1 - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID
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66<br />
ACTION MEMORANDUM FOR THE ASSISTANT APMINISTRATOR FOR AFRICA<br />
FROM: AFR/DR hn W. Koehring<br />
-Y26 ~<br />
Problem:. Your authorization is required to execute a grant of One<br />
Million Four Hundred and Seventy Thousand Dollars ($1,470,000) under<br />
the Sahel Development Program (Section 121 of the FAA) to the Islamic<br />
Republic of Mauritania for the Vegetable Production Project No. 682-0204<br />
and for certain coamodity procurement waivers described below.<br />
Discussion:<br />
A. Description of the Project:<br />
1. Project purpose: The purpose of the proposed project is to<br />
determine the feasibility of expanded vegetable production among sedentary<br />
rural groups in the Third, Fifth, and Sixth Regions of Mauritania<br />
through an applied research and vegetable crop demonstration program.<br />
2. Conformance to A.I.D. Country Strategy: This project constitutes<br />
one of six experimental efforts that A.I.D. plans to undertake in<br />
Mauritania over the next five year period. Due to the fact that A.I.D.<br />
does not have prior project experience in the country (except for the<br />
Drought Recovery and Rehabilitation Program), the A.I.D. Affairs Office/<br />
Nouakchott has developed a strategy that rests upon implementing these<br />
experimental efforts before initiating major investments and committing<br />
the Government of Mauritania to a specific pattern of development. This<br />
strategy was approved by AID/W at the ECPR on the Sahel Development Program<br />
Strategy Review held in AID/W during Nove<strong>mb</strong>er 1977.<br />
3. Beneficiaries of the Proect: The initial beneficiary<br />
project<br />
of<br />
will<br />
this<br />
be the extension service of the Directorate of<br />
Ministry<br />
Agriculture,<br />
of Rural Development which will be better prepared to provide<br />
information and services on vegetable cropping systems to<br />
out<br />
farmers<br />
the<br />
through<br />
country. Eleven Mauritanian officials will benefit from<br />
training<br />
the<br />
component of this project. Later beneficiaries of this<br />
research<br />
adaptive<br />
project will be those farm families who work with the<br />
tionimplementa<br />
team in testing techniques and providing information on marketing<br />
nutrition.<br />
and<br />
They will have the opportunity to use improved practices they<br />
develop with the team through the provision of inputs<br />
Ultimate<br />
via this<br />
beneficiaries<br />
project.<br />
will be Mauritania's farmers who will have<br />
access<br />
greater<br />
to information on appropriate production techniques and marketing<br />
practices.
3. Financia Sm-ary<br />
-2<br />
One Million Four Hundred and Seventy Thousand Dollars ($1,470,000)<br />
are requested from FY 1978 funds for life of project costs. These funds<br />
will be spent as follows:<br />
($000's)<br />
FY78 LOP Funding.*<br />
Cocoodities $ 214 $ 214<br />
Technical Assistance 975<br />
975<br />
Participants<br />
28 28<br />
Other 253 253<br />
TOTAL $1,470 $1,470<br />
Peace Corps 135 405<br />
Host Country Financing 123 370<br />
GRAND TOTAL $1,728 $2,245<br />
*Includes 15% inflationary and contingency factor pro<br />
rated between the line items on a proportional basis.<br />
Host country and other donor contributions: Other<br />
the project<br />
contributors<br />
besides<br />
to<br />
A.I.D. will be the Peace Corps<br />
Peace<br />
and<br />
Corps<br />
the<br />
contribution<br />
GIRM. The<br />
will consist of nine volunteers<br />
one<br />
in<br />
agricultural<br />
the form of<br />
specialist, one home economist, and one cooperative<br />
specialist for each<br />
of the three regions where the project will be active.<br />
The total value of their input is calculated to be approximately $405,000.<br />
The Mauritanian Government, on the other hand, will participate by providing<br />
the organizational framework and the eleven extension personnel<br />
through which the farmers will be reached. Other inputs include office<br />
space, training facilities, housing for the PCVs, well construction, a<br />
truck for input delivery, and the land and water resources for the<br />
demonstration areas. The total value of the GIRM inputs will be approximately<br />
$370,000.<br />
C. Soci6-economic, Technial and Environmental Description:<br />
1. The major socio-economic acceptability of the project; technical<br />
analysis: Vegetable gardening is a well-entrenched activity in several<br />
regions and an activity that has provoked a great deal of enthusiasm in<br />
those areas where it has recently been introduced. The challenge of this<br />
project will be to respond to the enthusiasm by (1) testing techniques to<br />
improve production, nutrition levels and incomes; and (2) establishing<br />
demonstration areas in each of the three regions. The specific technical<br />
approaches will be determined by the implementation team and their backstopping<br />
agency.
-3<br />
2. Environmental analysis: It baa bean determined in the .IR that<br />
thw project is enviroumentally sound end that no future environmental'<br />
vAlyses are required.<br />
D. Waiver Requests and Impaentation:<br />
1. Waivers: Waivers of A.I.D, ls source and origin requirements<br />
requested are as follows:<br />
1. Waiver of FAA Section 636(1) to permit Code 935<br />
procurement of five vehicles.<br />
2. i.-.'orzation for local procurement of up to<br />
,55,000 of POL products and minor comodities.<br />
Justification for these waivers can be found in an attachment to this<br />
authorization memorandum.<br />
2. Malor Implementing Agencies; The najor implementi ng agencies<br />
will be the Directorate for Agriculture within the Ministry of Rural<br />
Development and a U.S. contractor who will be selected through the A.I.D.<br />
competitive bidding process.<br />
E. Congressional Apprisement,<br />
There. is an increase in the- Y 19278 funds being requested from what<br />
appeared in the original FY 1978 Congressional Presentation. The project<br />
is also switching funding categories from Food and Nutrition to the Sahel<br />
Development Program. For these reasons a Congressional Notification is<br />
required. The Congressional Notification was submitted on June 8, 1978<br />
and the notification period expired on June 22, 1978.<br />
F. Responsible Project Officers:<br />
Doris Mason, AFR/DR/SFWAP, will be responsible for implementation<br />
actions within AID/W, while Charles Edwards will be responsible for<br />
implementation within the AID Affairs Office/Nouakchott until a full-time<br />
project manager is assigned to post. The full-time officer is currently<br />
in French language training.<br />
Rec mnendations: (A) That you sign the attached PAF II and thereby authorize<br />
both the proposed project and the requested waivers; (B) That you<br />
concur in a Negative Environmental Determination by your signature on the<br />
LEE facesheet.<br />
Attachnent: as stated<br />
AFR/DR/SFWAP :AReed:5/13/78 moa: 28242
Clearancest:<br />
ArWR/ SP: JRcCabj!j<br />
ArR/DR:H~ones (draf)ZF<br />
&rR/DR/SDP:DDibble (draft)<br />
APR/DR. CAngrsan (drAft)<br />
DS/ENGR: JMorgjan_(draEft)<br />
Asr/Swx: FJohnson (draft)<br />
XFRSFWA: Gray (draft)<br />
PiPESFW:Jflierke (draft)<br />
GC/APR: STisa (draft)<br />
APB/DP:WIate (aft)<br />
DA/R: Wiorth_____<br />
-4-
Project Authorization and Request for Allotment of Funds<br />
Part II<br />
Country : Mauritania<br />
Project : Vegetable Production<br />
Project No.: 682-0204<br />
Pursuant to Part 1, Chapter 1, Section 121 of the Foreign Assistance Act<br />
of 1961, as amended, (the "Act"), I hereby authorize a Grant to the<br />
Government of Mauritania ("Cooperating Country") of not to exceed One<br />
Million Four Hundred and Seventy Thousand Dollars ($1,470,000) to assist<br />
in financing certain foreign exchange and local currency costs of goods<br />
and services required for the Project as described in the following<br />
paragraph.<br />
The project shall consist of an effort to determine the feasibility of<br />
expanded vegetable production among sedentary rural groups in the<br />
Third, Fifth and Sixth Regions of the Cooperating Country'through the<br />
provision of technical assistance, training, commodities and support<br />
costs for (a)the collection, compilation and analysis of data related<br />
to the technical, economic, marketing, nutritional-consumer acceptance<br />
feasibility of expanded vegetable production, (b) the establishment of<br />
pilot demonstration areas and a central field trial area in each project<br />
region to conduct applied research and a range of basic agronomic testing,<br />
(c)utilization of participant interest groups to actively involve the<br />
local population and to provide individual farmers with the techniques,<br />
services and commodity support required for execution of the project,<br />
(d)training of personnel of the Cooperating Country to assist in<br />
planning, coordination and implementation, and (e) training of the local<br />
population in palatable, low cost food preparation techniques which<br />
preserve the nutritional content of vegetables (hereinafter referred to<br />
as the "Project").
I hereby authorize the initiation of negotiations and execution of the<br />
Grant Agreement by the officer to whom such authority has been delegated<br />
in accordance with A.I.D. regulations and Delegations of Authority,<br />
subject to the following terms, together with such other terms and<br />
conditions as A.I.D. may deem appropriate:<br />
4-<br />
a. Source and Origin of Goods and Services.<br />
Except for ocean shipping, goods and services financed by A.I.D.<br />
shall have their source and origin in the United States or the Cooperating<br />
Country, except as A.I.D. may otherwise agree in writing. Ocean shipping<br />
financed under the Grant shall be procured in any eligible source country<br />
except the Cooperating Country.<br />
b. Condition Precedent.<br />
Prior to the first disbursement of funds under the Grant, or to the<br />
issuance of commitment documents with respect thereto, the Cooperating<br />
Country shall furnish to A.I.D., in form and substance satisfactory to<br />
A.I.D., evidence of the availability of adequate amounts of funds required<br />
to finance contributions being made to the Project by the Cooperating<br />
Country.<br />
c. Covenants.<br />
The Grant Agreement shall contain covenants providing in substance<br />
as follows:<br />
1. The Cooperating Country shall assign to the Project adequate<br />
nu<strong>mb</strong>er of personnel to ensure the effective implementation of the Project<br />
and the accomplishment of the objectives of the Project;<br />
2. The Cooperating Country shall contribute, or cause to be contributed,<br />
to the Project land and water rights necessary for the effective implementation<br />
of the Project.<br />
3. The Cooperating Country shall provide, within 90 days after the<br />
execution of the Grant Agreement, a plan satisfactory to A.I.D. for the<br />
assumption by the Cooperating Cotitry of a portion of the costs of POL<br />
required for vehicles and for equipment used for the Prjject.<br />
4. A.I.D. shall be designated the agent of the Cooperating Country<br />
for the purpose of procuring goods and services required for the Project.
-3<br />
5. The procurement and use of pes.ticides under the Project shall be<br />
in accordance with A.I.D. pesticide regulations as in effect at the time.<br />
6. The Cooperating Country shall agree to conduct, together with<br />
AID and the contractor within six months of the time the contractor<br />
arrives in Mauritania, an evaluation of the staffing and organizational<br />
arrangements planned for the Project and to make any adjustments thereto<br />
which are identified during such evaluation as important for the effective<br />
Implementation of the Project.<br />
d. Waivers.<br />
Notwithstanding paragraph a. above and based upon the justifications<br />
set forth in Annexes D and E of the Project Paper. I hereby<br />
I. Approve a procurement source waiver from A.I.D. Geographic<br />
Code 000 (U.S. only) to Geographic Code 935 (Free World) for motor<br />
vehicles and spare parts; provided, that the amount of such waiver<br />
shall not exceed $90,000;<br />
2. Certify that exclusion of the above described motor vehicles<br />
and spare parts from the requested source country in Code 935 would<br />
seriously impede attainment of U.S. foreign policy objectives and the<br />
objectives of the foreign assistance program;<br />
3. Find that special circumstances exist to waive, and do hereby<br />
waive, the requirements of Section 636(i) of the Act; and<br />
4. Approve the procurement of shelf items imported into Mauritania<br />
from countries included in Code 899 of the A.I.D. Geographic Code Book<br />
in the amount of $55,000.<br />
Clearances: As Shown on Action Memorandum
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION<br />
Project Country: Islamic Republic of Mauritania<br />
Project Title: Vegetable Production<br />
Funding: FY(s) 78 $ $1,470,000<br />
Period of Project: FY 78 through FY 81<br />
IEE Prepared by: Doris Mason, AFR/DR/SFWAP<br />
Environmental Action Recommended: Negative Determination<br />
Concurrence: I<br />
David Dibble, A: I/DR/SDP<br />
Assistant Administrator Decision:<br />
APPROVED<br />
DISAPPROVED<br />
i<br />
DATE , 1<br />
(For full discussion of environmental impact, see IEE included in PP).
CoutrTy: Mauritania<br />
AGENCT FOR INTERNATZIONAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
ADVICE OF PROGRAM CHANGE<br />
Proj act Title: Vegetable Production<br />
Proiect Nu<strong>mb</strong>er: 682-0204<br />
FT 1978 CP Reference: Africa Programs, p. 324<br />
ftpropriation Category: Sahel Development Program<br />
Intended Obligation: $1,470,000<br />
We are advising that we intend to obligate $859,000 more than the amount<br />
($611,000) included in the FY 1978 Congressional Presentation and that we<br />
intend to change the appropriation category from Food and Nutrition to<br />
Sahel Development Program.<br />
The increase from an original estimate of $611,000 is due to a basic<br />
change in the orientation of the project. It was originally assumed at<br />
the time of the FY 1978 Congressional Presentation that sufficient data<br />
existed to enable AID to move directly into a lower cost project to<br />
develop the capability of the Mauritanian Agriculture Directorate to<br />
disseminate information and commodities to farmers to enable them to<br />
increase vegetable production. As the project was developed it became<br />
apparent that there was insufficient data upon which to base this type<br />
of program. Therefore, an applied research and pilot vegetable production<br />
project was developed. This project will assist farmers through small<br />
pilot efforts while at the same time generating data on production techniques,<br />
seed preservation, marketing, nutrition, etc., which is required<br />
as a basis for making future decisions about expansion of vegetable<br />
production. The change in appropriation categories is consistent with<br />
the AID policy of funding Sahel activities which meet Club du Sahel<br />
criteria through the Sahel Development Program.<br />
Annex: Grant Activity Data Sheet
All/SFVA:DShear(draft)<br />
AMU: Mlason (draf0<br />
AYR/DP: Mud<br />
AA/AFR:GM tcher<br />
GCAPWDLPressfey.<br />
LZG/PPD:<br />
PPC/DPRE-.-?-In-foT<br />
PPC/RB: (Info)<br />
AFR/SM :BChassin:5/18/78
CoAmiy:<br />
TITLoE<br />
MAURITANIA<br />
NEW ACTIVITY<br />
regetable Production<br />
WMfElI682-0204 Sahel Development Program<br />
Goal: To promote the Aevelopment and welfare of the rura'l<br />
population in Mauritania by increasing small farmer food<br />
productivity and nutrition levels, and by contributing to<br />
family food security.<br />
Purpose: Develop Improved vegetable production, aeed preservation<br />
and vegetable food preparation techniques among<br />
sedentary inhabitants of the third, fifth, and sixth regions<br />
in Mauritania, and generate the data required to launch an<br />
expanded program in vegetable production.<br />
Background: Historically, vegetables have occupied a<br />
relatively unimportant place in the Hauritanian diet,<br />
the population has depended<br />
and cereals<br />
heavily<br />
as<br />
on<br />
their<br />
meat,<br />
staple<br />
milk<br />
foods.<br />
products<br />
In 1974, the Goverment<br />
of Mauritania, with A.I.D. and World Bank assistance,launched<br />
a vegetable production project In several regions of the<br />
country as one of the measures taken to help the population<br />
recover from the drought. Results were encouraging in terms<br />
of the quantity of vegetables produced<br />
of<br />
and<br />
legumes<br />
general<br />
in<br />
acceptance<br />
the diet. The project showed, however,<br />
further<br />
that<br />
actions had to be taken before vegetable production<br />
would become a self-sustaining activity for farmers.<br />
Major Ouuts<br />
analyzed concerning vegetable<br />
production in auritania<br />
Farmers instructed in improved<br />
FY 81<br />
(cumulative as of end of FYI<br />
production, seed preservation<br />
and marketing methods 3000<br />
r rnorIsto O OlAInI(ln<br />
?a<br />
INI1AL 1,470<br />
..<br />
_.31<br />
OLVON<br />
rY RoL"r1OI 1978 rP<br />
MAtlroNAL<br />
tRI9y"<br />
Families trained in optimum food<br />
preparation techniques<br />
Mauritanian officials trained in<br />
tl.ne. of<br />
vegetable production and extension<br />
services<br />
Host Country and Other Donors:<br />
.orVSIF<br />
ry <br />
I iAInupur:,<br />
3000<br />
11<br />
TaLl. v<br />
Government of auritanla. Staff, agricultural inputs, vehicles<br />
and other administrative support ($370,000).<br />
Peace Corpst Three home economists, three agriculturists, an<br />
three cooperative specialists ($405,000).<br />
FY 78 Programs A.I.D. will provide technicians and other support<br />
to help the Mauritanians gather and analyze farm data,<br />
more<br />
demonstrate<br />
efficient vegetable growing techniques, train villagers in<br />
vegetable preservation and use, and train a core of Mauritanian<br />
officials in extension methods.<br />
Personnels<br />
Training:<br />
Commodities:<br />
other Costs<br />
Total:<br />
A.I.D.-financed Inputs<br />
($ Thousands)<br />
four long-term (96 im)<br />
two short-term (8 pm)<br />
one long-term U.S. (12 Im)<br />
four short-term Third country (12 pm)<br />
*Seeds,<br />
Vehicles,<br />
tools and fertilizer<br />
spare parts<br />
Vehicle operations and maintenance<br />
Other local support costs<br />
FY 78<br />
768<br />
g0<br />
12<br />
12<br />
295<br />
100<br />
71<br />
7<br />
132<br />
1,.47
ACTION MEI.r.w.UM FOR THE ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR AFRICA<br />
FROM: AFR/D PJ5COW.4'erng<br />
SUBJECT: Request for Increase in Amount of Shelf Items That.May<br />
be Procured for the Project<br />
,MA'( 26 '198<br />
Problem: A waiver is needed of the limitation set forth in paragraph<br />
4(b) of Chapter 18 of Handbook 1B, that shelf item purchases for the<br />
project from Code 899 countries cannot exceed 10 percent or $10,000<br />
of the total value of local currency expenditures.<br />
a. Cooperating Country : Mauritania<br />
b. Nature of Funding : Grant 682-0204<br />
c. Project : Vegetable Production<br />
d. Description of Goods : POL products and cement<br />
e. Approximate Value : $55,000<br />
Discussion:<br />
(1) Shelf items are defined in Chapter 11 of Handbook 15 and Section<br />
18a4 of Handbook 1B as commodities which are normally imported into<br />
the cooperating country and kept in stock in the form in which imported<br />
for sale to meet a general demand in the country for the item.<br />
(2) Shelf items from Code 899 countries are limited to items that cost<br />
$2,500 or less per unit and cannot exceed ten percent of the local costs<br />
of the project or $10,000 - whichever is greater.<br />
(3) Section 18D of Handbook lB indicates that the Assistant Administrator<br />
may approve waivers of local cost financing policies.<br />
(4) An increase in the tctal amount of shelf items that may be procured<br />
for this project is required for procurement of up to $55,000 for POL<br />
products and cement.<br />
(5) These relatively small amounts make procurement in the U.S. and<br />
transport to Mauritania both unreasonably costly and Impractical.
-2<br />
Itco-mandation: 'For the reasons stated above, it is recoamnded that<br />
you approve this request for waiver of the limitation from $10,000 to<br />
$55,000.<br />
Drafter: AFl/DR/SFWAP:ARaed:jM:4/19/78:282 4 2<br />
Clearances:<br />
APR/DR/SNAP :3RMeCabe (draft)<br />
AnR/DR/SFAP: Iason (draft)<br />
AFR/SFA:BChessen (draft)<br />
APR/SFWA:HGray - (draft)<br />
APR/DP:FWTate (draft)<br />
GC/AFR: STisa (draft)<br />
SER/COH/ALI:PHagav, (draft)<br />
DAA/AFR: WHNorth
ACTION MEMORANDUM FOR THE ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR AFRICA<br />
FROM: AFR/DR, .JoW1T.Koehr~ng<br />
SUBJECT: Procurement Source Origin Waiver<br />
'IIV( 2 6 ~7<br />
Problem: Request for a Procurement Source Origin Waiver from Geographic<br />
Code 000 (U.S. Only) to Geographic Code 935 (Free World).<br />
a. Cooperating Country : Mauritania<br />
b. Nature of Funding : Grant 682-0204<br />
c. Project : Mauritania Vegetable Production<br />
U. Description of Goods : (Four) 4x4 all terrain vehicles<br />
(One) 3 ton Stake-bed Truck<br />
e. Approximate Value : $90,000<br />
f. Probable Source : France, England<br />
Discussion: Section 636(i) of-the Foreign Assistance Act of .1961, as<br />
amended, prohibits A.I.D. from the purchase or long-term lease of motor<br />
vehicles unless such vehicles are manufactured in the United States.<br />
However, Section 636(i) does provide that "...where special circumstances<br />
exist the President is authorized to waive the provision of<br />
this section in order to carry out the purpose of this act." No<br />
facilities exist in Mauritania to service U.S. manufactured vehicles.<br />
Efforts have been made by the U.S. A<strong>mb</strong>assador and the A.I.D. mission<br />
in Mauritania to interest U.S. manufacturers of four-wheel drive vehicles<br />
to enter this market, and specifically to establish after sales servicing<br />
facilities in Mauritania. Despite these efforts (over a 15 month period),<br />
only one U.S. manufacturer ever responded. However, that firm showed no<br />
evidence of further interest after a brief investigation of the problems<br />
and potentials of the local market.<br />
The project sites are located in isolated areas outside of the capital<br />
city, Nouakchott. Experience has shown that given the extremely difficult<br />
road conditions in these areas, vehicles require frequent repairs.<br />
Even local mechanics with formal training are not familiar with U.S.<br />
vehicles. On the other hand, the capability to maintain Landrovers and<br />
Peugeots exists not only among formally trained mechanics, but also among<br />
self-trained mechanics in Selibaby as well as many other isolated areas<br />
of Mauritania.
-2-<br />
Secondly, the most basic spare parts do not exist for U.S. vehicles. It<br />
Is inconceivable that the resient team required by the project can undertake<br />
work with vehicles for which no spare parts exist.<br />
Finally, the vehicles procured under this project will be provided to the<br />
GIRM upon project completion. Given the current situation in Mauritania<br />
as outlined above, U.S. manufactured vehicles will prove to be more of a<br />
burden than a benefit to the GIRI. However, excellent maintenance facilities<br />
exist for British and French manufactured vehicles.<br />
Recommendation: For reasons outlined in this memorandum, I conclude that<br />
the exclusion of procurement of the non-U.S. manufactured vehicles mentioned<br />
above from the sources requested above would seriously impede attainment<br />
of U.S. foreign policy objectives and the objectives of the foreign assistance<br />
program, and I recommend that you certify by approving this request<br />
for waiver.<br />
AFR/OR/SFWAP:DMason:moa :3/1/78 ::X-28242<br />
-- Clearances:. ,<br />
AFR/DR/-SFNAP:JRMcCabe<br />
A.<br />
//<br />
GC/AFR:STisa (draf <br />
SER/COM/ALI:PHagan (raft)<br />
AFR/SFWA:BChessen '.draft)<br />
DAA/AFR:WHNorth<br />
AFR/SFWA: HGray 72at
a,"" " ' "" 3:11 j Nov, ,o 10, 1976 j6C(2).1<br />
6C(2) - PROJECT CHrECKLST<br />
Listed below are. first, statutory criteria<br />
then<br />
applicable<br />
projeC criteria<br />
generally<br />
appicable<br />
.to proJects<br />
to<br />
with<br />
individual<br />
FAA funds,<br />
fund sources:andcateayry<br />
Development<br />
for criteria<br />
Assistance<br />
applicable<br />
(with<br />
only<br />
a sub<br />
to loans): and Security Supporting Assistance funds,<br />
CMOS REFERENCS: IS CUNThRY CHECIST UP'TO DA T? IO TITrr. HAS STAkOARO ITEM CHEC.ZST BEEN<br />
RMYIUE.. FOR THIS PROJECT?<br />
GEMI AL CRITERIA FOR PROJECT.<br />
1. Aoc. Unnu<strong>mb</strong>ered: FAA Sec. 653(b)<br />
(a) Describe how Conmitees on Appropria- T-"r ouh Conqession'a iNotification<br />
tions of Senate and House have been or<br />
will be notified concerning the project;<br />
(b)is assistance within (Operational ns<br />
Year Budget) country or international<br />
organization allocation reported to<br />
Congress (cr. not more than $1 million<br />
over that figure plus 10m)?<br />
2. FAA See. 1(a)(1). Prior to obligation<br />
inexcess of Si00,000, will there be (a)<br />
engineering, financial, and other plans Yes<br />
necessary to carry out the assistance and<br />
(b) a reasonably firm estimate of the<br />
cost to the U.S. of the assistance?<br />
3. P Se. 611(a)(2). If further legisl<br />
e action isrequired within recipient N/A<br />
countr,/, what isbasis for reasonable<br />
expectation that such action ;will<br />
completed in time to permit orderly be<br />
accomplishment of purpose of the assistance?<br />
4. FAA Sec. 611(b); Am). Sec. <strong>101</strong>. If for N/A<br />
water or wacer-reiatea land resource<br />
construction, has project met the standards<br />
and criteria as oer Memrandun of<br />
the President dated Sept. S., 1973<br />
(replaces Memorandu of May 1S, 1962;<br />
see Fed. Register, Vol 38, No. 174, Part<br />
III, Sept. 10, 1973)?<br />
5. FAA Sec. 611(e). If project iscapital N/A<br />
assistance Ie.g., construction), and all<br />
U.S. assistance for itwill exceed<br />
$1million, has Mission Director certified<br />
the country's caoability effectively to<br />
maintain and utilize the project?
