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Texture synthesis 218 • Structure
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Texture synthesis 220 Pattern-based
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Texture synthesis 222 • Micro-tex
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UV mapping 224 A UV map can either
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Vertex 226 Polytope vertices are re
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Vertex Buffer Object 228 //Make the
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Vertex Buffer Object 230 GLuint sha
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Vertex Buffer Object 232 vertexes *
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Virtual actor 234 Virtual actor A v
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Virtual actor 236 exercises, and ev
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Volume rendering 238 Volume ray cas
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Volume rendering 240 Maximum intens
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Volume rendering 242 Image-based me
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Volumetric lighting 244 References
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Voxel 246 • Outcast, a game made
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Z-buffering 248 Z-buffering In comp
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Z-buffering 250 } } display COLOR a
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Z-fighting 252 Z-fighting Z-fightin
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Appendix 3D computer graphics softw
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3D computer graphics software 256
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3D computer graphics software 258
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3D computer graphics software 260 2
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Article Sources and Contributors 26
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Article Sources and Contributors 26
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contrib
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contrib
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