FM See W9 1.I rjc susceptible<br />
orexecution as pt of regional or multilateral<br />
projc*? If so is plject not<br />
so executed? Information and.conclusion<br />
whether assistance will encourage<br />
regional development programs. If<br />
assistance is for newly indecandent<br />
country, is it furnished through multilateral<br />
organizations or plans to the<br />
nximAn extent appropriate?<br />
7. FAA Sec. 601(a); (amd Sec. 201(f) for<br />
develooment goansi. Information and<br />
conclusions wnetner project. will encourage<br />
efforts of the country to: (a) increase<br />
the flow of international trade; (b) -foster<br />
private initiative and competition;<br />
() encourage development and use of<br />
cooperatives, credit unions, and savings<br />
and loan associations; (d)discourage<br />
monopolistic practices; (e)improve<br />
technical efficiency of industry, agriculture<br />
and comerce; and (f) strengthen<br />
free labor unions.<br />
8. FAA Sec. 601(b). Information and conclusion<br />
on now project will encourage<br />
U.S. private trade and investment aoroas<br />
and encourage private U.S. participation<br />
inforeign assistance programs (including<br />
use of private trade channels and the<br />
services of U.S. private enterprise)<br />
9. FAA Sec. 612(b); Sec. i36(h). Oescribe<br />
$teps aKen to assure tnat, to the<br />
maximum extent possible, the country is<br />
contributing local currencies to mee<br />
the cost of contractual and other<br />
services, and foreign currencies owned<br />
by the U.S. are utilized to meet the cost<br />
of contractual and other services.<br />
10. FAA Sec. 612(d). Does the U.S. own excess<br />
foreign currency and, if so, what arrangements<br />
have been made for its release?<br />
S. FUNOING CRITERIA FOR PROJECT<br />
1. Develooment Assistance Project criteria<br />
a. FAA Sec. lO(c); Sec. 111; Sec. 281a.<br />
Extent to wnicn activity wi II (a) effectively<br />
involve the poor in development,<br />
by extending access to economy at local<br />
level, increasing labor-intensive production,<br />
spreading inveswent out from<br />
cities to small towns and rural areas;<br />
and (b) help develop cooperatives,<br />
especially by technical assistance, to<br />
assist rural and uroan poor to help<br />
the selves toward better life, and otherwise<br />
encourage democratic private and<br />
local governmental institutions?<br />
Project is best suited !or<br />
bla al assistance<br />
ly<br />
Of these efforts project will<br />
mon . likely have impact on (c)<br />
and (e<br />
Project will finance technical<br />
Serices from private. Al i<br />
U.S.<br />
Mauritanla's contribution repre<br />
sents the maximum that it can<br />
manqe<br />
The po)ect will directly invo1,_<br />
th. rural poor through' local<br />
farmer organizations. Improved<br />
vegetable production techniques<br />
will be demonstrated and if<br />
adapted by these farmers will<br />
increase vegetable yields,<br />
9rouivi~y and output In<br />
addition, far=ers will be train(<br />
in low-cst, high-nutritive<br />
vegetable food preparation<br />
techmiques.
AI ,IOMM 3,A0 6C 3:11 WN 04iO.M S71 IC<br />
b. FA Se,. 103. 103A. 104. 105, 106,<br />
ssistance<br />
a being MGO availaoio:<br />
fl-aclude only applicable paragraph<br />
!A.,a, b, Cc. -. which<br />
sowrce<br />
corresponds<br />
of<br />
.to<br />
funds used. If more than one<br />
fund source<br />
2relevant is used for project,<br />
paragraph include<br />
for each fund source.]<br />
(1) C103] for.agriculture, miral develop-<br />
Nimit or nutrition; if so, extant t<br />
which activity is specifically<br />
designed to increase productivity<br />
and income of rural poor; C103AJ<br />
if for agricultural research, Is<br />
full account taken of needs of small<br />
farmers;<br />
(2) C104] for" poculation planning or<br />
health; if so, extent to which<br />
activity extends low-cost, integrutad<br />
delivery systes to provide health<br />
and family planning services,<br />
especially to rural areas and poor;<br />
(3) [1051 for education, public administration,<br />
or human resources<br />
development; if so, extent to which<br />
activity strengthens nonform I<br />
education, makes formal education<br />
more relevant, especially for rural<br />
families and urban poor, or<br />
strengthens management capability<br />
of institutions enabling the poor tj<br />
participate in development;<br />
(4) [106) for technical assistance,<br />
energy, researh, reconstruct.ion,<br />
and selected development problems;<br />
if so, extent activity is:<br />
(a) technical cooperation and development,<br />
especially with U.S. private<br />
and voluntary, or regional and international<br />
development, organizations;<br />
(b) to help alleviate energy problem;<br />
(c)research into, and evaluation of,<br />
economic development processes and<br />
techniques;<br />
(d)reconstruction after natural or<br />
manmade disaster;<br />
(e) for special develooment problem,<br />
and to enable prooer utilization of<br />
earlier U.S. infrastructure, etc.,<br />
assistance;<br />
(f) for programs of urban development,<br />
especially small labor-intensive<br />
enterprises, marketing systems, and<br />
financial or other institutions to<br />
help urban poor particioate in<br />
economic and social develooment.<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
Z/A<br />
N/A<br />
/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A
Iwaerl 1. ins 3:11<br />
(5)(107] by grants for coordinated<br />
private effort to dovelop and<br />
diusminate intermediate technologies<br />
approprl ate for developing countries.<br />
C. F Sec..0(a); C.<br />
recipient country<br />
ZO&<br />
w ng to contribute Is theN/<br />
funds to the proJr., and in<br />
has<br />
what<br />
or will<br />
mNNWe<br />
it Provide assurances<br />
will provide<br />
that it<br />
at least 2S% of<br />
the<br />
the<br />
Program.<br />
costs of<br />
project, or activity<br />
respect<br />
with<br />
to which the assistance<br />
furnished<br />
is to<br />
(or<br />
be<br />
has the latter<br />
requirinnt<br />
cost-sharing<br />
been waived for a "relatively<br />
lest-developedu country)?<br />
d. F ___,_1100(b. Will grant capital<br />
stancerse<br />
more<br />
for<br />
than<br />
project<br />
3 years?<br />
over<br />
If so,<br />
cation<br />
has justifi<br />
satisfactory to Congress<br />
and<br />
been<br />
efforts<br />
made,<br />
for other financing?<br />
e. FAA Sec. 207: Sec. 113.<br />
which<br />
Extent<br />
assisrance<br />
to<br />
riffect- appropriate<br />
emphasis on; (1)encouraging development<br />
of democratic, economic, political,<br />
social<br />
and<br />
institutions; (2)self-help<br />
meeting the<br />
in<br />
country's food needs;<br />
improving (3)<br />
availability of trained<br />
powerworkev<br />
in the country; (4)<br />
designed<br />
program<br />
to meet the country's<br />
needs;<br />
health<br />
(5) other important<br />
economic,<br />
areas of<br />
political, and social<br />
ment,develop<br />
including industry; free<br />
unions,<br />
labor<br />
ccoperatives, and<br />
Agencies;<br />
Voluntary<br />
transportation and communication;<br />
planning and public administration;<br />
urban development, and modernization<br />
existing laws;<br />
of<br />
or (6) integrating<br />
into<br />
women<br />
the recipient country's national<br />
economy.<br />
f,. FAA Sec. 281(b). Describe<br />
which proaram<br />
extent<br />
recognizes<br />
to<br />
the particular<br />
needs, desires, and capacities<br />
people of<br />
of<br />
the<br />
the<br />
country; utilizes<br />
country's<br />
the<br />
intellectual resources to<br />
encourage institutional<br />
and<br />
development;<br />
supports civic education and training<br />
pation<br />
in skills<br />
in<br />
required<br />
governmental for effective<br />
and political partici<br />
processes essential to self-government.<br />
JUOaagmO t 3. App. C<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
project should make a contribution<br />
togoe c o (2o), (3) and (6) .<br />
(2),<br />
Vegetable production in Mauritania<br />
is presently characterized on a<br />
whole aslaw-yielding<br />
whole t iade ustbuistence)<br />
a.ricu.tue with inadequate exten.L<br />
sion service. The project will<br />
test and introduce techniques which<br />
adll increase yields and outputi<br />
addition to<br />
existing<br />
upnsin<br />
extension skills of<br />
service. the
. . Z).) and-(8); Sec.<br />
the dutivir-Y give 1 ressonacle e . 3Ji a. nd promise . ) of0oes<br />
es<br />
Cantributinq tothe deaelogment:<br />
e'"*Mic relousres,<br />
of<br />
or to the increase<br />
VpIductiv*<br />
of<br />
Ca40citits and s$If-sust imning<br />
econOmIC growth; or of<br />
,ither<br />
educational<br />
Institutions or<br />
directed tard<br />
Org"s?<br />
.socia<br />
Cs it related to and<br />
tentconsis<br />
with other develaomnt activities,<br />
and will it contribute to realizable<br />
long-range objetives? And does<br />
Paper<br />
project<br />
Provide infore.tion and conclusion<br />
on an activity's economic and technical<br />
soundness?<br />
ht.FAA Information Sec.<br />
and 2 7(b)(6); conciusion Sec.<br />
on 2(a<br />
possiole (). (S)<br />
effects of M.e assistance on U.S.<br />
with<br />
economy,<br />
special reference.to areas of<br />
stantialsub<br />
labor surolus, and<br />
which<br />
extant<br />
U.S.<br />
to<br />
comiodities and assistance<br />
are furnished in a manner<br />
improving<br />
consistent<br />
or safeguarding<br />
with<br />
the U.S. balance.<br />
of-payments position.<br />
2. OevelotmentAssistance Project Criteria<br />
tLoans onLy-)<br />
a. F.A See. 071b)(1). rnformation<br />
and conciusidon on- vability of financlag<br />
from other free-world sources,<br />
including private sources within U.S.<br />
b. FAASe. !(b)(2); go(d). tnformation<br />
ana cOnc~usion on (I1caaacity of<br />
the country to repay the loan, including<br />
reasonableness of repayment prospects,<br />
and (2)reasonadleness and leqality<br />
(under laws of country and U.S.) of<br />
lending and relending ter.s of the loan.<br />
c. FA Se. gol(e). rf loan is not<br />
made pursuant 7o a multilateral plan,<br />
and the amount of the loan exceeds<br />
$100,000, has country submited to AI<br />
an application for such funds together<br />
with assuranet.s to indicate that funds<br />
will be usedlin an economically and<br />
technically sound manner?<br />
d. FAA Sec. 201(f). Does project paper<br />
describe now ec:tro.I prmoce the<br />
countr7's economic development taking<br />
into account :he count.-/'s ".uman and<br />
mterial resources requirements and<br />
relationship beteen ultimate objectives<br />
ofthe project and overall economic<br />
development?<br />
I:NttnWgu IV/6 I(Zob<br />
RO" Sigmificant *ffe<br />
a ic
I£t4 INW~ 1O,136 3:11<br />
e lEc. 20214). Total amunt of<br />
oweunder in wich is going directly<br />
to private enterprise, is going to<br />
interuediate credit institutions or<br />
other borrowers for use by private<br />
entrprise, is being used to finance<br />
isots from private sources, or is<br />
otherwise being used to finance procure.<br />
ments from private sources ?<br />
f. FAA Sec. 620(d). Ifassistanc is<br />
for any productive enterprise which will<br />
comte inthe U.S. with th.S. enterprise,<br />
is there an agreement by the recipient<br />
Country to Prevent export to the U.S. of<br />
more t4an 20% of the enterprise's annual<br />
production during the life of the loan?<br />
3. Project Criteria Solely for Security<br />
SuoportinQ Assistance<br />
FAA Sec. S31. Howwill this assistance<br />
support promote economic or political<br />
stability?<br />
4. Additional Criteria for Alliance for<br />
Proqress<br />
[Note: Alliance for Progress projects<br />
should add the following two item to a<br />
project checklist.]<br />
a. FA Sec. 25l(b)(1), -(8). Does<br />
assistance take into account pr:tiniples<br />
bf the Act of Bonota and the Charter of<br />
Punta del Este; and to what extent-will<br />
the activity contribute to the economic<br />
or political integration of Latin<br />
America?<br />
b. FAA Sec. 2Sl(b)(8); 251(h). For<br />
loans, has there oeen taken into account<br />
the effort made by recipient nation to<br />
-repatriate capital invested in other<br />
countries by their own citizens? Is<br />
loan consistent with the findings and<br />
recommendations of the Inter-American<br />
Committee for the Alliance for Progress<br />
(now "CEPCIES,w the Permanent Exeutive<br />
Conmittee of the OAS) in its annual<br />
review of national development activities?<br />
5. Project Criteria Soley for Sahel<br />
Developument Prosram<br />
FAA/Sec. 121. How Will this<br />
assistance contribute to the longterm<br />
development of the Sahel .<br />
in acoordance with the long-term<br />
multi-donor development plan<br />
for that ou-aza.-<br />
AMVNB 3 App. C<br />
This.proj.ect will provide a bojse<br />
for decerminfng the extent to which<br />
vegetable production can contribute<br />
to sel8f-sufficiency in food production<br />
and increase small farmer income
6CM3 --STANDARD MTC4 CHECX.IST<br />
Listed below are statutory itms wtch normlly<br />
assistance will<br />
agreemnt<br />
be covered<br />
dealing<br />
routinely<br />
with its<br />
in those<br />
implemenutton,<br />
provisions of<br />
or covered<br />
an<br />
where<br />
in the<br />
cerotin<br />
agreement<br />
uses of<br />
by<br />
fufts<br />
exclusion<br />
are permitted,<br />
(as<br />
but other uses not).<br />
These 1ts are arranged under the general headings of (A) Procurement, (8) Construction, and<br />
(C)Other Restrictions.<br />
A. Prcurment<br />
1. FAA Sec. 602. Are there arrangements to<br />
persit U.s sal business to participate<br />
equitably in the furishin. of goods and<br />
services financed?<br />
2. FAA Sec. 60M(a). Will all commodity<br />
procurement rfnanced be from the U.S.<br />
except as otherwise determined by the<br />
President or under delegation from him?<br />
3. FAA Sec. 604(d). If the cooperating<br />
country discriminates against<br />
marine<br />
U.S.<br />
insurance companies, will agreement<br />
require that marine insurance be<br />
placed in the U.S. on commodities<br />
financed?<br />
4. FAA Sec. 6 04(e). Ifoffshore procure-.<br />
ment of agricultural commodity or<br />
pqroduct is to be financed, is there<br />
provision against such procurement when<br />
the domestic price of such commodity is<br />
less than parity?<br />
S. FAA Sec. 608(a). 'Will U.S. Government<br />
excess perscnai proverty te utilized<br />
wherever practicable in lieu of the<br />
procurement of new items?<br />
6. MMA Sec. 901(b. (a) Comoliance with<br />
requirement nat at least 50 per centum<br />
of the gross tonnaae of commodities<br />
(comouted secarately for cry bulk<br />
carriers, dry cargo liners, and tankers)<br />
financed shall be transported on privately<br />
owned U.S.-flag commercial vessels to the<br />
extent that such vessels are available<br />
at fair and reasonable rates.<br />
7. FAA Sec.621. If technical assistance<br />
is financed, will sucn assistance be furnished<br />
to the fullest extent practicable<br />
as goods and professional and other<br />
services from orivate entarprise on a<br />
contract basis? If the facilities of<br />
other Federal agencies will be utilized,<br />
NIA<br />
Technical Assistance requests<br />
will be advertised through A.I.<br />
Small Eusi.ness Office.<br />
Pocureent will be in accrda<br />
w ,o e glabins.<br />
witk A.Z.D. reulations.<br />
The project agreement<br />
st.pulate.<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
will so
are they particularly suitable, not<br />
compeIt ive with private enterprise,<br />
and ade available wtthout undue interformce<br />
with dom tic poram?<br />
6. Internationl" Air Trmnscort. Fair<br />
ti:ive Practices ACt, 1974<br />
If air transportation of persons or<br />
property is financed on grant basis, will<br />
provision be made that U.S.-flag carriets<br />
will be utilized to the extent such<br />
service is available?<br />
|. Construction<br />
1. FAA Sec. 601(d). Ifa capital (e.g.,<br />
construction) oroject, are engineering<br />
and professional services of U.S. firms<br />
and their affiliates to be used to the<br />
mmximum extent consistent with the<br />
national interes.t?<br />
2. FAA Sec. 611(c). If contracts for<br />
construction are to be financed, will<br />
they be let on a competitive basis to<br />
mximu extent practicable?'<br />
3. FAA Sec. 620(k). If for construction<br />
of prooucve enterprise, will aggregate<br />
value of assistnce to be furnished by<br />
the 1.S. not exceed S100 million?<br />
Other Res tri cti ons<br />
1. FAA Sec. 2M1(d).' If development loan,<br />
is interest rate at least 2: per annum<br />
during grace period and at least 3 per<br />
annum thereafter?<br />
2. FAA Se. 301(d). If fund is established<br />
solely y U.S.contribu.tlions and administerd<br />
by an international oreanizaion,<br />
does Comptroller General have audit<br />
rights?<br />
3. FAA Sec. 620(h ) . Do arrangements<br />
precluoe promoting or assisting the<br />
foreign aid projec:s.or ac:ivities of<br />
Communist-Bloc countries, contrary to<br />
the best interests of the U.S.?<br />
4. FAA Sec, 636(1). Is financing not permittea<br />
to oe used, without waiver, for<br />
purchase, long-term lease, or exchange<br />
of motor vehicle manufactured outside<br />
the U.S. or guaranty of such transaction?<br />
I , M . W<br />
N/A<br />
Yes<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
Yes<br />
Yes
AIMUSU 3, APP 6C 3:11 foer10, HIS6 IC3j)3<br />
S. Iill arrangef ts preclude use of<br />
financing: Yas<br />
A.FAA Se . 114. to pay for perforwmnce<br />
of rtions or to motivate or coerce<br />
persons to practice abortions?<br />
b. FAA See. 62Oja). to compensate<br />
owers tar expropriated nationalized<br />
property?<br />
c. FAA Sec. 660. to finance police<br />
training or other law enforcement<br />
assistance, except for narcotics<br />
programs?<br />
d. FAA sec. 662. for CrA activities?<br />
a. Aoo. Sec. 103. to pay pensions, etc.,<br />
for m1ltary personnel?<br />
f. Aoo. Sec. 106. to pay U.N. assess-<br />
Ment37<br />
g. App. Sec. 107. to carry out provisions<br />
of FAA Sections 209(d) and 251(h)?<br />
(t.nsfer to multilateral organization<br />
for lending).<br />
h. Aoo. Sac. 501. to be used for<br />
publ1iTEy r propaganda purposes<br />
within U.1 not authorized by Congress?
ACTION MEMORANDUM FOR THE ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR AFRICA<br />
FROM: AFR/DR, James Kelly<br />
-o m: Your authorization<br />
Mlon<br />
is required<br />
Four undred<br />
to execute<br />
and Seventy<br />
a grant<br />
Thousand<br />
of One<br />
the Sahel Development Dollars<br />
Program<br />
01,470,00Q)<br />
(Sectir.n under<br />
Republic of Mauritania<br />
121 of the<br />
for<br />
FAA)<br />
the Vegetable<br />
to the-Islamic<br />
and for certain<br />
Production<br />
comodity Project<br />
Procurement<br />
No. 682-0204,<br />
waivers described below.<br />
Discussion:<br />
A. Description of the Project:<br />
1. Projectpurpose:<br />
determine<br />
The purpose<br />
the<br />
of<br />
feasibility<br />
the Proposed<br />
of expanded<br />
project<br />
vegetable<br />
is to<br />
tary rural groups in the<br />
production<br />
Third, Fifth,<br />
among<br />
and<br />
sedenthrough<br />
an applied Sixth<br />
research Regions<br />
and<br />
of<br />
vegetable<br />
Mauritania<br />
crop demonstration program.<br />
2. Conformance on of<br />
one<br />
six to<br />
of six<br />
A.I.D.<br />
experimental Count*y Strate :<br />
efforts<br />
This Project constitutes<br />
Mauritania that A.I.D.<br />
over the<br />
plans<br />
next<br />
to<br />
five<br />
undertake<br />
year period.<br />
in<br />
does not have prior project<br />
Due to the<br />
experience<br />
fact that<br />
in<br />
A.I.D.<br />
Drought Recovery the<br />
and<br />
country<br />
Rehabilitation (except<br />
Program),<br />
for the<br />
Nouakchott has developed<br />
the A..e.<br />
a strategy<br />
Affairs Oftfce/<br />
experimental efforts<br />
that rests<br />
before<br />
upon<br />
initiating<br />
implementing<br />
major<br />
these<br />
l he Government of<br />
investments<br />
Mauritania to<br />
and<br />
a<br />
committing<br />
strategy was<br />
specific<br />
approved pattern<br />
by AID/W<br />
of development.<br />
at the ECPR on<br />
This<br />
gram Strategy Review<br />
the Sahel<br />
held<br />
Development<br />
in AID/W during<br />
Pro-<br />
Nove<strong>mb</strong>er 1977.<br />
3. Beneficiariesof project<br />
heProject:<br />
will be<br />
The<br />
the extension<br />
initial beneficiary of this<br />
Ministry service<br />
of Rural<br />
of the<br />
Development<br />
Directorate<br />
which<br />
of Agriculture,<br />
information and<br />
will<br />
services<br />
be better<br />
on<br />
prepared<br />
vegetable to<br />
cropping<br />
provide<br />
out the country. Eleven<br />
systems<br />
Mauritanian<br />
to farmers<br />
officials<br />
through<br />
training component of<br />
will<br />
this<br />
benefit<br />
project.<br />
from the<br />
research project Later<br />
will<br />
beneficiaries<br />
be those farm<br />
of<br />
families<br />
this adaptive<br />
tion team in testing who<br />
techniques<br />
work with the implementanutrition.<br />
and providing<br />
They will<br />
information<br />
have the opportunity<br />
on marketing and<br />
develop with the<br />
to<br />
team<br />
use<br />
through<br />
improved<br />
the<br />
practices<br />
provision they<br />
Ultimate beneficiaries of<br />
will<br />
inputs<br />
be<br />
via<br />
Mauritania's<br />
this project.<br />
access to information farmers<br />
on appropriate<br />
who will have<br />
production<br />
greater<br />
techniques and<br />
practices.<br />
marketing
B. Financial Sua-y<br />
-2-<br />
One Mi.lion Four Hundred and Seventy Thousand Dollars ($1,470,000)<br />
are requested from FY 1978 funds for life of project costs. These funds<br />
will be spent as follows:<br />
($000's)<br />
FY78 LOP Funding*<br />
Comodtes $ 214 $ 214<br />
Technical Assistance 975<br />
975<br />
Participants<br />
28 28<br />
Other 253 253<br />
TOTAL $1,470 $1,470<br />
Peace Corps 135 405<br />
Host Country Financing 123 370<br />
GRAN TOTAL $ 258 $2,245<br />
*Includes 15% inflationary and contingency factor pro<br />
rated between the line items on a proportional basis.<br />
Host country and other donor contributions: Other contributors to<br />
the project besides A.I.D. will be the Peace Corps and the GIRM. The<br />
Peace Corps contribution will consist of nine volunteers in the form of<br />
one agricultural specialist, one home economist, and one cooperative<br />
specialist for each of the three regions where the project will be active.<br />
The total value of their input is calculated to be approximately $405,000.<br />
The Mauritanian Government, on the other hand, will participate by providing<br />
the organizational framework and the eleven extension personnel<br />
through which the farmers will be reached. Other inputs include office<br />
space, training facilities, housing for the PCVs, well construction, a<br />
truck for input delivery, and the land and water resources for the<br />
demonstration areas. The total value of the GIRM inputs will be approximately<br />
$370,000.<br />
C. Socio-economic, Technial and Environmental Description:<br />
1. The major socio-economic acc3ptability of the project; technical<br />
analysis: Vegetable gardening is a well-entrenched activity in several<br />
regions and an activity that has provoked a great deal of enthusiasm in<br />
those areas where it has recently been introduced. The challenge of this<br />
project will be to respond to the enthusiasm by (1)testing techniques to<br />
improve production, nutrition levels and incomes; and (2) establishing<br />
demonstration areas in each of the three regions. The specific technical<br />
approaches will be determined by the implementation team and their backstopping<br />
agency.
-3<br />
2. Environmental analysis: It has been determined in the IE that<br />
the project is environmentally sound and that no future environmentl<br />
analyses are required.<br />
D. Waiver Requests and Implementation:<br />
1. Waivers: Waivers of A.I.D. 's source and origin requirements<br />
requested are as follows:<br />
1. Waiver of FAA Section 636 (i) tc permit Code 935<br />
procurement of five vehicles.<br />
2. Authorization for local procurement of up to<br />
$55,000 of POL products and minor commodities.<br />
Justification for these waivers can be found in an attachment to this<br />
authorization memorandum.<br />
2. Major Implementing Agencies: The zrjor implementing agencies<br />
will be the Directorate for Agriculture within the Ministry of Rural<br />
Development and a U.S. contractor who will be selected through the A.I.D.<br />
competi.tive bidding process.<br />
E.--Congressional Aporisement:<br />
There is an increase in the FY 1978 funds being requested from what<br />
appeared in the original FY 1978 Congressional Presentation. The project<br />
is also switching funding categories from Food and Nutrition to the Sahel<br />
Development Program. For these reasons a Congressional Notification is<br />
required. The Congressional Notification was submitted on<br />
and the notification period expired on<br />
F. Responsible Project Officers:<br />
Doris Mason, AFR/DR/SFWAP, will be responsible for implementation<br />
actions within AID/W, while Charles Edwards will be responsible for<br />
implementation within the AID Affairs Office/Nouakchott until a full-time<br />
project manager is assigned to post. The full-time officer is currently<br />
in French language training.<br />
Recommendation: That you sign the zttached PAF II and thereby authorize<br />
both the proposed project and the requested waivers.<br />
Attachment: a/s<br />
AFR/DR/SFWAP:AReed: 5/13/78:moa: 28242
cisavan-":<br />
A"MR/SW: JRMCCabet.-Lt<br />
AMI)R/~ :DKasolm MH*l<br />
ArwDR: isiones<br />
ibb (draft ArpMR/SDP: M le<br />
AE,/DR:CAndersm<br />
ZZ)<br />
DS/ENM:Jmolgan- dr&A,<br />
Aw'mf+l<br />
AWSMtIPJohnson,_Iftaft.<br />
aWspwAA: ffGra5%_&af t<br />
AwsmtjBierka dratt)<br />
GC/AFR:STisa draft<br />
AFR/DP:WTate Waft)<br />
DWAFR:WMrth----
Project Authorization and Request for Allotment of Funds<br />
Part II<br />
Country : Mauritania<br />
Project : Vegetabl e Production<br />
Project No.: 682-0204<br />
Pursuant to Part 1, Chapter 1, Section 121 of the Foreign Assistance Act<br />
of 1961, as amended, (the "Act"), I hereby authorize a Grant to the<br />
Government of Mauritania ("Cooperating Country") of not to exceed One<br />
Million Four Hundred and Seventy Thousand Dollars ($1,470,000) to assist<br />
in financing certain foreign exchange and local currency costs of goods<br />
and services required for the Project as described in the following<br />
paragraph.<br />
The project shall consist of an effort to determine the feasibility of<br />
expanded vegetable production among sedentary rural groups in the<br />
Third, Fifth and Sixth Regions of the Cooperating Country through the<br />
provision of technical assistance, training, commodities and support<br />
costs for (a)the collection, compilation and analysis of data related<br />
to the technical, economic, marketing, nutritional-consumer acceptance<br />
feasibility of expanded vegetable production, (b)the establishment of<br />
pilot demonstration areas and a central field trial area in each project<br />
region to conduct applied research and a range of basic agronomic testing,<br />
(c)utilization of participant interest groups to actively involve the<br />
local population and to provide individual farmers with the techniques,<br />
services and commodity support required for execution of the project,<br />
(d)training of personnel of the Cooperating Country to assist in<br />
planning, coordination and implementation, and (e)training of the local<br />
population in palatable, low cost food preparation techniques which<br />
preserve the nutritional content of vegetables (hereinafter referred to<br />
as the "Project").
1 hereby authorize the initiation of negotiations and execution of the<br />
Grant Agreement by the officer to whom such authority has been delegated<br />
in accordnce with A.I.D. regulations and Delegations of Authority,<br />
subject to the following terms, together with such other terms and<br />
conditions as A.I.D. may deem appropriate:<br />
-2<br />
a. Source and Origin of Goods and Services.<br />
Except for ocean shipping, goods and services financed by A.I.D.<br />
shall have their source and origin in the United States or the Cooperating<br />
Ocean shipping<br />
A.I.D. may otherwise agree in writing.<br />
Country, except as<br />
be procured in any eligible source country<br />
financed under the Grant shall<br />
except the Cooperating Country.<br />
b. Condition Precedent.<br />
Prior to the first disbursement of funds under the Grant, or to the<br />
issuance of comitmllt documents with respect thereto, the Cooperating<br />
in form and substance satisfactory to<br />
Country shall furnish to A.I.D.,<br />
A.I.D., evidence of the availability of adequate amounts of funds required<br />
to finance contributions being made to the Project by the Cooperating<br />
Country.<br />
c. Covenants.<br />
The Grant Agreement shall contain covenants providing in substance<br />
as follows:<br />
1. The Cooperating Country shall assign to the Project adequate<br />
nu<strong>mb</strong>er of personnel to ensure the effective implementation of the Project<br />
and the accomplishment of the objectives of the Project;<br />
2. The Cooperating Country shall contribute, or cause to be contributed,<br />
to the Project land and water rights necessary for the effective implementation<br />
of the Project.<br />
3. The Cooperating Country shall provide, within 90 days after the<br />
execution of the Grant Agreement, a plan satisfactory to A.I.D. for the<br />
assumption by the Cooperating Country of a portion of the costs of POL<br />
required for vehicles and for equipment used for the Project.<br />
A.I.D. shall be designated the agent of the Cooperating Country<br />
4.<br />
for the purpose of procuring goods a idservices required for the Project.<br />
.
-3<br />
5. The procurement and use of pesticides under the Project shall be<br />
in accordance with A.I.D. pesticide regulations as in effect at the time<br />
6. The Cooperating Country shall agree to conduct, together with<br />
AID and the contractor within six months of the time the contractor<br />
arrives in Mauritania, an evaluation of the staffing and organizational<br />
arrangements planned for the Project and to make any adjustments thereto<br />
which are identified during such evaluation as important for the effective<br />
implementation of the Project.<br />
d. Waivers.<br />
Notwithstanding paragraph a. above and based upon the justifications<br />
set forth in Annexes 0 and E of the Project Paper. I hereby<br />
1. Approve a procurement source waiver fronm A.I.D. Geographic<br />
Code 000 (U.S. only) to Geographic Code 935 (Free World) for motor<br />
vehicles and spare parts; provided, that the amount of such waiver<br />
shall not exceed $90,000;<br />
2. Certify that exclusion of the above described motor vehicles<br />
a,,. spare parts from the requested source country in Code 935 would<br />
seriously impede attainment of U.S. foreign policy objectives and the<br />
objectives of the foreign assistance program;<br />
3. Find that special circumstances exist to waive, and do hereby<br />
waive, the requirements of Section 636(i) of the Act; and<br />
4. Approve the procurement of shelf items imported into Mauritania<br />
from countries included in Code 899 of the A.I.D. Geographic Code Book<br />
in the amount of $55,000.<br />
Clearances: As Shown on Action Memorandum<br />
Assistant Administrator<br />
for Africa
Countr auxiania<br />
'AGENCY FOR flITATIONAL DEVLOPENT<br />
ADVICE OF PROGRAM CHANGE<br />
Pro ect Title: Vegetable Production<br />
Proiect Nu<strong>mb</strong>er: 682-0204<br />
FTY 1978 CP Refarees: Africa Programs, p. 324<br />
Approriation Category: Sahal Development Program<br />
Intended Oblijaton: $1,470,000<br />
We are advising that we intend to obligate $859,000 more than the amount<br />
($611,000) included in the FY 1978 Congressional Presentation and that we<br />
intend to change the appropriation category from Food and Nutrition to<br />
Sahel Development Program.<br />
The increase from an original estimate of $611,000 is due to a basic<br />
change in the orientation of the project. It was originally assumed at<br />
the time of the FY 1978 Congressional .resentation that sufficient data<br />
existed to enable AID to move directly into a lower cost project to<br />
develop the capability of the Mauritanian Agriculture Directorate to<br />
disseminate information and commodities to farmers to enable them to<br />
increase vegetable production. As the project was developed it became<br />
apparent that there was insufficient data upon which to base this type<br />
of program. Therefore, an applied research and pilot vegetable production<br />
project was developed. This project will assist farmers through small<br />
pilot efforts while at the same time generating data on production techniques,<br />
seed preservation, marketing, nutrition, etc., which is required<br />
as a basis for making future decisions about expansion of vegetable<br />
production. The change in appropriation categories is consistent with<br />
the AID policy of funding Sahel activities which meet Club du Sahel<br />
criteria through the Sahel Development Program.<br />
Annex: Grant Activity Data Sheet
'D-ItIY* MAURITANIA<br />
I fe"niorusrip<br />
legetable Production Sahe Dvoe<br />
an~meol LOAN[]~bM __ _r _ _ _<br />
Goals To promote the develornt and welfare of the rural<br />
population in Mauritania by increasing small farmer<br />
productivity<br />
food<br />
and nutrition<br />
family<br />
levels,<br />
food<br />
and by<br />
security.<br />
contributing to<br />
Purpose_ Develop Improved vegetable producticn,, need pre-<br />
servation and vegetable food preparation techniques among<br />
sedentary Inhabitants of the third, fifth, and sixth regions<br />
In Mauritania, and generate the data required to launch an<br />
expanded program In vegetable production.<br />
Background! Ilstorically, vegetables have occupied a<br />
relatively unimportant place In the Mauritanian dieti<br />
the population has depended<br />
and<br />
heavily<br />
cereals on<br />
as<br />
meat,<br />
their<br />
milk<br />
staple<br />
products<br />
foods. In 1974, the<br />
of<br />
Government<br />
Mauritania, with A.I.D. and World Bank assistance,lunched<br />
a vegetable production project In several regions of the<br />
country as one of the measures taken to help the population<br />
recover from the drought. Results were encouraging in terms<br />
of the quantity of vegetables produced and general acceptance<br />
of legumes In the diet. The project showed, however, that<br />
further actions had to be taken before vegetable production<br />
would become a self-sustaining activity for farmers.<br />
Major Ouputs<br />
f end<br />
(cumulative an of end of rY)<br />
ady ofdat collected and<br />
analyzed concerning vegetable<br />
production In Mauritania X<br />
Farmers instructed in Improved<br />
production, need preservation<br />
and marketing methods 3000<br />
HEW ACTIVITY<br />
#ont II:Atuowag~. &rAoI.&J.<br />
... ...<br />
_9 . JointI IS<br />
__.. .1 _ _.. . .| _ . 1 L<br />
Families train- in optimm food<br />
preparation techniques<br />
Mauritanian officials trained In<br />
vegetable prcduction and extension<br />
services<br />
loat Country and Other _Dors I<br />
Government of Mlauritana, Staff, agricultural inputs. vehicles<br />
and other administrative support (S370,00).<br />
Peace Corps, Three home economists, three agriculturista, ani<br />
three cooperative specialists ($405,f)01.<br />
FY 78 Programi A.I.D. will provide technicians and other smuport<br />
to help the Mauritanlans gather and analyze farm data, demonstrate<br />
more efficient vegptable growing tecimlques, train villagers in<br />
vegetable preibervntion and use, and train a core of Maurltanan<br />
officials in extension methods.<br />
personnels<br />
A.l.O.-fnanced I ts<br />
.If housand.) np<br />
four two short-term long-term 196<br />
(8<br />
pot)<br />
pm)<br />
78<br />
768<br />
90<br />
Training, one lonq-term U.S. (12 Tm) 12<br />
four<br />
o deonoditlese<br />
short-term Third<br />
Seeds,<br />
country<br />
tools and<br />
(12 pm)<br />
fertilizer<br />
12<br />
Vehicles, spare parts<br />
295<br />
100<br />
Other Costs, Vehicle operations and maintenance 71<br />
Other local support costs 132<br />
Totals<br />
11<br />
1,470
41 ACTION MEMORANDUM FOR THE ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR AFRICA<br />
FROM: AFR/OR, James M. Kelly<br />
SUBJECT: Procurement Source Origin Waiver<br />
Problem: Request for a Procurement Source Origin Waiver from Geographic<br />
Code 000 (U.S. Only) to Geographic Code 935 (Free World).<br />
a. Cooperating Country : Mauritania<br />
b. Nature of Funding : Grant 682-0204<br />
c. Project : Mauritania Vegetable Production<br />
d. Description of Goods : (Four) 4x4 all terrain vehicles<br />
(One) 3 ton Stake-bed Truck<br />
e. Approximate Value : $90,000<br />
f. Probable Scurce : France, England<br />
Discussion: Section 636(i) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as<br />
amended, prohibits A.I.D. from the purchase or long-term lease of motor<br />
vehicles unless such vehicles are manufactured in the United States.<br />
However, Section 636(i) does provide that "...where special circumstances<br />
exist the President is-authorized to waive the provision of<br />
this section in order to carry out the purpose of this act." No<br />
facilities exist in Mauritania to service U.S. manufactured vehicles.<br />
Efforts have been made by the U.S. A<strong>mb</strong>assador and the A.I.D. mission<br />
in Mauritania to interest U.S. manufacturers of four-wheel drive vehicles<br />
to enter this market, and specifically to establish after sales servicing<br />
facilities in Mauritania. Despite these efforts (over a 15 month period;<br />
only one U.S. manufacturer ever responded. However, that firm showed no<br />
evidence of further interest after a brief investigation of the problems<br />
and potentials of the local market.<br />
Tlhe project sites are located in isolated areas outside of the capital<br />
city, Nouakchott. Experience has shown that given the extremely difficult<br />
road conditions in these areas, vehicles require frequent repairs.<br />
Even local mechanics with formal training are not familiar with U.S.<br />
vehicles. On the other hand, the capability to maintain Landrovers and<br />
Peugeots exists not only among formally trained mechanics, but also among<br />
self-trained mechanics in Selibaby as well as many other isolated areas<br />
of Mauritania.
-2-<br />
Secondly, the most basic spare parts do not exist for U.S. vehicles. It<br />
is inconceivable that the resident team required by the project can undertake<br />
work with vehicles for which no spare parts exist.<br />
Finally, the vehicles procured under this project will be provided to the<br />
GIRM upon project completion. Given the current situation in Mauritania<br />
as outlined above, U.S. manufactured vehicles will prove to be more of a<br />
burden than a benefit to the GIRtI. However, excellent maintenance facilities<br />
exist for British and French manufactured vehicles.<br />
Recommendation: For reasons outlined in this memorandum, I conclude that<br />
the exclusion of procurement of the non-U.S. manufactured vehicles mentioned<br />
above from the sources requested above would seriously impede attainment<br />
of U.S. foreign policy objectives and the objectives of the foreign assistance<br />
program, and I recommend that you certify by approving this request<br />
for waiver.<br />
AFR/DR/SFWAP: DMason:moa:3/1/78 :X-28242<br />
Clearances: L<br />
AFR/DR/SF.AP:JRMcCabe ,<br />
GC/AFR:STisa draft /<br />
SER/COM/ALI:PHagan (Vaft)<br />
AFR/SFWA:BChessen (dratT<br />
DAA/AFR: WHNorth<br />
AFR/SFWA:HGray (drart<br />
4
ACTION MEMORANDM FOR THE ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR AFRICA<br />
FROM: AFR/DR, James M. Kel.ly<br />
SUBJECT: Request for Lncrease in Amount of Shelf items That Mav<br />
be Procured for the Project<br />
Problem:<br />
of<br />
A waiver is needed of the limitation set<br />
4(b)<br />
forth<br />
Chapter<br />
in paragraph<br />
18 of Handbook 1B, that shelf item purchases<br />
project<br />
for<br />
from<br />
the<br />
Code 899 countries cannot exceed 10 percent or $10,000<br />
of the total value of local currency expenditures.<br />
a. Cooperating Country : Mauritania<br />
b. Nature of Funding : Grant 682-0204<br />
c. Project : Vegetable Production<br />
d. Description of Goods : POL products and cement<br />
e. Approximate Value : $55,000<br />
Discussion:<br />
(1) Shelf items are defined in Chapter 11 of Handbook 15 and Section<br />
18a4 of Handbook 1B as commodities which are normally imported into<br />
the cooperating country and kept in stock in the form in which imported<br />
for sale to meet a general demand in the country for the item.<br />
(2) Shelf items from Code 899 countries are limited to items that cost<br />
$2,500 or less per unit and cannot exceed ten percent of the local costs<br />
of the project or $10,000 - whichever is greater.<br />
(3) Section 18D of Handbook 1B indicates that the Assistant Administrator<br />
may approve waivers of local cost financing policies.<br />
(4) An increase in the total amount of shelf items that may be procured<br />
for this project is required for procurement of up to $55,000 for POL<br />
products and cement.<br />
C5) These relatively small amounts make procurement in the U.S. and<br />
transport to Mauritania both unreasonably costly and impractical.
-2-<br />
Recoendatiou: For the reasons stated above, it is recomended that<br />
you approve this request for waiver of the Limitation from $10,000 to<br />
$55,000.<br />
APPROVED<br />
DISAPPROVED<br />
Drafter: AFR/DR/SFWAP :AReed:DMB:4/19/78:28242<br />
Clearances:<br />
APR/DR/SFWAP: JRHcCabe<br />
AFR/DR/SFWAP :DMson Waft)<br />
AFR/SFWA: BChsseaft.<br />
AFR/SFWA: HGray draft)<br />
AFR/DP:FWTate<br />
(draft)<br />
GC/AFR: STisa (draft)<br />
SER/COM/ALI: PHagan draft)<br />
DAA/AFR: WHNorth_, _,<br />
DATE
::TztAL E.IVIROt4ENTAL 3XA14NATION<br />
q5 Project Location: :s1amic Republ.ic Of Mauritania<br />
Project Ti.le: Veqeta,.e Production<br />
Fundinq (Fiscal Year and Amount):<br />
Life of Project: Ty 78 to Ty 8. (Three Years)<br />
ZEZ Prepared by: Doris Mason, AZR/DR/SFfAP Date: "/24/78<br />
Environmental.Action Recommended: Negative DeOae-mination<br />
Concurrence: Date<br />
Assistant Administrator's Oecision: Date:<br />
For full discussion of environental impact , see ZEE included<br />
in ??),
AO OM 3. Apo C ": T". a 0 o r 10, 1976 ;EC(2)-1<br />
SC(.) - PROjECT CHEC.IST<br />
Listed below are, first, Statutory Criteria applicable<br />
then<br />
genm<br />
proj<br />
lly to<br />
criteria<br />
projects<br />
applicable<br />
with FAA<br />
to<br />
funds,<br />
individual<br />
and<br />
fund soures:. Oevelooment Assistance<br />
catem<br />
(with<br />
for<br />
a<br />
criteria<br />
sub<br />
applicable only to loans): and- Security Supporting Assistance funds.<br />
CXOSS REFEWICS: !S COUNTRY CHEMC.ST UP TO CA-?. I00TIFY. HAS STAKOARf IT04 CHEC rsT BEEN<br />
REYVW.E FOR THIS PROJECT?<br />
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR PROJECT.<br />
1. Aco. Unnubered% FAA Sec. 653(b)<br />
(a) Describe how Coittees on Approria- Th.%ough Cong-essiona -Not±.cation<br />
tions of Senate and House have been or<br />
will be notified concerning the project;<br />
(b) is assistance within (Coerational .re3<br />
Year Budget) country or international<br />
organization allocation reported to<br />
Congress (or. not more than $1 million<br />
over that figure plus 10%)?<br />
. FAA Sec. (). ior to obligation<br />
in excess of S10O00, will there be (a)<br />
engineering, financial, and other plans<br />
necessary to carry out the assistance and<br />
(b)a reasonably firm estimate of the<br />
cost to the U.S. of the assistance?<br />
3.. PAA Sec. 611(a)(2). If further legislacive<br />
action is required within r.cipient N/A<br />
counti-/, what is basis for reasonable<br />
expectation that such action will be<br />
completed in time ?, permit orderly<br />
acc=mplishment of purpose of the assistance?<br />
4. FAA Sec. 611(b) Ao. Sec. <strong>101</strong>. If for N/A<br />
water or ,ater-reIa:ea iand resource<br />
construction, has project met the standards<br />
and criteria as zer Memorandum of<br />
the President dated Sept. S.,1.73<br />
(replaces Memorandum of !lay 15, 1962;<br />
see Fed. Register, Vol 3a, No. 174, Part<br />
11, Sept. 10, 1973)?<br />
S. FAA Sec. 611(r). If project is capital /A<br />
assistance .e.g., construction), and all<br />
U.S. assistance for it will exceed<br />
$1 million, has Mission Oirector c.rtified<br />
the country's caoacility effec.ively t<br />
maintain and utilize the project?
1. . p"JW-e¢<br />
e ~~Is lusceatible<br />
or Motu of reional or maultti.<br />
lateral 0"Jocz? If so why is :nJK. not<br />
so executed? Information ind.canclusloni<br />
whether assistance will encourage<br />
regional develamment ogrips. . if<br />
Assistance is for newly indevendent<br />
country, is it furished trmah multi.<br />
latmal otanat~ons or plans 'to the<br />
nXmIfm extent Appropriate?<br />
7. cSf.. 601(j): (and S*c. 201(f) for<br />
O.jcfMent ioansi.<br />
C=nd<br />
informlat1on<br />
uslons<br />
ano<br />
nether orajec: will encourage<br />
effons of the cuntry to: (a) Increase<br />
tie flow of lnt-rl'ational trade; (b) -fostv"<br />
private initiative and couoetltion;<br />
(c) encourage develoomen and use of<br />
coOertives, credit uni'jns, and savings<br />
and loan associations; id)discourage<br />
mnoolistic prac:ices; (e) irnorove<br />
tcnnical efficiency of indust-.y, agriculture<br />
and comlmerc; and (f)s:rengthen<br />
free labor unions.<br />
8. FAA Se. 601(bi. Information and cancluulon<br />
on now prjec<br />
U.S. private<br />
will encourage<br />
trade and investmunt abroad<br />
md encourage private U.S. partcipation<br />
in foreign assistance programs (including<br />
use of private trade cnannels and the<br />
se-fices of U.S. private enterprise).<br />
9. FAA Sec. 612(b): Sec. 636(h). €escribe<br />
Iteps :axen :0 assure :unat, to tile<br />
mximum extent 'oossible, the count y is<br />
Contributing local currencies to meat<br />
'he cost of contractual and other<br />
Services, ahd foreign CUrencles owned<br />
by the U.S. are utilized to Mt the cost<br />
of contractual and other ser-icas.<br />
10. FAA Sec. 12(d). Does the U.S. own excess<br />
foreign currency and, if so, what arrangements<br />
have been lade for its release?<br />
3. FUnDgc~irruA '; MR PRJECT<br />
Develocnent Atsistance Protect Criteria<br />
a. FAA Se--.lO(c) Sec. '17: Se. 281a.<br />
EXtnt to wnlcn dc:1v1:y will ta efectively<br />
involve the poor in develoement,<br />
by extendino access to economy at local<br />
duct.ion, level, increasing sporeading loor-intensive inves',ent our. pro. from<br />
cities to small towns and rural areas;<br />
and (b) help develoo cloperatives,<br />
especially by technical assistance,<br />
assist<br />
to<br />
rural and unan poor to helo<br />
themslves toward bet:er life, and other.<br />
wise encourage democratic private and<br />
local govern mental institutions?<br />
LoJ -. ea m.-i • <br />
bilateral assiscancs<br />
04 thes ... or-- Croject Wil.<br />
mos Lkely have i:act on (c)<br />
and (e)<br />
-. jec will fin e "-i .ca.<br />
s.ic s f"m ; . . f i<br />
:U.S.<br />
-au tz;;na's conte.-butn<br />
Sl~ft2 the Ma~c=m<br />
madaqe . ..<br />
t:2Lt i.t<br />
-epr<br />
can<br />
The roject will di±-"y i'nvo<br />
the r.ual. o=a thrdugh local<br />
fa.--e- o-"a .t ns. Z=ove:<br />
will eqetable .bedemonstrate roaductin<br />
and' ts c 1.1ue: -T<br />
adapted by these f-es "ll<br />
l l<br />
=ceas veg<br />
productivity and Output. Z1<br />
addition, fA.ers will be t ai.:<br />
in low-OSt, high-.titive<br />
vegeaLe food .repeamartiv<br />
technlues.
. FAA See. 103, 103A. 104. 105. 106,<br />
S assistance Doing Mac* availaole:<br />
Arfl~ o only applicable paagraon -<br />
1L.,, bg ec.' - whicn corresponds to<br />
source of funds used. If mort than one<br />
fund source is used for project, include<br />
rtlevanc pangrtr. for eacn fund source.]<br />
(1)[1031 for agi-icultur, rural development<br />
or nutrition; if so, extent to<br />
which Activity is so.xcifically<br />
designed to incTIse P"Oudctivit7<br />
and income of rural poc,; [103A]<br />
if for agricultural research, is<br />
full &counttaken of needs of small<br />
farme-s;<br />
(2) [1041 for paoulation planning or<br />
health; if so, ex:en., to which<br />
activity extends low-cost, integrated<br />
delivuy systems to provide heith<br />
and family planning services,<br />
especially to rural areas and poor!<br />
(3) [105] for education, public administration,<br />
or human resources<br />
development; if so, extent to which<br />
activity strengthens nonformal<br />
education, makes formal education<br />
more relevant, especially for rural<br />
families and urban poor, or<br />
strengthens management capability<br />
of institutions enabling the poor-t<br />
participate In develooment;<br />
(4) [106] for tecnnical assistance,<br />
energy, researt, reconstruction,<br />
and salected develocment problem<br />
if so, extent activity is:<br />
(a) technical cocceration and develooment,<br />
especially wi:h U.S. private<br />
and voluntary, or regional and international<br />
development, organizations;<br />
(b) to helo alleviatae energy problem;<br />
(c) research into, and evaluation of<br />
economic development processas and<br />
techniques;<br />
(d)reconstruction after natural or<br />
nnmade disaster;<br />
(e) for soecial cevelooment problem,<br />
and to enable prooer utilization of<br />
earlier U.S. infrastruc-ure, etc.,<br />
assistance;<br />
(f) for progran of urban develooment,<br />
especially small labor-intensive<br />
enterprises, rmrketing systems, and<br />
financial or other institutions to<br />
help urban poor particioa:e in<br />
ecnnomic and social develooment.<br />
I3:11 NMver 10. 193 6(Z.<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
T/A<br />
N/a<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A
In . s~ev -go<br />
(5) [107] by grants for Cordinated<br />
Privat* effort to develop and<br />
disseminate intermediate technologies<br />
Appropriate for developing countries.<br />
c. FA sec. 1(a)! sec. 2%(e,. s the<br />
recipient country willing to con stbute<br />
funds to the project, and in wnat unner<br />
has or will it Provide assurances that it<br />
will provide at least 25% of the Costs of<br />
the program, project, or activity with<br />
respect to which the assistance is to be<br />
furnished (or has the latter cost-sharina<br />
requireent been waived for a "relativel<br />
least-developed- country)?<br />
d. FA See. 110(b). Will grant capital<br />
assistance oe Olsoursem for project over<br />
more than 3 years? If so, has justification<br />
satisfactory to Congress been made,<br />
and efforts for other financing?<br />
e. FAA Se. 207; Sec. 113. Extent to<br />
whic assist-ance F-iects appropriate<br />
enphasis on; (1)encouraging development<br />
of democratic, economic, political, and<br />
social institutions; (2)self-help in<br />
meeting the country's food needs; (3)<br />
improving availability of trained workerpower<br />
in the country; (4)programs<br />
designed to meet the country's health<br />
needs; (5)other important areas of<br />
economic, political, and social development,<br />
including industry; free labor<br />
unions, cooperatives, and Voluntary<br />
Agencies; transportation and communica.<br />
tion; planning and public administration;<br />
urban development, and modernization of<br />
existing laws; or (6) integrating women<br />
into the recipient country's national<br />
economy.<br />
f,. FAA Sec. 281 (b). Describe extent to<br />
which program recognizes the Particular<br />
needs, desires, and capacities of the<br />
people of the country; utilizes the<br />
country's intellectual resources to<br />
encourage institutional development;<br />
and supports civic education and training<br />
in skills required for effective participation<br />
in governmental and political<br />
processes essential to self-government.<br />
mw de a*eAMe<br />
ob<br />
/A<br />
N/A<br />
Project should make a contribution<br />
o .Z4os. (2), (3) and (6).<br />
Vegetabie production in Mauritania<br />
is presently characterized on a<br />
whole as 10w-yielding subsistan<br />
a with inaequ a ext.an<br />
a . . te inadeq-ate exten 1<br />
s .on service. The project will<br />
test and introduce techniques whic!<br />
will inease yields and Output in<br />
ad. itio to upgr a ng l O f th'<br />
addlt.on toupgrading skils of t<br />
exist.ing extension service.
t. FAA Sec. .(.)4)(b)nd -18). See.<br />
ZO1(c. Sec. in, d). Ooas<br />
the ac'.ivty jive rnasonlaie rmise of<br />
cont-tbuclnq : rie de'rveiooent: of<br />
economic rmsour .s, or to :ne incrtse of<br />
poduc:t.iv caoact11es and self-sustaining<br />
economic growth; or of euca:tional or<br />
other nst:turcions direc d tmvard social<br />
proqgrss? Is It rtiatad :a and consistawt<br />
with a.her daveloauqnt ac:ivities,<br />
and will itczntributs tz rialiiuble<br />
long-range objec-ives? And does prJec.<br />
paper qrvide informatIon and conclusion<br />
an an actIvity's econamic and technical<br />
soundness?<br />
ht.FAA Sec. 7ZO1(b)(i): See. Zla()<br />
information ana conciusion on possioie<br />
effect3 of ~I-I sistancs an U.S. itconomy,<br />
with special rifsr-nca ta ireas of substantial<br />
Labor surjo us, ind -xtant to<br />
which U.S. ¢cou tles and assisatncs<br />
are furnished in a rnner<br />
improving or safeguar3ing<br />
of-payments posit-on.<br />
cznslstent with<br />
the U.S. balanca.<br />
Oeveloement Assistance Pc-.ec Crier a<br />
(Loans oni')<br />
a. FAA Sec. 01(b(1). rnformation<br />
and conciusion on avallaility of financf:g<br />
frm o:er fine-warld source!!,<br />
including private sourtzs within U.S.<br />
b. FAA Sec. V~) 21.11(d). Enforation<br />
ana conciusion an (1Jcaoacity of<br />
the country! :z reoay cle loan, including<br />
riasonableness of repayment zroscects,<br />
and (Z) r-easonaoleness ind lecalit7<br />
(under laws of country and U.S.) of<br />
lending and relencing :arns of vie loan.<br />
c. FAA Sec. .01(e). tf loan is not<br />
wade pursuant :oa 'uitl!ateral plan,<br />
and the aMunt of the loan excaeds<br />
SiC000, has czunt~r sucmit:d It Ai<br />
.naoolication !*r such funds ':get.er<br />
00 assurauils to indicate that funds<br />
1,,ill e used in an economically and<br />
technically sound Tanner?<br />
d. FAA Sec. 1('!. Coes orJec. paper<br />
descrioe now projec: will orlmote- :he<br />
count7-r's ecznomic di.velooment zaking<br />
into account :'e count.-'/s -uman and<br />
-atarial resourcss recuirr.ents ana<br />
relationsnio becween ultimata objectives<br />
of the orojec: and overall economic<br />
development?<br />
7s<br />
r~~n.~.z ~s~<br />
e!!~<br />
~ ±<br />
zczt a
I. FAA Sec. 202(a). Total amunt of<br />
MOry unaer Vain wnich is going directly<br />
to private enterprise, isgoing to<br />
inte mediate credit institutions or<br />
other borrowers for use by private<br />
entorprise, is being used to finance<br />
imports from prvala sources, or is<br />
othervisa being used to finance procurements<br />
from private sourts ?<br />
f. FAA Sec. 620(d). If assistana is<br />
for any productive enterprise which will<br />
compete in the U.S. with 0.S. enterprise,<br />
Is there an agruent by the recipient<br />
Country to Prevent export to the U.S. of<br />
mre than 201 of the enterprise's annual<br />
production during the life of the loan?<br />
3. Project Criteria Solely for Security<br />
Suooorting Assistance<br />
FM Sec. 531. How will this assistance<br />
support promote economic or political<br />
stability?<br />
4. Additional Criteria for Alliance for<br />
Proares s<br />
[Note: Alliance for Progress projects<br />
should add the following two items to &<br />
Project checklist.]<br />
a' FMA Sec. .S()() (8). Does<br />
assistance take into ac-ount principles<br />
bf the Act of Bonota. and the Charter of<br />
Punta del Este; and o what extent will<br />
the activity contribute to the economic<br />
or political integration of Latin<br />
America?<br />
b. FAA Sec. 2SI(b)(8): 2S1(h). For<br />
loans, ',as there oeen taKen into account<br />
the effort made by recipient nation to<br />
repatriate capital invested in other<br />
countries by their own citizens? Is<br />
loan consistent with the findings and<br />
recommendations of the !nter-American<br />
Committee for the Alliance for Progress<br />
(now "CZPC:S,o the Permanent Executive<br />
Committee of the OAS) in its annual<br />
review of national developiment activities?<br />
Project Criteria SoleY for Sahel<br />
Development Proram<br />
FAA/Sec. 121. Eo will this<br />
assistance contzibute to the longterm<br />
development of the Sahel<br />
in acoordance with the long-term<br />
multi-donor development plan<br />
for that purpose.<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
This project will provide a bd ss<br />
for determining the eatent to hich<br />
52<br />
vegetable production can contribuce<br />
to self-sufficiency in food producion<br />
and increase small farmer incom
60(3) * SANDOARD MM CHr.ZS'<br />
isted blow are statutory item<br />
Assistance agrunt dealing with which norgelly will be covered routinely in those provisions<br />
its implementatlon,<br />
of An<br />
or covered in the<br />
where<br />
agreemen<br />
Ce.tain<br />
by.<br />
uses<br />
exclusion<br />
of funds<br />
(as<br />
are permitcad, but other uses not).<br />
These Items art arranged under the general headirgs of (A) Procurement, (8) Construction, and<br />
(C) Other Restrictions.<br />
A. Procurment<br />
1. FAA See. 602. Are there arrangements<br />
peit<br />
to<br />
U.S. sm11 business Tsc:!nicaj<br />
to participate Assistanuce requests<br />
equitably<br />
will be<br />
in<br />
advertised<br />
the fumishing<br />
tbxugh<br />
of goods<br />
A.:.<br />
and Sm... *<br />
servtces financed?<br />
Off-ns .<br />
-IT Business offi.s.<br />
2. FAA See . 604 a). Will all cmm odity -- o -. m ae t w ill b e i n a ccardi_<br />
procurejnent financed be fram the U.S. we ina .<br />
except as otherwise determined by the Wi.. A.I.D. -!.a.±ons.<br />
President or under delegation from him?<br />
3. FAA Sec. 604(d). If the cooperating Le p= jec aqsemen: will so<br />
country dscrminaes against U.S. siplat.<br />
nurine Insurance comoanies, will aoreement<br />
require that marine insurance'be<br />
placed in the U.S. on commodities<br />
financed?<br />
4. FAA Sec. 604(e), If offshore procurement<br />
of agricul :ral comnodity or<br />
prduct is to be financed, is there NIA<br />
provision against such procurenent when<br />
the domestic 'rice of such commodity is<br />
less than parity?<br />
S. FAA Sec. 6Cm). 'dill U.'Z. Government<br />
excess perscnai prooerty :e utilized Yes<br />
wherever practicable in lieu of the<br />
procurement of new items?<br />
6. MMA Sec. 901(bl. (a) Conoiiance with<br />
requirement :na: at least 550per<br />
centuw Yes<br />
of the gross tonnage of commodities<br />
(comout , secarateiy for ary oulk<br />
carriers, dry cargo liners, and tankers)<br />
finance-a shail oe transoorted on ;rivately<br />
owned U.S.-flag commertial vessels to the<br />
extent :hat such vessels are available<br />
at fair and reasonable rates.<br />
7. .AA Sec. 621. If technical assistanc Yes<br />
is financea. will such assistance be furnished<br />
to the fullest extent practicaole<br />
as goods and professional and otner<br />
services from private enterrise on a<br />
contract oasis? If the facilities of<br />
other Federal agencies will be utilized
are they par-icularly suitable, not<br />
cimetittvi with orivate ntavise,<br />
adW MO. available Without undue interference<br />
vth domes:ic p"orams?<br />
. ]. aCtionil"Air InnScort. FIr<br />
If air transportation of P.Or; or<br />
prperty Is financed on grant basis, will<br />
prevision ae made that U.S.-flag carri -s<br />
will be utilized t he extent such<br />
service isavailable?<br />
B. Construction<br />
1. FAA Sec. 601(d). Ifa capital (e.g.<br />
construction) p-ject., art enginering<br />
and professional services of U.S. firms<br />
and t t ir affiliates to be used to the<br />
maximum extent consistent with the<br />
national interest?<br />
2. FAA Se. 611(c). Ifcontracts for<br />
construction are to be financed, will<br />
they be let on a cometitive basis to<br />
mximum extent practicable?<br />
3. FAA Sec. 620(k). Iffor construction<br />
of proauc:ive enterprise, will ag;regate<br />
value of assistance to be furnished by<br />
the U.S. not exceed SlO0 million?<br />
C. Other Restrictions<br />
1. FAA Sec. Z01(d).^ Ifdevelopment loan,<br />
is interest rate at least ZZ per annum<br />
during grace period and at least ra per<br />
annum thereafter?<br />
2. Sec. 301(d). Iffund isestablished<br />
solety oy U.S.contributions and administered<br />
by an international orcaniz tlon,<br />
does Comptroiler General have audit<br />
rights?<br />
3. FAA Sec. 620(h). Do arrangements<br />
precluoce promoting or assisting the<br />
foreign aid projects or ac:ivities of<br />
Ccfmunist-aloc countries, contrary to<br />
the best interests of the U.S.?<br />
4. FAA Sec. 36(i). Is financing not permittea<br />
to ze used, without waiver, for<br />
purchase, long-cerm lease, or exchange<br />
of motor vehicle Panufactured outside<br />
the U.S. or guaranty of such transaction?<br />
N/A<br />
yes<br />
'N/A<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
NIA<br />
N/A<br />
yes<br />
Yes
w,,uu3,Ap IC - 3:11 ovew 10, 1976 6C().3<br />
S. Will arrangemets preclude use of<br />
537 ffI nancing: Yes<br />
a. FM Sec. 114. to pay for prfor"mnce<br />
of abortions or to motivate or coerce<br />
persons to practice abortions?<br />
b. F S.c. 620l . to comensate<br />
Owners ?or expropriated nationalized<br />
property?<br />
c. FAA Sec. 660. to finance police<br />
training or oM-er law enforcement<br />
assistance, except for narcotics<br />
progrWs?<br />
d. FAA Sec. 662. for CZA activities?<br />
a. Aoo. Sec. 103. to pay pensions, etc.,<br />
for military personnel?<br />
f. Aoo. Sec. 106. to pay U.N. assessments?<br />
g. Aao. Sec. 107. to carry out provisions<br />
f FAA S:ions 209(d) and 251(h)?<br />
(transfer to multilateral organization<br />
for lending).<br />
h. Aoo. Sec. 501. to be used for<br />
publicity or propaganda purposes<br />
within U.S. not authorized by Congress?
a4 .V y Pop inrinwaTi &,. o vct.epmwc r C] AP "GIIIIION Arc C SX)<br />
PROJECT PAPER (7ACLSHE.TC<br />
To kC Cv."T= By cotI ,I HAT'cC*Cr<br />
68ZOx0<br />
Z. CCUMM~h/gC ICAL EW,I -TT/GRANrE-<br />
67 Mauritania<br />
T<br />
I<br />
A00 OC1.zC<br />
143 ?"-1 A I.<br />
CAA0<br />
oi"UNVIT R.YISICN '&tE.3<br />
3<br />
P~.OJCT 'M4IEa<br />
682-0204<br />
3. SuRCAU<br />
A. aY"MOL<br />
AFR<br />
10.O<br />
06<br />
6. CSTIM.AiTf FY OF PROJECT COMPUTION<br />
FY 17 ISI<br />
T.PROJECT "ItU - SRORT (?srT wi1"4t# RAGCrXCJ) 8. .STIATED FY CF AUTHCRIZATIOWC/OLIGATION<br />
.Me0 YR.<br />
_Vegetable Production A,.INITIAL I 7 1 8 I N. FYN 7 1 9<br />
9. SCOWRMMY uC~ CC (P.AAp.JJ4si COrC coac rmtc PasNC ir. icon ChC)<br />
arm.<br />
u.s.<br />
_o___<br />
________________10. CST IMATE- TOTAL CWST (SCO on cCAjivALT'rI. $Is 4<br />
.L<br />
FM.-,. I<br />
Yrj.-q 78 _ALL YARS _<br />
I Iq-____C. _L/C 0. ?OTAL C. r% I P, L/C C. rOAL<br />
(GRANT) ______I SH H 39S I I______170._139 ( !(WL 75 U]<br />
Pac<br />
a.____<br />
_'__. __<br />
Coros 1 53<br />
A. AP, ,o-E..'<br />
II,<br />
,MAY!--.RIM.&,'r<br />
ANIA"IO;J PURPOPOSC<br />
jL.A A -<br />
C coOC<br />
SH 1 25 7 1 2 4 5<br />
--<br />
1 83<br />
( )__ __<br />
f_9_<br />
________I________<br />
_9 1_<br />
139<br />
__ _370 _ 370<br />
ToTALS -75_ _81 1745 1____0 j 695 1 Z245<br />
ESTIMAT.0 CC5TS/0JOROMA/l<br />
7Y"I' ol FYi<br />
0, MM<br />
1 4 70<br />
i _ --<br />
LOA<br />
I<br />
_ I<br />
n~k~rtA<br />
,_<br />
_<br />
136<br />
155<br />
250<br />
___<br />
47,j<br />
405<br />
. "UFPS (1CCOi,<br />
r(I "L .f-.;_<br />
tn4<br />
_<br />
I -<br />
_<br />
A41<br />
I<br />
-rcgH.<br />
k<br />
___,_<br />
j- :t2<br />
- d7,__<br />
I,<br />
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I _ _<br />
TO"7ILS ( L'+,JU 1 14'-70<br />
13. PROJECT PQRPOSJE() (37AT WIT1411 SMACKC73:) C mc1€x ir oirTrentmT r~om ,PIO/ P.<br />
To determin.e the f=easibility of expanded vegetable production among<br />
L_ edenazri rural groups _ in he Third, I _<br />
Fi_=th _<br />
and Sixth egions of Mauzritania<br />
t.hrough an applied research and pilot program.<br />
(<br />
_ ___<br />
WE.AE C.HAPGES MAOE IN THE PIO/PRP rACZESHE- OA7A IT IN1CLLMEO AS0VE? IF ." ,ATTACN CXOCED PiO<br />
4,Z C R FI:CZ3I-THEZ7;I ¢L..A(Cio.3 za¢ ={ i..0'<br />
I" OR G1.117 I~T 1 r F7ICT LAANE..%tRc zI<br />
,410( 1330 (1573<br />
-LA<br />
CA 3,°Z 1"i °WNZ'
TABU or coNTMS<br />
PART I SU4MARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
A. Face Sheet Data<br />
Page No.<br />
B. Recommendations 1<br />
C. Summary Description of Project<br />
D. Sumary Findings 3<br />
E. Project Issues 4<br />
PART II. Background and Detailed Description<br />
PART III. Project Analysis<br />
A. General Background 6<br />
B. History of A.I.D. Involvement 8<br />
C. Detailed Description 10<br />
A. Technical Analysib 18<br />
1. Initial Environmental<br />
Examination 24<br />
2. Other Programs:<br />
a) Vegetable Preparation 36<br />
b) Training 40<br />
B. Financial Analysis and Plan 42<br />
C. Social Analysis 44<br />
D. Economic Analysis 70<br />
PART IV. Implementation Arrangements<br />
A. Administrative Arrangements 84<br />
B. Implementation Plan 99
ANNEX<br />
C. ProcuzeMent Plan<br />
-2-<br />
103<br />
D. Equipment and Commodities List 104<br />
E. Source and Origin<br />
F. Method of Procurement<br />
G. Shelf Item Procurement<br />
H. Waivers<br />
I. Evaluation Arrangements<br />
104<br />
10S<br />
105<br />
105<br />
106<br />
J. Conditions, Covenants and 107<br />
Negotiating Status<br />
Logical Framework Matrix<br />
References for Financial Analysis<br />
References for Economic Analysis<br />
References for Technical Analysi
6I<br />
B. RAcomnendations<br />
1. Grant Funding<br />
It is recomended that the Vegetable Production Project be<br />
authorized by AID grant funding as follows:<br />
Two Year Project Funding for FY 78 through FY 81: $1,470,000<br />
(FY 78 Grant Financing)<br />
2. Waivers<br />
a) Waiver of FAA Section 636(i) to permit Code 935<br />
Procurement of S vehicles;<br />
($795,000)<br />
b) Authorization of shelf item procurement of up to $55,000<br />
of POL products and minor commodities.
C. Oe0gciPtion of the Project<br />
I. Scope and rnputs<br />
The project is designed as a three-year experimental intervention<br />
which will generate the data required to determine the feasibility of<br />
an expanded program in vegetable production among sedentary inhibitants<br />
of the Third, Fifth and Sixth Regions in Mauritania.<br />
Project support activities include: (a) collection, compilation<br />
and analysis of data related to the technical, economic, marketing,<br />
nutritional-consumer acceptance feasibility and desirability of expanded<br />
vegetable production; (b) establishment of pilot demonstration areas<br />
and a central field trial area in each region in order to carryout<br />
applied research and to conduct a range of basic agronomic testing;<br />
(c) utilization of participant interest groups (grouppments cooperatif)<br />
to actively involve the local population and to provide the individual<br />
farmers information, techniques, services and commodity support required<br />
to execute the project; (d)training of GIRM personnel to assist in<br />
the planning, coordination and implementation of the project; (e) train<br />
ing of the local population in highly palatable, low-cost food preparation<br />
techniques which preserve nutritional content of vegetables.<br />
Specifically, the project will provide:<br />
A. Technical Assistance<br />
- A.I.D.<br />
- Project Manager/Agricultural Extentionist<br />
- Horticulturist/Agronomist<br />
- Agricultural Economist<br />
(36 pm)<br />
(36 pm)<br />
(12 pm)<br />
- Nutritionist<br />
- Soils Conservationists<br />
- Hydrologist<br />
(12 pm)<br />
(4 pm)<br />
C 4 pm)
Peace Corps<br />
-2-<br />
- Agricultural Specialist (108 pm)<br />
- Rom Economists<br />
(108 Pa)<br />
- Cooperative Specialists (108 pm)<br />
B. Participant Training<br />
- Two Staff years training at Hassan II<br />
University in Morocco<br />
- 12 student months training at Ca<strong>mb</strong>erene, Senegal<br />
- Periodic training by U. S. Consultants in vegetabl<br />
production techniques for 6 extension agents.<br />
C. Commodities<br />
- Vegetable Production Inputs<br />
D. Vehicles<br />
(seed, fertilizers, tools, insecticides)<br />
- Four 4x4 all Terrain Vehicles<br />
- Two three-ton stake bed trucks<br />
E. Other<br />
(includes local personnel and labor, land and facilities, POL)<br />
2. End of Project Status<br />
By the end of the project, it is expected that Mauritania will have:<br />
(a) the necessary technical, economic, marketing and nutrition information<br />
required to determine the feasibility of expanded small-scale vegetable<br />
production and to serve as a guide in any future assistan,.-e activities<br />
by the GIRM and external donors in vegetable production; (b) developed<br />
a body of knowledge regarding improved vegetable production, seed preserva<br />
tion techniques, and marketing systems; (c) households trained in improved<br />
vegetable food preparation techniques; and (d) GIRM personnel trained in<br />
vegetable production and extension at the national, regional and local levels.
C. Sumna Findinga<br />
-3-<br />
An analysis of the various findings in Paxtz IZ and IV herein..<br />
conflzm that the project is ready for implementation. Findings<br />
revealed that:<br />
1. Fazuers are eager and willing to participate in vegetable<br />
production providing that information, training, materials and comnodities<br />
are supplied.<br />
2. Those farmers who presently grow vegetables eat them, although<br />
the proportion of vegetables devoted to auto - consumption as opposed<br />
to sale cannot be determined and varies widely.<br />
3. For many groups now engaged in vegetable production, vegetables<br />
have been a part of their traditional diets. This is especially true<br />
for groups living along the river valley who have long prepared millet,<br />
sorghum, and rice dishes with sauces topped with or made with vegetable.<br />
4. Field observations reveal that the demand for and consumption<br />
of vegetables is increasing in Mauritania. However, due to lack of data,<br />
the magnitude of this increase cannot be measured.<br />
5. Those farmers presently involved in vegetable production view<br />
it primarily as a viable means for increasing their incomes and as a<br />
means for providing variety to their diets.<br />
6. In order to insure success the intervention should integrate<br />
itself into existing organizational structures and channel its<br />
resource support through existing centers for implementation.<br />
7. The GIRM extension capacity must be up-graded if techniques<br />
introduced by the project are to be successfully diffused to the target<br />
population.
-4<br />
8. The primary obstacles related to production of vegetables in the<br />
target areas have been identified. However, much remains to be learned<br />
about the economic and technical conditions conducive to increasing<br />
vegetable production and consumption. This project as presently conceiyed,<br />
represents a practical means by which A.I.D. can provide a basis for<br />
determining how vegetable production can be successfully expanded.<br />
9. The Government of Mauritania is strongly committed to the success<br />
of the project and to increasing vegetable production.<br />
D. Issues<br />
A nu<strong>mb</strong>er of issues were raised during the January, 1977, PRP review<br />
and the Project Paper review in Nove<strong>mb</strong>er, 1977. Reviewers are requested<br />
to bear in mind that this project is experimental in -nature. 'Trust<br />
worthy data are literally non-existent in Mauritania. The project, as<br />
presently designed, will provide the information required to answer many<br />
of the questions raised. In particular, questions raised concerning<br />
economic benefits and viability, market structure and demand are ones<br />
that can be answered with any degree of certitude only upon project<br />
completion.<br />
In view of recent field observations lack of peztinent data and<br />
findings by the design team, the primary focus of the project has been<br />
altered from one of institution building and production to one of<br />
irlformation gathering and trial testing. This approach will provide<br />
a basis for determining how and to what extent vegetable production<br />
should be expanded. In addition, the scope of the project, in terms of<br />
size of the target area, has been reduced from nine to three regions<br />
in Mauritania. This change is the result of concerns raised regarding
-5<br />
the logistics, costs and security problems associated with such a<br />
large target area. Additional data gathered by the consultants,<br />
consultations with USA/I/Nouakcott and recommendations made by the<br />
GIhNindicated that the target area should include the Third Region<br />
(Kiffa), Fifth Region (Boghe) and the Sixth Region (Rosso). These<br />
now choices have the advantage of being best adapted for vegetable<br />
productLon because, (a) water for agricultural purposes is more<br />
abundant in these regions than in others; (b) in these regions<br />
vegetables have been grown and therefore there it will not be necessary<br />
to overcome the difficulties inherent in introducing a new crop; and<br />
(c) commercialization possibilitie- and techniques can be observed<br />
in the three regions as the markets of !Rasso, Aleg, Boghe and Nouakchott<br />
are accessible from these regions.
-6-<br />
PA ' : MCROUND AND DETAZLM DESCRPTON<br />
A. Gaeneral Background<br />
Nauritonia, situated on coast of Africa latitud i 15 o<br />
the west between<br />
and 250 north, has an area of approximately 1.1 million km 2 . The population<br />
in mid-1976 was estimated at 1.4 million and to be increasing at a rate of<br />
2.3 percent a year. The northern two-thirds of the country in desert and sub<br />
desert, and is virtually uninhabited. Some 80 percent of the population,<br />
including the farmers and livestock herders are situated within a zone not<br />
more than 180 km in width along the southern border. About 24 percent of the<br />
population is oriented toward the modern and trading sector of the economy,<br />
with the remaining 76 percent dependent upon subsistence livestock and agri<br />
culture production.<br />
The economic and social structures have been greatly affected by the 1968-74<br />
drought, which resulted in crop failures, losses of livestock due to starvation,<br />
and.premature slaughter. These events have been primary causes for increasing<br />
sedntarization of the population, and have placed emphasis on vegetable produc<br />
tion as an viternative means of earning a livelihood. Although the gross per<br />
capita income in Mauritania is estimated at $310, in the rural areas, it is one<br />
of the lowest in the world at less than $70. Trade patterns for Mauritania have<br />
relied heavily upon imports in the form of live animals, consmr goods and<br />
services, and food stuffs from Senegal and Mali.<br />
Agricultural Regions<br />
Mauritania can be divided geographically into four agricultural regions:<br />
the Saharan zone, Sahelian zone, Sudano-Sahelian zone, and the Senegal River<br />
Valley.
Oahaxan Zone<br />
-7-<br />
The Saharan zone (sub-desert and desert,<br />
- per year) comprises 70 to 80 percent of<br />
kqricuLt=al production is Limited<br />
with rainfall less than<br />
the land area of Mauritania.<br />
250',<br />
to date cultivation, livestock production,<br />
and seasonal nomadic grazing with sheep, goats, and camels in scattered oases.<br />
Sahalian Zone<br />
The Sahelian zone (250 to 500 m<br />
rainfall per year) QLuprise" 10 to 15<br />
percent of land area. Transhumant livestock production by Maure<br />
primary economic activity.<br />
groups is the<br />
Wet season grain production, on a limited basis,<br />
does occur with the use of short season millets. Transhumant herds leave this<br />
zone during the dry season for grazing sites in the Senegal valley and the<br />
Sudanian zone.<br />
Sudanian Zone<br />
The Sudanian zone of Mauritania (500 to 750 mm rainfall,per year) comprises<br />
less than 4 percent of the lan<br />
area of Mauritania. A large variety of locally<br />
adapted sorghum and millet varieties are grown with maturity dates varying from<br />
90 to 180 days. Family subsistence production units are of three types: trans<br />
humant pastoralists (Maures and Peuls), livestock-dependent semi-transhumant<br />
groups (Maures and Peuls), and stentary crop-dependent households (Toucouleur,<br />
Peuls and Soninkes).<br />
The zone is normally "self-sufficient" in food grain pro-<br />
duction, yet it does some trade with drier areas to the nortai.<br />
cash income into the zone is generated by the export of live animals.<br />
Project zone falls largely in the Sudanian eco-climatic zone.)<br />
Senegal River Flood Plain<br />
However, most<br />
(The<br />
The Senegal River Flood Plain (250 to 750 mm rainfall per year) is the most<br />
important agricultural region in Mauritainia.<br />
The Mauritania side of the valley
-8<br />
extends back froa the river 20 to 50 kI. in addition to sorghum and aillat,<br />
m rice and vegetables are grown on seasonally flooded lands. According<br />
to the DAP, 20 per=ent of the population of Mauritania lives in the valley,<br />
and it produces 80 percent of the country's food grains. Several major irriga<br />
tion schemes are in various stages of development planning. The valley is also<br />
an important dry season grazing area for the transhumant herds of centrPl and<br />
western Mauritania.<br />
B. History of A.I.D. Tzvolvement<br />
A.I.D. 's role in providing extensive bilateral development assistance to<br />
the rural sector of Mauritania dates from early 1973. It became apparent at<br />
the time that substantial assistance from A.I.D. and other donors in the<br />
international community was needed in order to plan and implement programs and<br />
projects that would lead to sustained economic growth and social and political<br />
stabiliS.y in face of the enormous difficulties resulting from the 1968-74<br />
drought.<br />
The initial A.I.D. efforts in Mauritania were confined to emergency measures<br />
undertaken in FY 73. These bilateral efforts, which were stop-gap in nature,<br />
were initiated to prevent starvation and to reduce diseases stemming from<br />
nutritional deficiencies. A.I.D.'s commitment 6f foodstuffs was initially<br />
15,000 metric tons, supplemented by 48,250 metric tons, 4,000 metric tons and<br />
5,500 metric tons respectively, during 1974, 1975 and 1976. During FY 74, A.I.D.<br />
contributed non-food emergency assistance in the form of medicines and vehicles<br />
valued at $252,000. In the same year A.I.D. also negotiated the Sahel Drought<br />
Recovery and Rehabilitation Program with the Government of Mauritania. A total<br />
of $2.915 million dollars was obligated in fiscal years 1974, 1975 and 1976
if <br />
-9<br />
unde this program to support range management, livestock and water, agricul<br />
tural production, storage, transportation and health.<br />
At the request fo the Government of mauritania in February 1974, A.I.D.<br />
under the u<strong>mb</strong>rella of the Sahel Relief and Rehabilitation Grant Agreement<br />
financed "Operation Vegetable Prod=uction" in the amount of $600,000. The<br />
project targeted primarily on the nomadic populace that had lost their means<br />
of livelihood - Livestock - due to the drought. Garden plots (family) were<br />
established to supplement losses and to attempt to maintain some measure of<br />
self-sufficiency. The project supplid water pumps, seeds, fertilizers, garden<br />
tools and vehicles to farmers. A total of 800 families in six regions planted<br />
150 hectares which produced almost 1,500 tons of vegetables. There was no<br />
formal evaluation of the project. However, verbal evaluations indicate: (a)<br />
cultivator interest was high everywhere and farmers were responsive to new<br />
production techniques introduced by the project; (b)faxres were willing to<br />
support a group cooperation arrangement as long as they felt it as to their<br />
advantage; (c)harvests averaged 12 tons/hectare for potatoes and 13.5 tons/<br />
hectare for other vegetables. The project gei,..rated an awareness and desire among<br />
farmers to become involved in vegetable production and substantially increased<br />
vegetable production and consumption in areas previously limited largely to<br />
herding. This effort set the framework for the proposed project.<br />
A PFP design team was fielded during mid-1976 to develop a logical long-term<br />
vegetable production proposal. The January 1977, ECPR review of the PRP and the<br />
Nove<strong>mb</strong>er 1977 review of the PP raised several issues. These issues axe<br />
addressed in the Detailed Description and Project Analysis Sections of this<br />
paper.
C. Detailed Description<br />
1. Goal<br />
- 10- 72<br />
The overall sector goal of the project is to promote the development<br />
and velfare of the rural population in Mauritania by increasing small<br />
farmer income and food productivity; thereby contributing to family food<br />
security.<br />
2. Purpose<br />
The purpose of the project is to determine the feasibility of expanded<br />
vegetable production among sedentary rural groups in Mauritania through<br />
an applied research and pilot vegetable production program.<br />
3. End of Project Status and Outputs<br />
By the end of the project, (a) A body of information will exist which<br />
will serve as a basis for making future decisions about expandion of<br />
vegetable production; (b) Improved practices in production, seed preserva<br />
tion and marketing of vegetables will be identified and demonstrated<br />
to local farmers; (c) The local population will be trained in vegetable<br />
food preparation techniques which are optimum in terms of cost, nutrition<br />
and palatability; (d) Eleven GIRM officials will have been trained in<br />
vegetable production and extension services to work at all levels<br />
within the Agriculture Directorate of the Ministry of Rural Development.<br />
4. Inputs<br />
The total inputs for the project are detailed in Table I. As the table<br />
reveals, the major A.I.D. input is U. S. tecnmical assistance ($848,000). The
-11<br />
second lagst A.I.D. inputs include commodities (sies,o0o) and vehicles<br />
($90,000). The A.Z.D. contibution to participant training is $24,000.<br />
Peace Corps inputs w*lfl consist of nine volunteers ($405,000). From<br />
Mauritania the primazy inputs aze POL ($105,000) and personnel and labo<br />
($90,100).<br />
A. A.I.D.<br />
Table I<br />
Project Inputs -. Mauritania<br />
Vegetable Production Project<br />
($ U.S. 000's)<br />
I. Tochnical Assistance<br />
a. Project Maager/Agricultural Extensionist<br />
b. Horticulturist/Agronomist<br />
c. Agricultural Economist<br />
*d. Nutritionist<br />
300<br />
228<br />
120<br />
Sentist<br />
cbi 40<br />
11.<br />
?:<br />
H 40<br />
~ Sub-Total<br />
Participant TrainigS<br />
a. Chief of Vegetable Production<br />
2 staff-years university training 12<br />
b. 4 regional sector chiefs, 3 student<br />
months each 12<br />
.Sub-Total 24<br />
II. Commodities 185<br />
IV. Eouipment 20<br />
V. Vehicles and Spare Parts<br />
a. 4 4x4 all terrain vehicles 62<br />
b. 1 3-ton state bed truck 28<br />
Sub-Total 90<br />
V1. Other Costs<br />
a. POL (Fuel, Oil, Lubricants) 51<br />
b. Housing 60<br />
Sub-Total ill<br />
Project Total 1,278<br />
Contingencies & Inflation 192<br />
GRAND TOTAL 1,470<br />
B. PEACE CORPS<br />
I. Three Home Economists 135<br />
I. Three Agricultural Specialists 135<br />
II1. Three Cooperative Specialists 13<br />
TOTAL 405
C. PIAORTANUZ<br />
5. Linkages<br />
- 12-<br />
1. Personnel and Labor<br />
90.1<br />
I. Land<br />
25.0<br />
z1. water<br />
30.2<br />
IV. Training<br />
5.4<br />
V. POL<br />
105<br />
V1. Vehicles<br />
i8<br />
V'?. Housing for PCVs 74<br />
VIZ. Office Space<br />
12<br />
A. Purpose to Goal Linkages<br />
PROJECT TOTAL -- 25<br />
The purpose of the project will contribute to sector goal<br />
achievement by providing a data basis for determining it or to what<br />
extent<br />
vegetable production can become a viable enterprise for small<br />
farmers, increase<br />
small<br />
farmer<br />
family food security. The project is an<br />
gathering and will promote<br />
370<br />
food productivity and contribute to<br />
exercise in information<br />
the welfare of the populations in the<br />
target areas by identifying and developing vegetable production techniques<br />
and practices which are optimum to the social, physical,<br />
climatological environments.<br />
B. Inputs to Outputs Linkages<br />
The experimental design approach<br />
economic<br />
and<br />
of the project is necessary<br />
to provide reliable guidance with respect to the feasibility of<br />
future activities.<br />
Testing of major agronomic options and collection<br />
and analysis of sufficient economic, marketing and consumer<br />
nutritional data will be undertaken. The Horticulturist/Agronomist<br />
acceptance <br />
will conduct carefully controlled trials and develop a research design<br />
to provide for collection and analysis of agronomic data.<br />
In addition,
750 this pexson, along with the Project Manager, will be responsible for,<br />
.13<br />
advising and in-service training of extension agents as well as<br />
instructing and supervising extension agents and PCVs in data collection<br />
techniques to be used.<br />
The Agriculture Production Economist will develop a research<br />
design to determine the marketing, ecor- mic and financial feasibility<br />
of expanding vegetable production in the region. Analysis of consumer<br />
acceptance and use and other nutrition related factors will be elenments<br />
of the final economic analysis.<br />
The Nutritionist will conduct an assessment of the nutritional<br />
impact o the project on the target population. This activity will<br />
include: .(a) nutritional surveillance cf the target population;<br />
(b) nutritional monitoring; (c) collection of food consumption data<br />
for analysis of the nutrient value of the diet. The Nutritionist<br />
will also provide guidance and supervision to the home economics<br />
PCVs on nutrition data collection and training of the local population<br />
in vegetable food preparation.<br />
Short-term consultancy of a Soil Scientist and a Water<br />
Resource Specialist will be provided early during the project. These<br />
consultants will conduct an assessment to determine soil management<br />
practices that promote efficient water use, productive potential of<br />
the major soil types and potential exploitation of various water<br />
sources.<br />
A.I.D. will provide commodity support in terms of seeds,<br />
fertilizer, pesticides and tools to carryout pilot demonstrations.
-14-<br />
Project beneficiaries Viil contribute the labor to construct and cultivate<br />
pilot areas. Production from the pilot, expeiment-l plots will be<br />
consumed to satisfy food needs of producers, or bartered or marketed<br />
for cash, yielding income (goods or cash) for producers. A.I.D. will also<br />
provi4e four 4x4 all terrain vehicles for transpor ation of consultants<br />
and counterparts to and from project sites and one three-ton (four-wheel<br />
drive) stake bed truik to the office of the Chief of Vegetable Production<br />
for transport of commdities to the Third and Fifth Regions. The Govern<br />
ment of Mauritania will provide transportation for input delivery to<br />
the Sixth Region.<br />
The A.I.D. input into participant training includes: (aY two<br />
staff years of university training in vegetable production for the Chief<br />
of Vegetable Production ; (b) three-month intensive seminar on vegetable<br />
production' and on-the-job training for four agricultural sector chiefs;<br />
and (c) periodic training in vegetable production and data collection<br />
techniques with primary emphasis on training in the field will be<br />
provided to six agricultural extension agents by the U.S. technicians.<br />
The officals slated for training are presently working within<br />
the Directorate of Agriculture. In Nouakchott, at the national level,<br />
the Chief of Vegetable Production is assigned full-time to plan and<br />
coordinate all vegetable production activities throughout the country.<br />
The sector chiefs represent the Directorate of Agriculture at the<br />
regional level and are responsible for coordination of all agricultural<br />
activities (including vegetable production) in their regions. The<br />
agricultural extension agents, at the local level in coordination<br />
with the sector chief have the ultimate responsibility for dissemination
ii of technical inputs and information to farmers. The training provided<br />
by this project will increase the Directorate's capacity to serve as an<br />
effective means by which to channel production inputs and technical<br />
information to participating farmer groups, as well as upgrade officials<br />
data collection and analytical skills.<br />
The Peace Corps input will consist of nine volunteers, i.e.,<br />
for each. of the three regions - one, agriculture specialist, one home<br />
economist (female) and one cooperative specialist. The volunteers will<br />
assist the U.S. technicians in raw data collection on the agronomic,<br />
economic/marketing and nutrition factors related to vegetable production<br />
and provide extension support to the existing government structure. The<br />
Agriculture specialists will work under the agriculture sector chiefs<br />
and will assist in establishing the pilot plots and conducting experiments.<br />
These volunteers along with the extension agents will receive on-site<br />
technical supervision from the Horticulturist/Agronomist. The Cooperative<br />
specialists will work directly under the sector chiefs with participating<br />
farmer groups. In Boghe, where a cooperative extension agent is<br />
assigned, the PCV.will attach himself to this agent. They will assist<br />
farmer groups on organizational matters and will provide administrative<br />
support which will consist primarily of bookkeeping. The home economists<br />
under guidance of the Nutritionist will develop and train me<strong>mb</strong>ers of<br />
the local population in low-cost, high nutrient vegetable good<br />
preparation techniques. Complementary to the food preparation component,<br />
the home economists with the guidance of the <strong>USAID</strong> Staff Sociologist in<br />
Nouakchott will collect data in an effort to identify the parameters of<br />
the woman's role in the production of vegetables in Mauritania.
The GZIP<br />
-16<br />
input consists primarily of personnel. Ten GZIR officials will be<br />
directly associated with the project. in addition,<br />
The GZM will provide one 3 ton stake body truck<br />
six drivers will be assigned.<br />
for input delivery to the<br />
Sixth Region and fuel for all project vehicles during the last half of the<br />
project (11 years).<br />
PCV , well construction,<br />
Implementation of<br />
A.I.D. to<br />
Other inputs include office space, training, housing of<br />
land and water, resources for the demonstration areas.<br />
the project will be evaluated annually by the GIRM and<br />
determine the major technical, administrative, sociological and<br />
economic constraints. The project as proposed, in and of itseif, will not<br />
provide<br />
substantial development in the target areas. It is hoped that by the<br />
end of the project, a substantial body of knmwledge regarding vegetable produc<br />
tion will have been garnered<br />
which will provide a basis for determining strategies<br />
for expansion of vegetable production to more farmers in other regions.<br />
6. Assumptions<br />
a extent on managerial control<br />
Achievement of outputs depends to large<br />
of inputs, namely insuring that the GIRM, contractors, supplies and shippers<br />
make inputs available on time as required.<br />
in the Logical Framework, the following may be singled out<br />
critical to achievement of project success.<br />
A.<br />
GIRM support of vegetable production programs<br />
Among the assumptions included<br />
as being particularly<br />
in terms of policy,<br />
funding and personnel support is essential both during the project and<br />
it ends.<br />
B. It is vital to project success that GIRM Ironnel trained<br />
in the project areas<br />
after<br />
are retained<br />
until project completion. The probabilityof this assumption
-17<br />
is beinq fulfilled is relatively high since all official. designated for<br />
training are presently living and working in project areas.<br />
C. It is necessary that farmer. understand and accept techniques intro<br />
duced by the project.<br />
D. The achievement of ouputs and the provision of inputs depends heavily<br />
on the assuuption that the technical assistance personnel will bd available<br />
and willing to work in Mauritan4a. Not only are conditions extremely difficult<br />
in Mauritania, there is the added requirement for language abilitZ and, with<br />
recent changes in the tax laws, the uncertainties of how willing American<br />
contract personnel will be to undertake overseas employment increases.<br />
E. Finally, it is assumed that the political and security situation will<br />
remain stable throughout the life of the project.
PAW U.. PRJ Aouza 18-<br />
A. Technical Analysis<br />
The average vegetable<br />
garden in Mauritana varies in<br />
frm one to ten ,Acres. Vegetable Production is an off season (dry<br />
season) exercise to supplement rainfLd grain farming, primarily for<br />
auto-consumption. A typical garden has a fair variety of vegetable<br />
types: tomatoes, onions, carrot, turnips, beets, lettuce, eggplant,<br />
cabbage, etc. IZrrigation is by watering - cans from wells, ponds, or<br />
size<br />
the Senegal River. Water is the limiting factor, as much so because of<br />
the arduousness in transporting it to the garden, as because of its<br />
relative scarcity in areas away from the river. With the exception of<br />
animal manure, no soil fertility amendments are made. Data on crop<br />
yields exist in the form of seasonal reports from the regional<br />
agriculture sector heads, with accuracy being questionable.<br />
Fundamentally, vegetable farming in Mauritania can be<br />
viewed as subsistence level, low-yield agriculture that has experienced<br />
little outside (or government) intervention. Virtually, systems<br />
no of<br />
modern technological inputs (fertilizer, pesticides, pump irrigation<br />
system, etc.) have been provided.<br />
The present project as designed includes testing of major<br />
agronomic options in the target areas. Present production practices<br />
will be studied as a significant guide to specific design of project<br />
actions. This is considered the base from which work must start in<br />
attempting to identify more productive systems. Collection of detailed<br />
information on current practices, jointly by expatriate and local*<br />
staff, will promote two-way communication on local needs and c. jectives.
-19-<br />
The basic &gronomic considerations are the specification<br />
of crops, major cropping patterns and soil management practices considered<br />
logically applicable in the target areas. Attention should also be given<br />
to other crops asa they relate to production of vegetables. The<br />
fol.lowingc outline of some aspects of vegetable and other farming suggest<br />
the extent of potential choices among production and related practices:<br />
1. Soil and Water Management:<br />
A. Soil Fertility and Structure:<br />
1. Crop rotations (to fully exploit soil fertility).<br />
2. Soil fertilizer amendments:<br />
a. Animal manures<br />
b. Compost<br />
c. Green manure and incorporation of crop residues<br />
d. Chemical fertilizers<br />
e. Tillage practices<br />
B. Water Economy<br />
1. Relationship of soil fertility, soil type and yield per<br />
unit of water.<br />
2. Use of mulches, compost or manures.<br />
3. Water application methods.<br />
4. Shading of some high value crops.<br />
2. Pests and Diseases<br />
A. Relationship of Pest and Disease Problems With:<br />
1. Various crop rotations<br />
2. Control of weeds by various practices
-20<br />
3. Use of sone deterrent species (i.e., marigolds)<br />
3. Cropping Practices:<br />
1. Crop variety selection (variety trials)<br />
2. Planting depth<br />
3. Planting density (spacing)<br />
4. Transplanting and pruning techniques.<br />
5. Date of harvest and planting.<br />
6. Intercropping especially using niaeb, millet, torghum,<br />
with vegetables.<br />
7. Timing of fertilization.<br />
The implementation team should take into account the followin,.<br />
thrusts of activity. They should however, based on field experience<br />
during implementation, exercise professional judgement in accepting<br />
or modification of each:<br />
1. Establish central field trail areas for applied research in<br />
each region to do a range of basic testing. Some of this will be on<br />
plots of cooperating farmers, and there will be additional extensive<br />
follow-on tests on farmer plots.<br />
2. Carry out soil tests on field trial areas and farmer plots<br />
to determine fertility levels and plant food needs.<br />
3. Emphasize vegetables that have a longer shelf or storage<br />
life under feasible local conditions. Understanding of nutritionist<br />
as well as production specialists should be applied.<br />
4. Emphasize vegetables that make a maximum contribution to,<br />
caloric intake, protein and specific vitamin needs, such as potatoes,<br />
02
-21<br />
peas, beans, other food legumes, squn Ihand cri.rots.<br />
5. Attempt to identify systems relating veget-tles to other crops,<br />
identify which system. are technically and economically viable, and will<br />
meet total food needs minimize risks due to perishability and that are<br />
suitable to demands in the producing villages, nearby towns, and urban<br />
markets, including consideration of transport conditions.<br />
6. Execute field trials that involves choices among practices:<br />
a. Give production levels using fertilizer (two or more<br />
levels), insecticides, improved seed, specified husbandry practices,<br />
water supply, etc.<br />
b. Use local materials available and affordable to farmers,<br />
such as plant materials, compost, and manures.<br />
c. Vary input levels as appropriate, all within a range<br />
that can be made available to farmers.<br />
7. Train several artisans/farmers in each area in skills to<br />
service sprayers, dusters, and to maintain hand tools by sharpening,<br />
replacement of handles, etc.<br />
8. Test seed production in each region to determine feasibility<br />
of locally self-sufficient systems.<br />
9. Provide a systematic non-formal training element of farmer<br />
training in all villages involved.<br />
10. Pesearch techniques of preserving seed, storage of root<br />
vegetables, drying, etc.
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION<br />
Project Country: Islamic Republic of Mauritania<br />
Project Title: Vegetable Production<br />
Funding: FY(s) 7 $ $1,470,000<br />
Period of Project: FY 78 through FY 81<br />
IEE Prepared by: Doris Mason, AFR/DR/SFWAP<br />
Environmental Action Recommended: Negative Determination<br />
Concurrence: J r<br />
Assistant Administrator Decision:<br />
APPROVED<br />
DISAPPROVED<br />
DATE<br />
(For full discussion of environmental impact, see IEE included in rT).
-25<br />
81 . Examination of Nature, Scope and Magnitude of -nvironmental<br />
A. Description of ProJect<br />
Although vegetables have been grown in Mauritania over<br />
several decades, vegetable farming can be fundamentally viewed as<br />
subsistence level, low-yield agriculture that has experienced<br />
minimum outside (or government) intervention. The present<br />
project is designed as a three-year experimental intervention<br />
to generate data which will determine the feasibility of<br />
expanding vegetable production in the country. To accomplish<br />
this objective, test pilot areas will be established in each of<br />
the three regions. These areas will be worked by the project<br />
beneficiaries themselves, and will serve is field trial areas<br />
for applied research.<br />
Project support activities include: (a) utilization of<br />
participant interest groups ('groupments coopertif") to ac<br />
tively involve the local population and to provide information<br />
techniques, services and commodities to ffarmers; (b) training<br />
of GIM personnel to assist in the management and implementation<br />
of the project, and (c) training of the local population in low<br />
cost food preparation techniques which maintain optimal nutri<br />
tional value of vegetables.<br />
The original project design envisaged providing technical<br />
experts in nine of the twelve regions in the country. This has<br />
since been reduced to three regions in order' io provide a more<br />
concentrated effort.
-26.<br />
Although specifc site selection. and extent of local<br />
atopation (in terms. of nu<strong>mb</strong>ers of people) will be deter,<br />
mined during implementation, it Is expected by the end of the<br />
Project, 200 hectaeGS' foland will have- been brought under cul<br />
tivation and an estimted. 3,000 farm householdas, will h., been<br />
involved in the activity, . The. total population of the. three,<br />
regions is estimated at approxim'sly 250,000 people-<br />
Implementation of the project will- be evaluated annually<br />
to determine&the majr economic, technical, administ ative and<br />
sociological constraints, in an effort to Provide guidance<br />
for future project development. The project will be an exercise<br />
by which it is expected to gain knowledge upon which to base<br />
decisions on whether or how the project should be expanded to<br />
more farmers in new regions,.
B.<br />
n ad EYaluati of Env romenal Import.<br />
1. fitot-In, Natural Resouroeq<br />
All of the three regions concerned, have traditionally<br />
used shallow, hand-dug wells as a source of water for vegetable<br />
garde=L±. These wells generally f ,ow good quality. In sites<br />
to be selected where wells already exist, these wells,will be<br />
improved by lining and capping them with reinforced concrete.<br />
This will result in a limited beneficial environment impact as the<br />
Possibilities for well contamination will be reduced. it is<br />
expected, however, in some sites wells will have to be constructed.<br />
These wells will be handdug about 10 meters and linned and capped<br />
with concrete caisson. Specific site selection for well con<br />
struction and selection of wells to be improved will be made<br />
during implementation of the project by a REDSO engineer in<br />
collaboration with the U.S. technicians and the GaUM. Precaution<br />
will be taken during selection to avoid any negative environmental<br />
impacts resulting from extraction of water resources in the project<br />
areas. In addition, the Horticulturist/Agronomist assigned to<br />
the project will be responsible for monitoring water resources<br />
to insure that no negative impacts results. It is expected<br />
that a total of ten wells will be improved or constructed over,<br />
the three year period.<br />
2. Land Clearin<br />
As is well known, the soils in this area of the world<br />
are fragile and care must be taken not to harm them through
-28-<br />
QsW e8 Prelsa.tion f l.antin or not allowing the periods for<br />
reGeuati.on. The project is designed to encourage fhrmrs to use and<br />
develop good sound gaz dening and land preparstion practices.<br />
3. Soils<br />
Demonstration Will be-cMied out on land- already Under cultivation.<br />
A cmrp ro'ation system will be introduced using crops which wilL replenish<br />
the soil nutrients or generate it with deep root penetration and in general<br />
maintain or improve soil properties.<br />
4. heica.. and Biolonicat States<br />
a) Insecticides<br />
The project envisions the use of insecticides, rodenticides and<br />
fertilizers in limited quantities. Obviously the judicious use of these<br />
products is of utmost importance to protect individuals, the water, animal<br />
and plant life from harmful effects which might result from abusive use of<br />
these chemicals. Generally, insects do not constitute a major problem for<br />
vegetable production in the country. They are used principally to control<br />
attacks of caterpillars, lice, and grasshoppers. Prior to procurement of<br />
insecticides a risk/benefit analysis of their use will be conducted in<br />
accordance with prevailing A.I.D. regulations.<br />
b) Rodenticides - Rats are the only serious predator which threaten<br />
vegetable plots in the project areas. Prior to the serious attacks of 1975,<br />
the population controlled them principally by clubbing and site selection.<br />
To cope with the serious 1975 attack anti-coagulant baits were imported<br />
into Mauritania and the Government has created stocks in most regional
-29-<br />
AficultUral service wamehouses. Rodenti~ides will be dstrAibuted in<br />
limited quantities by the project when the seriousness of the problem<br />
command their use. The U.S. technicians will be responsible for insuring<br />
that safe handling techniques are employed. Again, in view of Limited<br />
quantities to be used and despersion of geographic areas no significant<br />
environmental impacts are anticipated. Any use of rodenticides in this<br />
project will be in accordance with A.I.D. pesticide regulations.<br />
c) Fertilizers - To date very few chemical fertilizers have been<br />
used for vegetable pzoduction in Mauritania. Given the animal populations<br />
around villages in the south of the country, goat and sheep manure has<br />
been the principal soil enricher. Continued use of these natural fertilizers<br />
is envisioned in the project. However, limited experimentation will be<br />
carried out with chemical fertilizers (10-10-20). These nutrient elements<br />
will be added to the soil, dissolved in the water and will'be picked up by<br />
plants from the soil.<br />
A portion of the fertilizer will be fixed by clay particles; another<br />
portion leached by Infiltrated water through the profile. Given the limited<br />
use of fertilizers envisioned it is not expected that serious environmenzal<br />
damage will occur.<br />
5. Air Additives<br />
(See 4 above)<br />
The spraying of insecticides could possibly cause harmful effects<br />
particularly to those individuals in the immediate area of application.<br />
However, appropriate measures will be taken to minimize this possibility, e.g.<br />
nstructions on use, masks.
6. D vsagon, Altered Is. of Watr<br />
(Se Statement on WTIating Natuzl Resources)<br />
7. Soo*ooono c<br />
Givem the nature of the intervention, impact on the social<br />
enviroent should be minimal. In any event, no negative consequences<br />
are. expected, Care will. be- taken ij,. selection specific project sites, so<br />
an not to disupt either the local population or government authorities.<br />
The nature and scope of the proposed activities were discussed with the<br />
local populations and the interventions and techniques proposed were<br />
welcomed and well received. The nu<strong>mb</strong>er of persons directly involved with<br />
the project is relatively small since the project is focused on only 3<br />
regions in auritania.<br />
The aim of the project is to demonstrate to the local population the<br />
best means of improving vegetable production while preserving and improving<br />
the physical environment in which they live. Different sectors of the<br />
population will undoubtedly benefit in varying degees from thL intervention.<br />
At any rate the project is not expected to have signifIcant negative impacts<br />
on socioeconomic environment.<br />
8. Changing . Natural Environment<br />
(See st.-ment on Chemical and Biological States)
95<br />
A. [,AD USE<br />
-31-<br />
INV=A TLrr:-&IF:C:ArTOf AM- EVALUATIor, Fn?14<br />
1. Changing the character of the land through:<br />
a. Tncreasing the population N<br />
b. Extracting natural resources L<br />
c. Land clearing -<br />
d. Changing soil character<br />
2. Altering natural defenses<br />
3. Foreclosing important uses N<br />
4. Jeopardizing man or his works <br />
5. Other factors<br />
is. WATE QUAL.'fY<br />
___L<br />
1. Physic'Ll ztatc of water - N<br />
:. Chemi.il and biological states - L<br />
.,. Eeu, ica1 balance , ___<br />
4. Other factors<br />
/ "... xlaat :!oes for this form.<br />
/ lJ,, the following sy<strong>mb</strong>ols: N No environmental impact<br />
T- Little environmental impact<br />
Ausuct 1'Hb<br />
___<br />
- Moderate environmental, impact<br />
H - h environmental impact<br />
U -Unknow n environmental impact<br />
T=Gct<br />
Identltation<br />
L<br />
L<br />
N<br />
N<br />
_
11IPACT! MMM'flATION<br />
C. ATMOSPHIIC<br />
".6 Air puflution<br />
3. Noise pollution.<br />
I. Other factors:<br />
D. NATURA.L IESOURCES<br />
1. Diversion, altered use of water<br />
AND EAIA&ZON FORK 2<br />
2. Irreversible, inefficient counLtments<br />
3. Other factors<br />
E. CULTURAL<br />
1. Altering physical sy<strong>mb</strong>ols ....<br />
:. Dilution of cultural "*ditions<br />
3. Other factoru<br />
V,. JO. £OECONOMIC<br />
1. Changes in economic/employment patterns<br />
2. Changes in population -<br />
.i. Changes i a cultural patterns -_<br />
4. Other factors<br />
,<br />
___<br />
L<br />
N<br />
N<br />
N<br />
L<br />
N<br />
N
Ae-33-<br />
4'~UACtispIc ww~' rON A=~ zVAUATurOu FORM3<br />
r,. HL4LTXH<br />
1. Ch.nin. n r-l enirinent<br />
2. Eliminating an ecosystem element<br />
3. Other factors<br />
H. GEMMAL<br />
1. International impacts<br />
.. Controversial impacts N<br />
3. Larger program impacts .<br />
S. Other factor.-<br />
I. OTHER POESIBLE IMPACTS (not listed above)<br />
.'42 .t, Lachcd Discussion ofImpacts.<br />
L<br />
N<br />
N
a) Vegetable Preparation<br />
&Lthouqh very little is known about the nutritional situation in<br />
Mauritania, sutdies. which do exist indicate that the nutritional probl<br />
is linked to both insufficient caloric intake and vitamin deficiencies<br />
(particularly deficiency of vitamin A evidenced by the prevalanse of<br />
nyctalopia or might blindess among faers). Most of the vegetable included<br />
in th, project are comparatively good sources of vitamin A. Legumes and<br />
niehe beans provide complimentary protein for a cereal-based diet, as<br />
well as calories. However, if not properly cooked and prepared, the<br />
nutritional value of vegetables cam diminish considerably. Improper<br />
preparat=n also makes them unpalatable, thus, reducing the likelihood<br />
that they will be used for direct human consumption. In interviews<br />
with national and local government officials the lack of knowledge<br />
concerning proper food preparation of vegetables was constantly raised.<br />
It was noted last year in the Sixth Region that many newly sedentarized<br />
Moors did not know how to prepare the vegetables they grew, and ended<br />
up feeding them to animals - not because they did not want the vegetables,<br />
but because the ways they had improvised to prepare them (dried<br />
lettuce leaves, for example) were clearly unpalatable.<br />
In order to assess the impact of the project on the target population<br />
and to provide accurate technical assistance to the other technicians<br />
and extension agents, the nutrition consultant, in cooperation with the<br />
home economists PCVs, will gather nutrition status and consumption data.<br />
Nutrition surveillance of the porulation, and perhaps a control group should
e initia&ted At the very begirang<br />
of the project in order to evaluate<br />
any change. in nutrition staus of the ildividuals. At the minimum,<br />
weiqht-for height monitoring and avitaminasis A screening, along with<br />
relevant socio-onomic data that will point out high risk individuals<br />
should be done regully and especially at the inception and the end<br />
of the project. Nutrition monitoring may include other factors such<br />
as age (possibly as using a local events calendar) iron deficiency,<br />
anemia (correlated with work productivity) and arm circumference<br />
height). The entire suk-population of children under<br />
(for<br />
five and women<br />
of child bearing age from the 3,000 families, or a sub-sample, could<br />
be surveyed for all or some of the factors and compared to a control<br />
group.<br />
In addition to the surveillance of the nutritional well-being of the<br />
population, food consumption data should be gathered at the onset and<br />
throughout the project. There are various techniques for gathering<br />
such information (24 hour recalls, dirrct observation with measurements,<br />
etc.) However, a quarterly seven-day consumption record completed with<br />
a sub-sample of families may be ideal in this instance. Detailed 'informa<br />
tion on breast feeding and weaning practices should be obtained as well.<br />
The nutrition consultant should develop standardized questionaires for tne<br />
home economist PCVs to gather data for analysis and calculation of the<br />
nutrient value of the<br />
Food<br />
diet.<br />
consumption data will reflect acceptince of vegetables grown as part of<br />
the project. The nutritionist can co<strong>mb</strong>ine this data with knowledge of the<br />
nutrient content of the various vegetables, legumes and fruits, and make<br />
recommendations to other team me<strong>mb</strong>ers on which vegetables are optimum in
ter. of nutient content.<br />
It- is- recmmended that &Peace Cozps; volunteer (home economist) traveL with the<br />
PCV agricultural specialists and the GPMJ extension agents in each of the'<br />
thee regions giving practical demonstrations in. lw-co st cooking and<br />
preparation techniques. which preserve the nutrient content of vegetables.<br />
Given the sharp six.dstinctions, and restrictions of Xauritanian society<br />
(especially among Maues) and the fact that women decide how to prepare the<br />
family's food, it. is suggested that female PCVs fill this role. Women<br />
wouA be chary of accepting a man's advice in their domain. It would be<br />
a socially uncomfortable relationship.<br />
The nutrition aspect of the project should be developed wi h the women of<br />
the local villages and. the PCVs working with the nutritionist. The PCVS<br />
should attempt to stimulate group creativity and involvement in order to<br />
encourage lasting change in vegetable preparation behaviors. Recipes should<br />
be developed and discussed or local ones modified for improved nutrient<br />
conservation the village women and their availabe seasonings (herbs,<br />
bits of meat or fish) included. If the participants are interested, the<br />
vegetable preparation techniques component could be expanded to include<br />
preparation of weaning foods, discussion and application of improved food<br />
preservation and processing methods, infant feeding or other aspects of<br />
nutrition education.
The nutrition consultant should attempt to see if time allocated to fbod<br />
preparation is a Iunction of agriculture Production and/or other deands.<br />
Information on the time spent on food preparation may be gathered and<br />
variatles including seasonal variations examined. A clear under-standing<br />
of time avd energy constraints for women can be helpful for designing<br />
the types o .! interventions proposed for this project as well as for<br />
other related actiivitias.<br />
The nutritionist, PCVs and local project participants should give<br />
some though early on in the project to continuation of the educational<br />
process which hopefully will not end when the PCVs depart. Female<br />
counterparts can be identifiad to work with the PCVs. These counter<br />
parts could be regional in scope or within each community.<br />
Complementary to the food preparation component, the home economist<br />
with the guidance of the <strong>USAID</strong> staff Sociologist in Nouakchott will<br />
collect data in an effort to identify the parameters of the woman's role<br />
in the production of vegetables. Considerable attention should be given<br />
to the following factors:<br />
1. The traditional sex-role division of labor and decision-making<br />
power with respect to vegetable production, for ethnic groups in the<br />
target area (including access to land, size and location of plots,<br />
choice of seeds and allocation of harvest);<br />
2. What women want (access to land, kinds of seeds, aids to production,<br />
labor-saving devices, allocation of harvest);<br />
3. The role of women's cooperatives in vegetable production;
4. Trainlin of women as. well as. men, as extension agents, to build upon<br />
tradtional roles with respect to division of labor and control of resodrces.<br />
Thea traning-required to carry out this intervention has been<br />
identified by project designer3 and the GIRM. This consists of: (a) two<br />
staff years of training in. horticulture fr.the. Chief of Vegetable Production<br />
at Hussan =l University in Kccfocco ;.(b) on-the-job traJning and twelve<br />
student months of intensive seminar in vegetable production at "Centre Du.<br />
Development Hrticole" at Ca<strong>mb</strong>erene, Senegal for four agicultural sector<br />
Chiefs; and (c) periodic training by the; U.S. Consultants for six agicultura.<br />
extension agents.<br />
University and upper level training of technicians must occur outside<br />
Mauritania since there is no institution within the country to provide such<br />
training. The GIRM favors 3rd-country training and has good political<br />
relationships with Morrocco. In addition, skills obtained at Hassan II<br />
Institute of Horticulture and Agriculture (adgir) should prove practical for<br />
the Mauritania physical environment since the schoolis located in an arid<br />
zone. The Chief of Vegetable Production will also receive advisory training<br />
from the Project Manaer/Extensionist.<br />
Four regional agricultural sector chiefs are slated for training at<br />
the "Centre Du Development Horticole" at C<strong>mb</strong>erene, Senegal where a special<br />
three-month intensive seminar in vegetable production techniques will be
-39<br />
designed for them. The Center is an FAO financed project located 10<br />
kilometers from Dakar with production activities planned for the Senegal<br />
River Valley. Three of the individuals to be trained are presently<br />
working as agricultural sector chiefs in the regions where the project is<br />
to be implemented. The fourth is the agricultural sector chief in the<br />
10th Region (Selibaby) and has been included as a result of a special.<br />
request by the GIRM. This request seems reasonable in view of agricultural<br />
activities planned for the 10th region (including the A.I.D. funded<br />
Integrated Rural Development Project which is in its early implementation<br />
stage). The sector chiefs will also receive on-the-job training from<br />
U. S. technicians.<br />
Six agricultural extension agents (two per project region) will<br />
receive periodic training in vegetable production techniques and<br />
extension from the U. S. Consultants. The frequency of this training<br />
will be worked out by the team me<strong>mb</strong>ers and the GIR4 officials during<br />
project implementation. The U. S. technicians will develop simple audio<br />
visual techniques for use in training of GIRM officials. The officials<br />
in turn will be trained in how to use these techniques to disseminate<br />
technical information to farmers.<br />
The GIM4 officials slated for training are presently working within<br />
the Directorate Agriculture and represent the government structure<br />
through which the present intervention will be channeled. In order for<br />
the project to obtain its objectives, the skills of these officials<br />
must be upgraded.
3- Fiancial.Analysis and Plan<br />
The- p-oject-is designed as a tachnicaL assistnce,intevention which<br />
wilL exmie feasibilit or. expandinq. veetable Production JJL . aur'.ania<br />
Th pupose of*the- p=oJect in. itself, is not focused on, revenue. producIng<br />
in the, shOrt-tarm. Ga uaring of. iformaton and knowledge can be<br />
considered a long-tez. investment. At_ the. same. time; physical output<br />
will. result from. demonstrations; conducted and accrue to project.<br />
Participants. This' outPut, wiLL be used fo auto-consumption by producer<br />
and. whatever surplus results will be either sold or marketed. However,<br />
th. financial affect of this project on beneficiaries will depend on<br />
several variables some. of which are unknown at the present. These un<br />
known.variables, relate primarily to commercialzatuion possibilities and<br />
constaints and uncertainties,about output (for furthe= discussion,<br />
See. Section on Economic. Analysis). Analysis of information generated<br />
by th, project will either affiim or disaffirm the financial and economic<br />
viability of vegetable production in the target areas.<br />
The following tables present the financial details of the project.<br />
Detailed cost estimates. broken down by donor type of financing are<br />
included as Annex A, Table Z.. Accomo-anying explanatory notes show<br />
how these, were derived.<br />
The.sources and. uses.of project funds-are.analyzed in Table IV. Zn<br />
the- A. I.D. portion, technical. assistance- repre.ents<br />
the major input<br />
co-,odities and vehicles representing the next largest A.I.D. portions.<br />
with
03<br />
In Table 7Z Project outputs anp measured against total inputs.<br />
These figures show that financial resources axe properly allocated<br />
toward achieving the project purpose with 88.2% of total funding<br />
supporting the pilot program and information gathering component of<br />
the project.<br />
Rural Development Budget Analysis<br />
The G3tM National Budget for 1977 totals approximately 7.9 billion<br />
Ouquiyas (UM) or $175.8 million. This is a 42% izncease amounting to<br />
2.3 billion UKV ($50.9 million) compared with the 1976 budget. Of this<br />
increase 21.4 million dollars has beim budgeted for defense or defense<br />
related purposes.<br />
In the years 1975 and 1976, the Ministry of Rural Development (which<br />
includes the Aqricultx:e Directorate) controlled 3.4 and 3.2 percent<br />
respectively of the Hatiunal Budget. However, in 1977 with less<br />
emphasis placed on development and more spent for defense purposes,<br />
only 2.6 percent of the National Budget was allocated to Rural Develop<br />
ment. Even with this increase in expenditures by the GIRM for defense,<br />
the government still supports development and is not unduly diverting<br />
resources frcm development efforts. These expenditures should have<br />
minimal impact on the proposed Veqetable Production Project.
9ouree1<br />
TABLE IV - Budget/Financlal Plan<br />
AID<br />
. L<br />
(ooo's)<br />
GIRM<br />
LU<br />
. Tecbnicti s~99 to -90.8<br />
Peace<br />
1_________<br />
2. Training<br />
241<br />
5.4<br />
29.4,<br />
3. Oommoditiee<br />
ti0 4o<br />
1..5<br />
14. Vehicles<br />
90<br />
28<br />
118<br />
5. Equipment<br />
20<br />
20<br />
6. POL<br />
51<br />
105<br />
156<br />
7. Personhel and tabor - -<br />
90.1<br />
155 250<br />
495.1<br />
6. Vater<br />
_<br />
30.2<br />
30.2<br />
9. Land<br />
_<br />
25<br />
25<br />
106 kousing for MCV -<br />
74<br />
74<br />
11. Office Space<br />
-<br />
12<br />
12<br />
Sub-Total 1213' 65<br />
)70..-:, 155 250<br />
2053<br />
12. 0ontingebce A<br />
Inflet1o 15% ib. 16 192<br />
tow 1i 5 75 221.5<br />
Corps<br />
L_<br />
Total
05T<br />
-43<br />
Table 5 has been om±nted
Project 1hputs<br />
AID Appropriated<br />
(Percent)<br />
Host Country<br />
(Percent)<br />
Other U.S. Peace Corps<br />
(Percent)<br />
I 'eir, nt)<br />
table VI - Costing of Project Outputs / Inputs<br />
No. 1<br />
1,371<br />
(93.2)<br />
3-",k<br />
(92)<br />
270<br />
(66.7)<br />
19M. 4-<br />
(88.2).<br />
I/Project Outputs as follows,<br />
No.l-Demomistration/Mtperuental<br />
ho.2-TraItng<br />
No. 3-rood Preparat on<br />
($000's)<br />
No. 2<br />
30<br />
(2.0)<br />
-. 4<br />
(1.4)<br />
-<br />
35.7<br />
(1.6<br />
Areas/Information base<br />
.4<br />
No. 3<br />
69<br />
(4.8)<br />
4.6<br />
16.6)<br />
135<br />
(33.3)<br />
220D.6<br />
(10.2)0)<br />
Total<br />
1,470<br />
370<br />
405<br />
2,24t5
-J45-<br />
ProJect Procurement List<br />
No. Item Source Estimated Cost<br />
Technical Assistance and Const<br />
1 Project Manager/Ag Extentionisl U.S. 300,000<br />
1 Horticulturist/Agronomist U.S. 228,000<br />
1 Ag Production Economist U.S. 120,000<br />
1 Nutritionist U.S. 120,000<br />
1 Soil Scientist U.S. 40,000<br />
1 Hydrologist U.S. 40,000<br />
1 24 ft. wide, 60 ft long mobile<br />
Trailer Home U.S. 50,000<br />
1 Contract for Installation of Tz Local 10,000<br />
Vehicles and Soare Parts<br />
4 4x4 all terrain vehicles 9a5 waiver 60<br />
1 Three-ton stake bed truck 935 waiver 28,000<br />
Equipment<br />
200 B.ck Pack Sprayers 2 - $25 eact U.S. 5,000<br />
200 Masks @ $15 each U.S. 3,000<br />
5 Vehicle Maintenance tool kits U.S. 500<br />
1 SKW Generator U.S. 7,000<br />
Teaching Materials* U.S. 2,000<br />
2 12,000 BTU Air-Conditioners (f( U.S. 1,200<br />
storage)<br />
Commodities<br />
90,000 kg Seed Commodities U.S. 90,000<br />
150 tons Fertilizer<br />
U.S. 60,000
No. Item Source Estimated Cos-<br />
Camodities (Continued)<br />
500 lbw Rodentcide.(A.L.D. approved) U.S. 4,500<br />
each<br />
525 Watering.Cans (metal) 7,500<br />
750 Hoes (Iong-handled garden) U.S. 9,900<br />
750 Rakes, regular U.S. 4,200<br />
750 Trowels U.S. 2,625<br />
750 Liters liquid insecticide (A.I.D.<br />
Approved) U.S. 25,500<br />
40 tons Cement Loca.. 4,000<br />
*Teaching Materials<br />
POL Products Local 51,000<br />
(a) 12 Flannel Boards<br />
6 Rolls Flannel (for attachment)<br />
(b) 24 Reams of Paper 8 x 11% for action posters<br />
24 Boxes of Crayons
109<br />
-47-<br />
SOCIL ANLYSI<br />
Kiffa, Bobas, ad Rosso are situated in different adminagtx=-e<br />
resi;ms; th 3rd, 5th, and 6th, respectively. KIffa and Rosso are<br />
rueg1rm arhdni tative seats and Boghe is a 14-t-4,t with its regional<br />
seat at Aleig. They also fall in different gegrpiclnfes; Kiffa<br />
In the SAWe zone, and Boghe and Rosso in the Senegal valley =one.<br />
Me dsrict of Kiffa has a populaion of 18,000; Boghe's p=ola<br />
tion is app ralmtely 11,800, and Rosso has an approdmta population<br />
of 19,600. Hectares under vegetable cultivation for the 1976-77 season<br />
1/<br />
were 14.39 for Kiffa, 28.74 for Boghe, and 267.41 for Rosso:<br />
Etsical -zvrii<br />
Sabel is the Arabic word for border or edge, mning the Sahara<br />
border, and i Maurtm iais characterized by scrub trees, rainy season<br />
grasses, stable and semi-stable sand &.res and savmma grasslards. The<br />
3rd region, as part of the Sahel belt, contains a concentration of<br />
acacia senegal or 9= trees, which were, in the past, a source of revme=<br />
for Mmre traders. This rmined the case before the cumlative a -etron<br />
mental effects of the drougt; for exmple, the Kiffa dist-ict recorted<br />
a g= production total of 633,502 kilos for the Dece<strong>mb</strong>er 1977 to July 1978<br />
season.<br />
Rainfall agriculture is the basis of the subsistence cereals crops.<br />
Rainfall in the Sahel ranges frm an aMual m of 6 inches in the<br />
north to a mmi of 18 inches in the southe= district of Kankossa.<br />
Rain normally begins inearly to mid-July and ends inSepte<strong>mb</strong>er.<br />
I/ The figures on vegetable production are fron the Direction Agriculture<br />
3ffice in Nouakchott for the vegetable production selsE 'Tbn7. re<br />
approxmatis. The agricultural sector chief inRo-so had figures for<br />
total vegetable production in the 6th region for 1976-77 which was 801<br />
hectares.
-48<br />
2 belt .1 also cmtar the sylvo-pastoral reser'ms whid<br />
x p t.the vast m,,orzit- of the coumy s herds of cattle, sheep,<br />
ma pats; an wl as large-xi.er of c=3 -s. There is a regular<br />
tza. am seasonl.. ",imnh,, pattmm in the 3rd regim. During the<br />
dry seaon Qtdber-Jim thrzre is tranhanna- fr= the =drthm<br />
districta to the sour"s= disricts such as Fankossa.<br />
Sfen Se, l Valer zone is a narrow strip of fam land extendIg<br />
tm to twenty miles north of the Senegal River. The river crests at<br />
12 feet at Rosso br md-Otober and inundates the entire valley far<br />
a width of 15 to 20 rles, filling several lakes. and seasonal ponds.<br />
W the flood recedes from the bott= lands, recession agriculte<br />
begins.<br />
Te river s floods have det ned the-ebb and flow of life in<br />
the cmmities here for cetixies and an understanding of the social<br />
organization and activities of goups in this zone will shed scm light<br />
on their relato the land. It is equally =ue that rainfall<br />
a ,Icultrzeand -mashmi c-cycles dete=ne the rhytbm of life for<br />
social rups in the Sahel. 2/<br />
The m calenda for rainfall agicult=l activities is<br />
broadly outlined below:<br />
y,to mid-June - Clearing fields of s=Ws<br />
Cleaning<br />
Mid-Jume to July - Con ---in of .cl.eaminthe fields<br />
Preparation of fences<br />
Waiting for rains<br />
2/ Me Lind here is ref red to as dier±.
-49-<br />
IU~fri Jul to~d uly - Tu=&*2 the soil<br />
Sowing; illet; sorgh=, co=<br />
First weeding<br />
Bo i n n Augus to end - 2nd and 3rd weeding<br />
Aujmtn AU- Wtching of fields by chilre (boys &girls<br />
End of Septeber - Heresting of con by m<br />
Thd October t - Harvesting of millet and sorgu by me<br />
beizing Novemer<br />
Frm May to early Nover the mjority of the time of households<br />
Is devoted to ralmfall agricultue. People are occupied fra the omst<br />
the firat rains fall which is a critical period in the agicultural<br />
cycle.<br />
In the valley zone the above agricultural cycle is also the oram,<br />
but there is in addition another cycle which is rezilated by the floods.<br />
Below is a broad ouuline of recession agricultuxe-activities:<br />
October - Ceaning and then sowi.g; sorghun, corn,<br />
niebe, sweet potatoes, calabash melons, squash<br />
Nove<strong>mb</strong>er - Weeding<br />
Dece<strong>mb</strong>er to mid- - Watching of crops<br />
JMM_" Harvesting of corn, niebe<br />
February - Harvesting of sorghu<br />
March - Preparing sorgh to tak to village<br />
There is an overlap or superiaposition of soma rainfall agricutture<br />
activity with recession activity. These periods generally require all<br />
available household unmpnwer, including children.<br />
3/ The land here is referred to as waalo.
Tm& ab0 v out1±n raflect the-nomma subltm= apmicurl, - 1<br />
aciitm Sf. the drought, the goen~t has. made a cm~wt<br />
ac o~rhw1z±w9 vastabla proucti as: a viable apiultuaL<br />
actVity amid at- a4a the c and food sitation of<br />
s~u~yan&.sedaizing social groups. -Vegetable proci<br />
projects. ba be inexistence In my regicts. i. the cotm=y since<br />
1973 and sem to enjoy a hi degree of srccess and interest amg<br />
those actely p- In.g the activity. An obvious reason for<br />
ba interest in and success of my of these projects is the motivation<br />
lewl ,f ptcimts hfrch is sustained because the activift7 is a<br />
shrt-tem invewMt, the yield of %bichincreases incim. An exhale<br />
of project acceptace is the Soninke village, Toulel, in theM4a<br />
district of the 4th reguin, vhose ppumaon wa approached by repre<br />
sentativw_ of the govit nt in 1976. The initial response w'as that the<br />
activit7 would be too fatiguing gie the'diei and waalo agricultural<br />
acttvities they wee already cmitted to caerr out. Nevrtheless,<br />
abot twet7 of the villages decided they should ry out this new<br />
activity. They orgized themse.ves into an interest group (ot to be<br />
costued as a cooperative) for the pu-pose of receiving agricultural<br />
Input such as the had vater spzrinkes, seeds, and. fertilizer.<br />
Gavezal support was provided inthe tansport proble for the sale<br />
of surplus. Those who had been reluctant to partciate were convinced<br />
that partc ion in this activit7 was in their interest as it could<br />
bring in additional =oez. It seem that themotor force sustaining<br />
and Iicreasing interest in vegetable productioni is the desim for<br />
Increased spending Rawe.
-51<br />
iyseMWm t' s effort ns chmmu11ed throu thd edz~ A <br />
*Sinotce hgm utgi in Nmoakchott and represented at the local level<br />
-,,a "-,, , h sCto" , r secto head whse office is charged with the<br />
d slvof: sa7 ca ints ad 0)1 technical assist aned<br />
counsul.ig to EsP r The td sicu ,ethrouhwhich the ixiova<br />
t~j 'ma dbmil ed mas the * . evc again hdutered<br />
:in Nouachott and represented. at the =loc l by a oordliator of<br />
m~ilgmet (this includes the bookkeeping funzctions for the interest<br />
groups). and Utr tinal fomatim<br />
in tie nature and fictions of the<br />
iteest grous. Thee two struccural Units, in tum chmelled their<br />
objectives though the existing village stuctures in order to get<br />
their responses concerning such crucial issues as level of comitment<br />
and participation, and the assignation of land for the"inmovation.<br />
(jeling the Irnovation through these stuctures has obviously<br />
met with enough success to stogly indicate that the preset inter<br />
vnti should be chamelled thou the sam structures.<br />
Cotrary to previous reporting, there does not exist a Vegetable<br />
F=esion Service per se , which "should be stzenagthned" through this<br />
interventon. what does exist is a civil servant, Ynsieu Raane Gueye,<br />
who<br />
isattached to the Aicultre Service and responsible for coor<br />
dinating vegetable production activities. He is a one-man operation at<br />
this point whose functions and activities probably increase begi.-ming in<br />
late June/early July in preparation for distributin of vegetable seeds,<br />
4/<br />
materials,<br />
4/<br />
and fertilizer in August and Septe<strong>mb</strong>er- (see attached avpendix).<br />
- D=Ing site visits to each region we were infomed that one of the ost<br />
serious weekIesses in the agricult=al delivery system has been the ext<br />
tardiness of seed arrivals which meant that the grouPs made aangements<br />
themselves to purchase their own seeds.
IX- - be m<strong>mb</strong>mmzsd that em.activites-am part a parcel of<br />
the a-93g Wcani task and activitius of 'the -SV<br />
-,,it ftme of a.separate ervice; thm, deare DOxvegetable<br />
-tibit~ctaimagentr. Mere. ae, rathw, extension<br />
-azimg.<strong>mb</strong>om faccics amfsl es rmcb1de attention to vegetabla<br />
--oducddm activities.-<br />
Cm of the prlmy issues raised by nacal and local officials<br />
of tbotb the 'Serice and the fOptAdd .:SerVce is that<br />
th do hnot ban adeq.ate persmmel at the ett sin level which has<br />
severe17 bmeed thef data collecting and aalyzing capabilit, as<br />
well as the feedack capacitry. Afather issue of cci n wams the lack<br />
of mss kcawledge c=ening the.proper food preparation of many of<br />
the vegetables grown, portiins of which ae ccmmmd.<br />
In this regrd,- attention should be focused on the possibility<br />
of assigning tree Peace. Corps Volunteers to each regiim (the logistics<br />
of specific plac,t is an inpleeti question, but we did talk<br />
with M, Patrick. Dut=, the .mritani Peace Corps Directr who<br />
expresed an interest in cooperating with this Int rvention). The first<br />
one should wnk as an agr cul ural exrtnsion agent under the direction<br />
of the. local agricultre sect= chief; the second, as a ccoperation ex<br />
tensiorzagent; and the third as a vegetable preparktrion agent. A funda<br />
mm=aL point to be made here is that intervention perso lmarerno<br />
filling a void; they are, rather, providing extension support to alread7<br />
existing structues. Teaching, most always, mans also learning, and should<br />
therefore be viewed as the interaction between the experience and know<br />
ledge that each participant and extension personmel brings to the situation.
-53-<br />
Wa heav diessd sammeat frm the eLier discussion of<br />
paviouz projtect edstwc, a successful exmmple of which is In the<br />
SmdnM village of Toulel. Kiffa was the site of a previcus AMh<br />
Acclerated Mmact vegetable prodchtim int-vention which started<br />
in 1973. It sem that it ws a odities intevtion which did<br />
not bmw aa evaluation caqment built into it. Howver, wew~e<br />
able to talk witL soe haratine Y4mes who piarticipated, and of equal<br />
rance, with the govemitnt official Cis is now Econmc Assistant<br />
to tha Gover of Aleg and was living in Kiffa at that time)who co<br />
ordinated the allocation process. Both sources of verbal evaluations<br />
we quite positive, the latter pointing out that thee ware just, not<br />
enough tools to meet the demad. Thogh we have no foml evaluation,<br />
of ths intevention which could have indicated how the resources we<br />
allocated, who benefited, and outlined the decision-making hierarchy,<br />
it seems that the Intervention was enthusiastically received.<br />
One of the intevention pilot/demonstration activities mtioned<br />
for this project is the cultivation of alfalfa for soil ericmet and<br />
livestock food. A previous reporting menions the distribution of<br />
alfalfa seed for planting "as a gree mamre, doubling as forage for<br />
livestock." An initial sociological response to this activity may be<br />
a adtinl perceptio.n that the nt is the nattal provider<br />
of livestock food and one should not tire oneself growing food for<br />
animals. However, we were informed by Monsieur Bocar Thiam, a v.mxi<br />
tanian sociologist, that in 1963, he worked on an exprimntal dmznstra<br />
tion alfalfa project in a village in the Rosso region which was highly
usminUl. It wrn cmduted by Professor Iiin Diack Seek who is<br />
Cm iy ,, Gwwal Dvectr of E ,c,,-imin N b ott. If it<br />
cam 5, for COl, VrAsafUUy d1 Pe tmough a cP11-11<br />
amWl of alfaLfa-fed trlhA=a tl= alh- daily liter yield<br />
Inassi sladfimmeet a f who keeps livestoc or a. herder<br />
wil.l probably acc t that real benefits will acru to than. The<br />
is also th. fact that alfalfa-fed. livestock will be fatter, and<br />
Probably bealthier, which shauld incorea a their mnket value (fm-<br />
Itmia does a fairly large shee and goat volum business with<br />
-54<br />
Senal, for the religious festival of Tabaski),<br />
An alfalfa denstration activity should have as mach participa<br />
tim as Possible and ommm visibilit-. The 3rd region lying within<br />
the. Sahel. probably needs soil erichment and livestock food more tha<br />
either of the other t target regins, yet it is most likel amng<br />
herders in the regio that resistance my initially be met since their<br />
response to a shortage or lack of g grasses is n'm'ishumance.<br />
rmrastnmmce is at the sa time a c cial activity (the chance<br />
to sell or exchage milk for cereals and trade In livestock) and a<br />
wy of iUfe. In the 3rd region tanshlace is fron the northern<br />
districtz to the southern districts such as the Kakossa dis---ict.<br />
Tanshmnce is also a rational patter of cyclical avment in that<br />
the pattern and radii of obility rarely vary f=n one year to the next.<br />
e Kankossa district is a raditional zone of Ianshcumae and for<br />
that reason wmvld be a good site for an alfalfa demnstration activity.<br />
114
II? T(mgal ha establisbed a pilot dairy project in the K.AcLack reim<br />
-55-<br />
bacas thea region receives -a, y large nbers of Peul herders<br />
fr= MkuwitamUa d zorth= Seniegal.) High visibility does not<br />
g'wte diffusin, but it is a start in thit direction.<br />
Ate emple of p eimn project Meriece addresses<br />
directly the question of wbere the land for this inte :tion will<br />
cme fr . Me previous reporting refezred to earlier sugested<br />
in me place a project-en product goal of 200 hectares and 3000<br />
famers; and i another, an end prod goal of 400 hectares and<br />
3000 fandl .ia. Final cl"arification of hectare size and participation<br />
size seem to be iplemtatn issues. Som light can be shed on land<br />
availability and potential participation t1rough ezamples of on-going<br />
govenmmt interventions. One In particular is the cuzrrnt rice cul<br />
tivation project (Ctreis also a vegetable production activity) in<br />
the 6th region district of Cuedakhare. There are five villages in<br />
volved in this intervntion; four of than set aside 20 hectares and<br />
the fifth set aside 40 hectares making a total of 120 hectares. The<br />
point is that land fur an intventin may become available after<br />
(1) the villagers, hrough their authority figures, have been informed<br />
of intervntimn objectives and (2) the villagers agree amcng then<br />
selves h o much land they can commit to the inte vntion. Past inter<br />
vention experiece sees to clearly indicate that availability of<br />
land will not presant a problem as long as the intervantion channels<br />
the request first through the govzmmt officials, after which itwii<br />
then be channelled through the village decision-making structure.
-56-<br />
UK C=Ml4 set f~t ar positiva ±I.ctoz that the AID<br />
Pz=o aed.atw .cm, in all. WkLibwd, mt t goals of<br />
the prject an wU. as tosa of the partimiumte. It cm t be<br />
Cruszind that th. Inrnt7i will be.succesful provided.<br />
it ibteratas itself ito existi g structal tasks ad act±iitie.<br />
an chmels its resouce si.pports- though eadsting cntr for.<br />
imlnatan. Dat niig these cmtrs is extrraly Import=<br />
and at last tw of them, Aru r Serv and the Coooratin<br />
Servi bam been discased.<br />
PtbIW cls ,- of the Cooperatio Service iscalled for<br />
simce there should be no confusion cacerning the object of its<br />
exstence-. First of all, there are no full-fledged cooperatives in<br />
Mmitenia of ay sort - produc=, mrketing, or credit. Nhat<br />
des edst is a Cperation Division (Direction de la Cooeratin)<br />
and coordinated by Dz sisu Mhamed El Hasmon, Sy in Nouakchott.<br />
Miat is aed the ""groupemstmsprecooperatif' represented<br />
at the locall level by a coordinator for managmet and attitudinal<br />
and ed=cado fob=tian.<br />
It mst be clearly understood that a "groupeme cooperatif"<br />
is cimly a fmticn of people for a specific econoic purpose.<br />
Me definitin set forth in Title III, Articles U. tbrough 14 of<br />
the Projet de Cahier des Marges, is essentially a mnimum gou of<br />
seven people engaged in the saw econodc pursuit, be it farming,<br />
fishing, or crafts who live in the sam village, and profess the
-57-<br />
Mam go l.s ad ordcti needs. Tis roing must elect a boad<br />
of dlreozs for the cordination of its activities and it is dwo*g<br />
this board that the gou's decdsis concerning specific famng<br />
Inus a plot, seeds, tools, or fe lizer are chaielled to the<br />
apprpriae cooperati repre at-ves. Tmse groups have no legal<br />
aid ab== status. The gover, mt provides the tum--t for<br />
these groupings. The idea was that they wuld be a sructral begin<br />
ning for the fortion of attitudes, ideas, and knmledge concerning<br />
the naure, functios, and responsibilities of collective decision<br />
making conc ing Production goals and needs. Since the goezmmnt<br />
provided sme producticn inputs the idea of forng these goupings<br />
was popularized, so much so that nsMie Sy informed us that .here<br />
wrover 500 of these groings throuout ie countuy, but several<br />
of them were 'false groups' which cae together for the purpose of<br />
profiteering or benefiting fro receipt of production inputs. They<br />
usually mat none of the basic riteria for formation and often con<br />
sisted of one persor. Monsieur Sy's epression for this type of grouping<br />
was that: "its font le cinema" which is a French idiomatic expression<br />
memin they edxhbited pretentious behavior for the sole purpose- of<br />
receiving inputs whichwere not for farming. Contar to previous<br />
reporting, his statement did not mean that these 'false' cooperatives'<br />
"activities rarel7 exceed viewing films." In 1977 the goverment<br />
started an active census of these groupings to determine their validity.
-58<br />
gIat they Simlvs- tato ct- be anserd at this ti=, bi± it<br />
Se UILikaly that they will aim the for of the 'classical '<br />
.. 11 r dhich ban. its origins in Sazmop. Accfdig to M22ieur<br />
Sy, if after t or f e years, thaeyte bas mastered<br />
tha tacbquee of-moagu , is I wledgeahia of the natre-and fumc<br />
t of a collUtive up, a has raised its, proeduim level,<br />
it- cm. qualify as a 'coopeatif apege.' Tis is a gouping u-re<br />
stI in t of its am 'iu-house capabilities' thmn tha<br />
fa. vch. is still dependent on the govmmmt stucti'a for<br />
bookIkepinlaccouing fUnctim s ad sme advice on ove-all purpose.<br />
Mere we aireerd in the Boghe district tw "cooperatif a eges" at<br />
Toulde Drbmgo nd Vinding (Vinding was one- of the first mvcooer<br />
atives in the cOint7).<br />
It is quite possible that they may assum the form of formal<br />
state-mmaged cooperatives. Whatever for the "goupement cooperatif"<br />
evolves into or assumes in the fut e, the concim of the interveer<br />
should be with the fxist!n strmctues alreadyon the =mmd as one of<br />
the frvatin channels. The ini!rventin should not address itself<br />
to the creaion of an7 new organzabns. It shold, rather, concm<br />
tata on Providing suport in the fore of assistance to the bookkeeping/<br />
accouing c=mnmt of the go.pings as well as to the local c=din<br />
ating office. Tis will also serve as a built-in project evaluation<br />
ilslumnit in term. of Production iput and outut. Inteuwvtion per<br />
sornmal should not "org ize and develop pcmooperatives and cooperative
124<br />
-59<br />
fms== VMo ., ," First of all, ths go)ings bave tended In<br />
ft pat to f= bpactamoly out of a felt need for colctv<br />
My , and sacdmly, and proiably se Importantly, the InItIal<br />
dam]l I r and Orgenzation, of coprtvswhich are outsmidet the<br />
scope of a donor finterven of this sort.<br />
avIhg discused some centers for the iplemtation of decisions,<br />
wa cam te to a discussion of decisi-making centers whi' means<br />
lookrig at the etbmic goups in the dfe regions and their basio<br />
social s=z e.<br />
Rosso Disrict: Ethmic Groups<br />
Mmes CBiane)lof<br />
Halpulaar CTucouleur and Peul)<br />
Lmguages spok are Hassanya Arabic, Wolof, and Pulaar. The Maiaes<br />
6/<br />
consist of two clans, the AwadBegnouk and the Awlad Ban Ely. The<br />
formar is mostly engaged in ading (wholesale and retail) and the<br />
latter, which is a smller cLan, is engaged in tading and farming.<br />
Mese two clans habve been installed in the region since long before<br />
the colonial period and Intere iage with the Halpulaar they found<br />
already installed has resulted in a 'metissage" or stridngly large<br />
n<strong>mb</strong>er of dark-c lexicmed bidame Maures.<br />
In broad outline the model social st=uctue of the Maure clan is<br />
to mjor pattilimeages - the hassanis and the a - each made up<br />
of segment7 lineages which oppose and colemEnt each other. Zawava<br />
S/ Bidane refers to a Miue of noble ancestry; also refers to "Wite" NZIm<br />
6/ l-ad"is the Arabic plural for son; more specifically, it means 'descen,<br />
Mmn -o ,' e.g., the descendants of Benouk. Wuld is the singular form<br />
Could in Fretch).
:Lt th Arabic. plur&L for the pacifist noble brach ofa__ln<br />
iU.tba sinuler) as opposed. tz the warrior noble brach-or'huganis.<br />
It Is the peopla of th&book (QEa) and the peopla of the s rd; the<br />
noble priests and the noble, warriors. Directly under-th, grt.ae<br />
traa-chnt-or tributary scows who, accordin~g to oral tradition, survived.<br />
.a.snu raids and. attacks by- paying 'Protection ,,ey'/tribute<br />
which took. the foe of produce or livestock. They became incorporated<br />
IntortheMaze custom and. language. Today, they e. referred to as<br />
ha-adine M:urs and arer fa ms and herders. In the Sa el zone the<br />
also are te g=u collectors.<br />
The hessani and zaaya. have a diferent system of decision-umking.<br />
Fst of all,,-the clan is seen as a corporate unit and resources of<br />
the clan belong to all clan meers. Decsion-mking is also sean as<br />
a corporate decision. Among the hasani the decision-making body<br />
is the am.'a. Historically-, the hassani leader was recognized as a<br />
teoral authority figure whose authm ity emanted f:r his. prerogative<br />
to lead wariors and collect tribute; but his authority was dependent<br />
upon the powrInveted in him by the g of elders, the<br />
who elected him He could not taka a unilateral decision or action -<br />
these rested with the j~ 'da.<br />
Within the zaaya, ul:te atrhoI ty and decision-makiung rests<br />
with the head of the zawiya lineage. He can make the final decisu.n<br />
without a co ,cil. of elders, though the decision is for the unit.
-61<br />
ba c1 is a corporate unit holding trritorialrights to land,<br />
wl, and in th Sabel zx, to *sememlor gun trees. The<br />
clAn makas a corporate decis io based on what it considm to be<br />
In.its best Interests. Since clan ;ers do not reside all inthe<br />
son locale, there are m of both Rosso dist r cIIla living<br />
in tet camps outide Rosso (between fouakchott an Rosso), scme of<br />
4= have a seasonal patte of trang durng the dy..seas o and<br />
se f,'-zng ding the rainy season. Th fact that these goups<br />
are undergoing sedEntarlzation should not be attibuted solely to<br />
the recent drought. Other factors, such as wealth from whlesale<br />
and retail tading and the education of their children whih has led<br />
to positions in the govermmt, have led to the increasing sedentar<br />
izing process.<br />
Mntevention persomnel may wish to contact so ot triese groups<br />
concer-ng possible interest in vegetable production before final<br />
village selections are made.<br />
The Halpulaar ad Wolof decis in-makng stucture is ccapletely<br />
differm't fr n that of the Maures. They are statified into the<br />
nobles, freeborn, servile or slave goup, and the occ.ational caste<br />
groups. Marabouts or religious leaders have an et:re 7 powerful<br />
funmcon in these societies. In general, village chiefs (post often<br />
referred to now as the res onsable de Ia ccmnmaute) belong to the<br />
nobility and so do the esrabouts. Mrasbouts are ccnciliators inthe<br />
sense that they often arbitrate disputes and their opinions are almost
-62<br />
a4MYw &.dWCdfng b= In sol-fi a pzoblm1bt&or - utilag<br />
=& cben=z == tha e w . zwi2 of eldu is Mt at the<br />
bum of th duam-oki c-mntW.<br />
L3 Is- ~PorAIY held. by- a. Halpulwa or Wo~lof linupg, but±<br />
tbw am. tvdliull plots,. Daciti= czcergd±g t±±lizat.i of my<br />
IRM not tIi eq1ttt is- de& by the- linage. tbougi its: coU.CCI<br />
of aldww.<br />
'BebaDIstdit Ethic '.va<br />
Mapulaw<br />
(a) Bid ne<br />
( ) Faa<br />
Mhe dm.dnt grow seem to be the HAlpulaar and amm the largest lne<br />
ages ame the Ba and Tia familIe. We talked at-length. with Mslick Ba, the<br />
secet~a7 general of the political party section in the district d<br />
Boc= Tia, who is also a party representative in chag of youth orgmniza<br />
ti= They each belcog to the large Ba and Tia fh.dIng famle± and<br />
as dis=±ct parCy representa .es are part of the canxmicat=s network<br />
for both the Itplmentatin cters amnd the decqsion-making cmnters.<br />
They do not the elves make decisions concerning land utilization, or other<br />
resouce ut-llzatim but they do serve as the Info o gat ing and<br />
dis,,n-tn coaponents for both the taditionaland codern structues.<br />
They, of course, should be contacted before any decisions are finalized<br />
cOncerning iterVention, sites for the distict, but their surtmtual<br />
roles as sinpl co-micrs between and within traditia. and modern<br />
structures aust be understood.
KLf D.Lst.ict: Etbc Grows<br />
(a) Bid=&<br />
Cb) Huatlzua<br />
Swnke Cwterin appelatimo is Sarakolle)<br />
Ma ME&f district falls within the Sahel zone which suports large<br />
xmibe= of livestock. The dcmltnt population is bidame Mais who<br />
ae ra ml t pastoralists and wholesale or retail traders. Accord-<br />
Inig to fm" ton received duiing the field visit to Kiffa, the<br />
haradne maes am the most seriously involved in vegetable prodution.<br />
Ths is lerstadablereasons: for tw (1) haratine ftues are tradi<br />
t'n-uy farmes by occupation and (2) since the drought the tradit<br />
patron-cliai relationship between bidane and h.rtne aure has broken<br />
dow. sIg.ificantly. Me bidane Maure has lost a large percentage of<br />
bis herd and also a large amont of revenue from gun tr exploitation.<br />
He no longer has control over a sizable mmis of Production which main<br />
tamned the bidane-haratine relationship. The haraine Mamure had no<br />
choice except to seek another source of livelihood. He is, in all<br />
.7/<br />
Likelihood, fa=:dng other land.<br />
7/ Land fammed iL usually done with the following understakding:<br />
Ca) zakat, an Arabic wrd ferring to the Islamic tradition of<br />
gving--71 of the yield to charity. It is most often considered<br />
to be an Islac obligation, but has taken on a temporal relevance<br />
via-a-via land, livestock, gun exploitation, etc. The Pulaar<br />
defozrtio of the word is assakal. ReDetien is the Pulaar word<br />
meaning "Fa, and let us sfe."TRh is i .erative of cultivate<br />
or fao and petien means "let us shoe." It is a 50-50 sharing<br />
be:tee the owner and the producer. It is the French Mtite.<br />
his sharing is often done after the 1/10 has been extacted.<br />
We were I formed that this relationship may not be so iortant<br />
for vegetable prcduction since the yield has a unor iportance<br />
in both the diet and the economy.
Or& of't ft dig UnVq,, of MEfa s th.e , SMIdZkA SY1las.<br />
LUiam. It isa of tha 1avaat fjmlias at Kff and tha dis-<br />
INIt pol ical, pat. rI"rttattvae3 a ef of the famly.<br />
In M&, Islf't w visited a pam oa owned by the Sylas in<br />
*dc i r ere am In .gaged v -egetable p eoduct n .<br />
Svizke da L in-mirlg is again- d ffe t fr that fmmd<br />
Sthe Mms, Halpulaar, or Wlof. In a single Soninke village,<br />
the fzd.y ruling (within which power is hereditary) includes three<br />
or foi. branches, each with a chief. The oldest memer of the fan<br />
ily azt~tcally becms village chief in the case of a vacancy<br />
due to death or physical disability. Decisions am taken In. the<br />
village. cotmcil which is made up of anle.Te mnl~a<br />
suprem cocil of the villages is cm osed of the ruling family and<br />
tw or tbee senior Frs o.C the other rble f mlies, All matters<br />
of great importzc to the village are discussed at this coucil.<br />
For the ruling family, there is the large famly plot which<br />
passes fr= cne household to another depeding on which household head<br />
is in power. This plot is worked by the faly, bLt the head is<br />
entitled to rent it ou if he wishes. Te family head. decides whether<br />
the barvest will be sold or stored in the granary, but this yield<br />
belongs to the entire family and is managed by the head of the family.<br />
The individal fields belong to each household head who disposes of<br />
the yield according to his own decisions.
-65-<br />
W bave dicussed both the decisicn-imdig centers ad the<br />
tmplmsta censirts. It zs tbr the latter that m we<br />
idbma of sam of the mJor problem facin the on-oing veget<br />
able prodctic activities, suh as (1) lack of an effient<br />
delivexy system. for seeds C2) Inadequate tools, (3) shortage of<br />
tools a hmd sprayer cans, C4)<br />
lack of msks for the utllization<br />
of Insecticires, 5) transport problems for the marketing of surplus;<br />
C61 lack of knowledge conerning the preparation of those vegetables<br />
not mc:eted.ad need for wIxe fencing.9<br />
3h several conversatons with. officials and small fa s, the<br />
need for motor pumps was expressed. In all probability, the question<br />
of the proper care and operation of the machine and spare parts had<br />
not been addressed in either of the deci.ion-aking oiimletation<br />
centers already on the gou=d. Some type of mamally operated pum<br />
wuld probably be core suitable for the present awiront.<br />
8/ We were, however, infi that an DAM snack called bounafa<br />
ith is mat, is sometimes prepared with potatoes and caros.<br />
9/ It wn ewplained to us that barbed wire fencing would not necesa-ily<br />
keep out goats and ould also be a health danger to children<br />
and livestock. This was the position of the agricultual agent<br />
in KiFfa.
-66<br />
so~a= AA&WYSIS MMWflra AIM RZCOM_=DTliCS<br />
The. main points gleaned from the. infomation gathering done in.<br />
Alog, Boghe, ,iffa, and Rosso is- as. follows:.<br />
I. Vegetable production has gained"a great deal of interest and<br />
diffusion since-its early 1970s beginning,. it has to be pointed out,<br />
however, that for-many groups now engaged in vegetable production,<br />
vegetables have been traditionally grown and eaten by them. This is<br />
especially true for ethnic groups living along the river valley who<br />
have long prepared millet, sorghum, and rice dishes with sauces toppect.<br />
with or made with vegetables.<br />
2. A fundamental point is that intervention personnel will not<br />
filling a void; they will be.providing extension support + already<br />
existing social structures.<br />
3. An obvious reason for the interest in and success of many of<br />
the vegetable production activities is the motivation level of<br />
participants which is sustained because the activity is a short-term<br />
investment,. the yield of which increases income.<br />
A not so obvious reason is the dissolution of the patron-client<br />
relationship between bidane and harative Maures. The loss of a<br />
significant portion of their means of production (livestock and gum<br />
trees) during the drought has left the bidane Maures unable to maintain<br />
his economic states vis-a-vis the harative Maure. The latter may very<br />
well remain in the relationship but is now obligated to find a means<br />
to support himself. We found that in the Kiffa district most of the<br />
vegetable production activity was amorg harative Maures.
121<br />
-67<br />
4. A look at how the government channeled its vegetable production<br />
support activities sum up quite simply how this project's activities<br />
should be channeled: the government's effort was channeled through the<br />
Agriculture Service headquartered in Nouakchott and represented at the<br />
local level by a "chef du sector" or sector chief whose office is charged<br />
with the dilivery of (a) agricultural inputs, and (b technical assistance<br />
and counseling to farmers. The tandem structure through which the<br />
innovation was channeled was the Cooperative Service, again headquartered<br />
in Nouakchott and represented at the local level by a coordinator of<br />
management (this includes the bookkeeping functions for the farmer interest<br />
groups) and attitudinal formation in the nature and function of a collective<br />
interest group. These two structural units, in turn, channeled their<br />
objectives through the existing communications and decision making<br />
centers in the villages in order to get their responses to s uch crucial<br />
issues as level of commitment and participation, and assignation of land<br />
for the innovation.<br />
There is, therefore, no need to create any new structures for<br />
vegetable production activities. The activities should be viewed as<br />
support activities which integrate into on-going structures. To do<br />
otherwise would be to risk failure, or at the least, an ineffective project.
-68-<br />
The objective of the proposed technical assistance intervention,<br />
in. v etable production is. to.determine. the feasibility'of expandinq<br />
vegetable productinq among rural groups in Mauritania. Thus, the<br />
primary benefit resulting from. the project will be. in the- form of informa<br />
tion. While it is possible to estimate the project cost, it is not<br />
possible, to quantify the. value of information generated by the project.<br />
In view of this &more appropriate method than benefit - cost analysis<br />
of economically justifying the project- would be cost effective analysis.<br />
An effect of demonstrations and experiments conducted by the<br />
project will be secondary benefits-derived from the physical output of<br />
vegetables. This output will be consumed by participating households<br />
and surplus above what the household can consume will be bartered<br />
or. marketed for cash yielding income (goods or cash) for producers.<br />
The- Economic Analysis is divided into two sections: (1)an<br />
examination of alternative project designs which might achieve the same<br />
objectives at a lower cost; and (2) a discussion of benefits and<br />
implications..<br />
1. Cost Effectiveness<br />
Elsewhere in this paper the reasons for concluding the proposed project<br />
design in highly appropriate for achieving project objectives are presented.<br />
The specified inputs are also justified as necessary to achieve the targets.<br />
Implicit in the analysis is the conclusion that the indicated investment is a
-69<br />
low-coat method of conducting the proposed applied research and pilot<br />
progrm. This sartion will examine alternatives to proposed project<br />
design.<br />
A first and, on the surface, hi~yly cost effective alternative is to<br />
conduct the intervention through an Accelerated Impact Project (AP). Under<br />
an AlP, the co t to A.I.D. could be reduced considerably (by more than 50<br />
percent), inputs could be delivered to participants and GIRM officials could<br />
be trained under the AMDP. However, the required information gathering,<br />
monitoring, technical assistance and evaluation would be lacking. Thus<br />
probability of achieving project objectives is all but negated.<br />
A second lower cost aleernative would be to reduce the length of time<br />
technical assistance personnel provided.<br />
are This is nor a viable alternative<br />
because: (1) it is expert technical judgement that the development of<br />
procedures required to adequately familiarize project participants with the<br />
new agronomic techniques will require at least three years; (2) it will<br />
require at least one year of the project alone for technicians to acquaint<br />
themselves with the social environment and gain the acceptance and confi<br />
dence of project participants; (3) in each year of the project, it is<br />
expected that new participants will become involved which will require<br />
strating from step one in the demonstration and testing process; (4) activities<br />
within the Directorate of Agriculture related to vegetable production are<br />
expected to require full-time year-round attention of the technicians; neither<br />
does fewer technical personnel present a practicable alternative.<br />
In view of the logistical factors associated with achievement of project
-70-<br />
objectives, the preent design r'epresents the minimal nu<strong>mb</strong>er- of teat.lctang<br />
required.<br />
Another alternative woulc be to reduce the mount of training provided<br />
by the project. Since training represents a minor cost component, a reduc<br />
tion would- have & very minimal impact on project costs. Channeling of the<br />
proposed intervention through existing government structures hasi been deter<br />
mined as. crucial, to project-success.. Previous findings indicate the. GIRM's<br />
agricultural extension capacity must be upgraded if services and information<br />
are to be effectively delivered to farmers on a timely basis. The training<br />
designed is considered adequate and the least cost method of upgrading skills<br />
of the GIRM officials required to support the project.<br />
Finally, an alternative would be to eliminate the vegetable food<br />
preparation component.. Like training, this component is minor in terms of<br />
total project costu. However, this has been raised continuously by Mauritanii<br />
as a need. In addition, this activity will provide information which will<br />
assist in determining the potential. for encouraging or increasing consumption<br />
of vegetables, particularly among those groups who do not traditionally eat<br />
be vegetables.<br />
In view of the above and. analysis contained elsewhere in the paper, it<br />
is concluded that the project design and costs thereof are appropriate. It<br />
is not likely that costs can be reduced while still achieving the project<br />
purpose.<br />
Project Benefits<br />
Primarily, the benefits accruing to project participants are not quanti<br />
fiable in the short-term and appear will in the form of improved production<br />
/3
-71<br />
techniques and a more efficient extention service. A secondary benefit'<br />
intrinsic to the intervention will be the output of vegetables. It is not<br />
possible at this time to measure the value of this output to the farmer<br />
v'ithout making several erroneous assumptions in terms of yields, additional<br />
input, and participation of each project year. In addition, although it is<br />
expected that 200 hectares will be brought under demonstration by the project,<br />
the precise amount of land to be involved is yet an implementation issue.<br />
For the most part, it is expected that the output which results from<br />
the demonstrations will be consumed locally. Findings indicate the, vege<br />
table production by representative target groups, in the three regions<br />
is largely for consumpticn of farmers and their villages. Vegetable surplus<br />
above what households can consume will provide the opportunity for partici<br />
pating subsistence farmers to earn cash income through cash sale or through<br />
bartering. Lack of information on consumption of vegetables and the paucity<br />
of data on prices and commercialization costs negate the utility of attempting<br />
the calculate a return to the farmer.<br />
At present vegetable production is a very small activity in the country's<br />
traditional sector. It is probably regarded by most farmers participating<br />
under existing projects as an "off season" activity. It is useful at this<br />
point, however, to discuss current conditions relating to vegetable production<br />
and commercialization in an effort to get a reading on what ,mightbe antici<br />
pated if the present activity increases in scale substantially:<br />
a.) The Vegetable Production System. There is some type of vegetable
-72<br />
production- Activity im practically alil regions within Mauritania.. in those<br />
areas. where the average annual rainfal . meets a minim requirement = ground<br />
water resources are-able to: be tapped. That is., vegetable production occurs<br />
in all regions except: the Eight, Eleventh and Twelth. regions. located in the<br />
country'! northern section. Zn the First and Second regions of. the Southeast,<br />
in the procximity of Aiun. and Wema, small-scale- production of potatoes for<br />
the local.market takes place in addition to the traditional subsistence crops<br />
of millet and sorghum. In the seventh and Ninth regions, vegetable production<br />
activity occurs. around oases. In the years before the drought, the Adrar<br />
area of the region had a tradition of small-scale vegetable farming. The<br />
Tenth region, with nomadic and semi-nomadic populations, carries on little<br />
aqricultural activity apart: from. the production of millet and sorghum.<br />
But even he some vegetables, such as cabbage, are grown for household consumption<br />
and some production of tomatoes takes place as well. Vegetable production is<br />
concentrated in the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth regions,* representing the<br />
agricultural areas of the River Valley and around the permanent mares, bas fonds,<br />
and oases of the Third region. These regions repres ent the focal points of the<br />
traditional agricultural sector--millet and sorghum production -- but all to<br />
varying degrees have a tradition of small plot vegetable production.<br />
The range in scale of holdings planted to vegetables startsfrom the<br />
Then regions include the towns of Kinbossa and Teffa, Kaedi, Aleg, Boghe<br />
Rosso, respectively.
-73<br />
small household qardn-"le petit jardin villaqeois"-where vegetables<br />
ace grown primarily for home consumption and are limited to those varieties<br />
which reflect local dietary preferences and tradition, e.g. neibe', sweet<br />
potatoes, okra, peppers. Seed is preserved by the household and plannted<br />
during the rainy season. At the other end of the range are private,<br />
comrical operations located in the Sixth region. Here individual farmer<br />
entreprenuers operate vegetable farms employing somewhat high-level production<br />
techniques, as for example, motor pumps and sprayers for the distribution of<br />
pesticides. A considerable variety of vegetables are cultivated by these<br />
operations including, onions, tomatoes, lettuce, beets carrots. Between<br />
these two extremes lie the target group for which vegetable production<br />
projects are concerned.<br />
There are limitations on the amount of land that a single farm unit will<br />
put under vegetable production. The individual farm unit faces a constraint<br />
in terms of labor-time available to be allocated to any given output. Vegetable<br />
production may compete with millet and sorghum production for labor-time. It has<br />
been observed, in fact, that periods of abundant millet and sorghum harvests<br />
tend to coincide with a diminishing interest on the part of farmers in vegetable<br />
production. An expansion in the level of production (measured in terms of he<br />
hectarage cultivated might be expected to occur if there is substantial<br />
unemployment of agricultural labor.<br />
In addition to limitations on the scale of farm facing the individual<br />
farmer, physical and technial constraints set the upper limit on the total<br />
land area that can he brough under cultivation in a geographic zone. The<br />
techncial constraints manifest themseleves in the form of low-yielding, low<br />
productive techniques and inadequate extension service. A major physical
-74<br />
constraint on the total hectarage that can be supported within a given area.<br />
is the availability of water. For any specific area, the scale of vegetable<br />
farming. and, hence, the nu<strong>mb</strong>er of farmers producing for the market will depend<br />
upon water supply conditions. In some areas, (e.g., R'Kiz and Medredra. in<br />
the 6th Region) water conditions- are such that new producer entrants into<br />
vegetable production are reported to be. limited to the production for home<br />
consumption.* The actual areas, under vegetable cultivation by small farmer<br />
during the Campaigne 1976-77 for two regions is shown in the Economic Appendix.<br />
Land area reported under production in the Third Region (Kiffa) amounted to<br />
14.39 hectares (34.78 acres). Data for the 5th Region include only the town<br />
of' Boghe and surrounding villages. Information from the Office of the Regional<br />
Adjoint Economique indicates that land allocated to vegetables by small farmers<br />
amounted to approximately 15 hectares for the. region as a whole. When the<br />
nu<strong>mb</strong>er of producers. provided in the Appendix, Table 2 are related to total<br />
land area planted in each locality, it shows that plot sizes cultivated by<br />
producers are quite small. Information on area cultivated by "Grouppments<br />
Cooperatives" is available for the 3rd Region where 42,000 square meters are<br />
reported to be worked by 30 groups. In the region as a whole, holdings planted<br />
by farmer groups have averaged about one-tenth of a hectare. In general, the<br />
extent of the diversification of output varies directly with the area cultivated.<br />
*The Direction de 1'Agriculture has issued a summary of activities on vegetable<br />
production, be region, which provides information gathered in the course of<br />
field interviews with the Chef du Secteur and field personnel on the progression<br />
of vegetable production. (GIRM, Direction de l'Agriculture, Mission de<br />
Maraichage, Jan to Feb 1977. The Report derives from the IBRD-financed project<br />
Continuation and Extension of Vegetable Operations.) Recently, under a scheme<br />
which involved the redistribution of land in the 5th Region, vicinity of Boghe,<br />
farmers were allocated four hectares of land for vegetable production. This<br />
action was taken unilaterally by the District Prefect and unfavorably viewed by<br />
the Direction de I'Agriculture. Water supply in the area would not be sufficient<br />
for a substantial nu<strong>mb</strong>er of farmers to put four hectares of land into<br />
veaetable nrduntinn <br />
3
-75-<br />
If the area is very small, only one crop may be planted (e.g., onions,<br />
potatoes). As the area increases in size, several types of vegetable products<br />
may be grown.<br />
B. The International Market for Vegetable Products<br />
In the future, there may be a possibility of exporting vegetables<br />
to neighboring countries, but under present conditions of supply, costs, and<br />
relative prices, commercialization must be aimed at the internal market. The<br />
internal market includes local markets located in principal towns in each<br />
region and the more expansive enclaves of Nouakchott, Zouerate, Akjoukt, and<br />
Nouadhibou.<br />
In the Sixth Region, there is a geou rud which links Rosso to<br />
Nouakchott. Villages near Rosso, Keur-Macene and along the roaa nave access<br />
to the Nouakchott market and, therefore, an outlet for surplus vegetables<br />
produced above local demand. However, it was stated by several contacts<br />
that for most of the year all vegetables raised in the Sixth Region are<br />
consumed. But, during the peak season, there is an over supply problem.<br />
This problem is aggravated by the influx of cheaper vegetables from the SAED<br />
plantations on the Senegalese side of the river. Production for the local<br />
European market is not the major aim of this cultivation. There are a few<br />
prosperous farmers who grow largely more than they can sale. These farmers<br />
have their own truck for transport of produce. There are also merchants<br />
with trucks who will buy farmers' excess production at a very low price and<br />
resale in Nouakchott for a tidy profit. But, for the most part, local con<br />
sumption is the aim of the farmer.<br />
The Fifth Region (Boghe) has a somewhat long growing season (October to<br />
May), with two full crops harvested per season. An inadequate transportation
-76<br />
ihave, hamPers evacuation of produce to larger makutsnd<br />
timly provision of production inputs. As a consequence local markets are<br />
glutted dinq the peak production season.<br />
The- Thir-d Pegions (KMiff a) was Limited, to local. markets principally- Kiff a.<br />
and uzkoa8.. Wtth the recent cpletion. of a road to-Nouakchott, that more<br />
eqmuasvr mnarket is nov acceteiWbo. However,. infrattucture within the reqim-<br />
is still inadequate. Production in the region is mainly for auto-constmption<br />
and. barter.<br />
Zn Mauritanian at present, mst consumer damand; •for vegetables on the<br />
enclaw,. -markets is being met by imports. The enclave markets axe largely<br />
supplied by fresh vegetable imports from Senegal and France and processed<br />
(canned) vegetable imports from other EEC countries and Spain. in volume<br />
term, vegetable imports ae-re ore. R aveage uo... ,.juu mari= mons a year..<br />
the estimated value of imported vegetables (and fruits) in 1976 was as follows:<br />
Vegetable and Fruit .mports<br />
(C.I.F. Value in 1TM, Millions)<br />
Tota.l Senegal ance Other Countries<br />
92.0 21.0 36.0 35.0<br />
Source: Banque Centrale<br />
The reliance upon imports for a range of basic commodities typically occurs<br />
in industrial enclave sectors in developing countries where management - as well<br />
as private traders - are concerend to insure supplies in face of uncertain local<br />
food production and distribution systems. However, enclave markets alone are not<br />
the sole importers of vegetable products. Local markets such as that of Rasso,<br />
an important trading town in the Southern region, are reported to be heavily
dominated by imports.<br />
-77<br />
Zn,-principal thee is potential for growth in the internal market for<br />
domestic vegetables output given properly organized production, distribution,<br />
adequate storage and marketing system. The widening of the market would be<br />
traced to such factors as the gradual sedentaization of nomadic population<br />
rural to urban migration, and a growth of employment in the urban enclaves.<br />
The latter implies a gradual increase in the nu<strong>mb</strong>er of wage earners and salaried<br />
personnel both in the informal and modern sectors. Such groups are currently<br />
estimated at 10 percent of the total labor force employment. A recent<br />
deographic<br />
survey issued by the Planning Ministry in may 1977 shows that a significant<br />
percentage of the country's population can be classified as town dewellers.<br />
Roughly 20 percent of the population resides in towns of 5,000 or more. Local market<br />
towns as a group offer a source of potential buyers of domestic vegetable output.<br />
The critical problem, however, facing icoal producers is the availability of<br />
transport. What transport is avaialbe to large markets through middlemen is very<br />
expensive, (almost 20 per kilometric ton).. In many cases for lcoal markets<br />
located shorter distances, produce is transported by donkey carts or piroques (along<br />
the river). In these instance constraints exist in terms of overall carrying<br />
capacity.<br />
Mauritania faces a virtual absence of basic transport infrastucture linking,<br />
on a year-round basis, food-exporting and food- importing regions of the country.<br />
Regional isolation constitutes a major obstacle to an efficient internal<br />
marketing system for any product. The relationship between transport and marketing<br />
activities is to bring about a change in the location value of goods. That is, to<br />
move goods from areas where they are produced and prices are low, to distant
-78-/4<br />
Ues whe- prices ae higher. The regions of -the River Valley are poorly<br />
equipped vith road'trnspor. Prom the 3.1 tCwn of Tekane in the 6th Regn<br />
for the length of the distance to the southwst, "roads" are tracks, and impossible<br />
for parts of the ye=. Hmoveer, because of current levels., of planned investment<br />
in road, tmansport, the World Bank , "=utjouslr optimistic of prospects.<br />
for improved conne-.c s. and greater movement, of good- south to north over<br />
the coming -decade.<br />
Since-a miuin standard of road tXansport wil. only be ralized over<br />
the long tez, for the imediate fture the vegetable farmer must adjust to the.<br />
exgancies of the present situtation which is ch-ariaezed by the sataricon<br />
of local markets, uneven rate of flow of supplies 'to market and by shar<br />
flucuation in market prices for vegetables. While vegetable production in highly<br />
seasonal, there are soma means of cont ollin factors which adversely affect<br />
marketing potential.<br />
One means is to sacrifice diversification of output to the cultivation<br />
of crops which are able to sup;t longer and rougher shipment. There is evidence<br />
that farmers removed fr direct access to markets have tended to concentrate on<br />
such cz-ps. This explains the non-culture which prevails in some areas for<br />
such crops as onions, potatoes, and tuniips.<br />
As in the case where fazmars grow relatively less perishable types<br />
of vegetables to facilitate longer distance transport, these same types could<br />
be grown with a view to storage for a time after harvest and gradually<br />
marketed. This would permit farmers to benefit from a change in the termporal<br />
value of output.
-79-<br />
A staggered sbhedule of input distribution under externally-financed<br />
projects to fazMrs located in the same area is another possibility. Although<br />
it is administratively convenient to distribute inputs to all farmers in a<br />
given area according to the same schedule, it would be possible to spxead out<br />
distribution of seed, for example, so that all producers would not plant and<br />
harvest identifical products at the same time.<br />
Ideally, the price structure of vegetable products should be relatively<br />
high to producers so as to cover current market prices of inputs in order<br />
to stimulate production, and, at the same time, relatively low to consumers<br />
in order to increase consumption. There is little that can. be said concerning<br />
price elasticities in the domestic vegetable market. Such price data as exist<br />
are sketchy and show fairly sharp seasonal swings in prices of Vegetable pro<br />
duction season is short and it leads to a bunching up of production. In the<br />
Sixth Region the growing season is Dece<strong>mb</strong>er to March. The growing seasons<br />
in the Third Region and Fifth Regions are longer -- October to April in the<br />
Third Region and October to May in the Fifth Region. Price data are shown in<br />
the Economic Appendix. There is no information on quantities traded. It<br />
should be noted that prices shon for Nouakchott market reflect primarily<br />
retail prices of vegetable imports. Tables A and B reflect more accurately<br />
prices paid for domestically produced products.<br />
Retail price datareed to be supplemented by information on the farm-value<br />
of vegetable products, the farm-retail price spread, marketing margins, in
-80- //<br />
order to detezunetfarers share of uszektinq costs. The Directoate of<br />
&I-culture. does nor collect data of this nature. Sam production data awe<br />
gezted by the Directorate of Aqric t,-e. Such information is available<br />
has been provided in the Appndix- Koever, averag, yields by type of crop<br />
a the basis of m sitandard. acroaqe harvested, are-not available.. Day to<br />
day observation to be carried out -Ae the present project by the PC7 and<br />
U.S. technicians will provide data required to address thee factors.<br />
Rural Credit<br />
There are no fomal. credit institutions for small vegetable producers.<br />
Zt is expected that informal and traditional credit arrangements do mxst.<br />
ZntAzventions in vegetable production ust be designed to mInimize need for<br />
credit.<br />
cmnents on Economic Benefits<br />
The size of the- area cultivated under sal-farmae vegetable production<br />
schemes, in Mairitan' a even under the. assumption of a doubling or tripling ot<br />
area cultivated, does not justify an attempt to develop an estimate of the<br />
relative margins of benefits over costs. Such measures are supposed to indi<br />
cats the impact on the economy as a whole given amount of investment under a<br />
project in comparison with some other use of investment resources.<br />
The primaz economc benefIt, f±= which the project is- aimed include the develop<br />
ment of improved techniques and more reliabla information regarding vegetable<br />
production. These benefits, however, can not be quantified. This project can<br />
show norma.l returns only in the long run.<br />
There will undoubtedly be some econmic return from the physical output of<br />
the project and some opportunity costs associated with the project as well.
lPJ The latter would arise, for exxle, from the use of domestic resources<br />
such as the Directorate of Agricultural's limited extension service and<br />
MInpOaer, by this particular project. The problem of attaching a numerical<br />
value to benefits, however, arise from the small magnitudes involved :z Vell<br />
as the valuation of project output. Secondary benefits derived from physical<br />
output and yields are difficult to value since it is not possible to estimate<br />
amount of additional output will result and even if it were, a rapidly growing<br />
supply of vegetable produce relative to existing market, might lead to a<br />
fall in prices of vegetables sold on local markets.<br />
Other secondary benefits may be attributed to the project. First, there<br />
would be some amount of substitution of domestic production for imports of<br />
vegetable. The extent of this substitution would depend on amount of surplus<br />
which results and the costs (and availability) of transport from vegetable<br />
producing areas to enclave markets. Another source of benefits would arise<br />
from an increase in on-farm consumption of vegetable produce. This is not<br />
an unimportant benefit since the economic value of home-consumed food represents<br />
a real return to the economy as much as market production. The problem is that<br />
realization of this benefit is dependent upon the continuing provision of free<br />
inputs. Producers will pay market prices for inputs only if assured of<br />
outlets for production at a return which will cover production costs.
IV. Iiplinntation Axangements<br />
A. Admins-trative Arrangemants<br />
1. Gin<br />
The government of Mauritania is administratively divided into<br />
seven "State Ministries" which in tuxn are responsible: for a total of<br />
twenty "Ministries." Three ministries constitue the:.Satae- ministry for<br />
Rural Advancement. (Promotion Rurale. (see attached organization chart). These<br />
three are the ministries of Rural Development (Development. Rural), Construc<br />
tion, and Hydraulic Resources. This project will be under the aupicies of<br />
the. Ministry of Rural Development. Within the Ministry of Rural Develop<br />
mant, there are three operating directorates,. i.e., the Livestock<br />
Directorata, the Environmental Protection Directorate, and the Agriculture<br />
Directorate. The GIRM administration of the project. will be within the<br />
Directorate of Agriculture;. Within the Directorate of Agriculture, the<br />
Office of the Chief of Vegetable Production will play an important role in<br />
the project.<br />
The Agriculture Directorate<br />
This Directorate is led by a Mauritanian Agronomist and has 190 positions<br />
budgeted throughout Mauritania. Located within the Directorate in<br />
Nouakchott is the Office of the Chief of Vegetable Production. which consists of<br />
one person. This person functions at the national. level as co insliator of<br />
vegetable production activities and manages the distribution of vegetable<br />
seed, tools and fertilizer. The Chief of Vegetable Production will be the<br />
counterpart to the Project Manager/Agriculture Extensionist. At the regional
ORGANIZATION CHART OF MAURITANIAN<br />
AGRICULTURAL MINISTRIES<br />
Ministare d'Etat a<br />
La Promotion Rurale<br />
(State Ministry for<br />
Rural Advancement)<br />
Ministate des Resources Hiniste~re do Developpe- Ministate de ]a con<br />
comn S Hydrologiques ua, tuto<br />
(Ministry of Water Resources) (Ministry for Rural<br />
Development)<br />
(Ministry of Construction)<br />
Direction de l'Elevage /Directorate de l'Agrt- Service de la Protection<br />
(Directorate for Livestock)<br />
culture<br />
(Directorate of Agri<br />
culture)<br />
de la Nature<br />
(Environmental Protection<br />
I<br />
(Office of.Chief<br />
Vegetable<br />
of<br />
Production)<br />
Service)
-84<br />
and local levels within the Directorate (respectively) are the. Sector<br />
ciefs and Agricultural extension agents. The. activities of thee<br />
officials include the coordination and implemmntation of agricultural<br />
activities (inc.udin/ vegetable, production) and delivery of production<br />
iMUtta and technical. infouation to fazmeru. The, Sector Chiefs. (one per<br />
region) within each. of the. three project regions will. serve as counter<br />
parts to the Borticulturist/Agroast. As with other Directoratesr<br />
policy is set in Nouakchatt by tha-Director while operational responsi<br />
bility rests in the- field..<br />
.thb r a . review- 7f .teadequdcay; f the above mentioned staffing<br />
and organizational arrangements will be made jointly by the Mins'y of<br />
Rural Development, AM and U.S. contractors six months after the contractors<br />
arrive. If a realistic appzaisal indicates that there are deficienices<br />
in staffing quantity, or that the administrative arrangements need improve<br />
ment, AID and the GIM will settle upon corrective measures, to be<br />
implemented with a minimum of delay.<br />
The field activities to be implemented by the project requires<br />
coordination at the regional and local levels. This involves dealings<br />
between the Agriculture Directorate and the local government chiefs and<br />
traditional leaders. As the lines of conmmunication already exist, no<br />
special arrangements will be required for the purposes of implementing this<br />
project.<br />
The participant training programs.will be developed by GIRM and<br />
training institutions with the assistance of the U.S. technicians. Partici<br />
pants have already been selected by the government from present Agriculture
Directorate staff.<br />
2. AM<br />
-85-<br />
Due to lack of administrative capability within the Ministry of Rural<br />
Development, Directorate of Agriculture, the GIRM cannot carry out<br />
effectively and expeditiously the various contracting, procurement and<br />
logistical support activities that are normally involved in an AID<br />
financed project. However, to be certain that the <strong>USAID</strong> in Nouakchott is<br />
not overburdened with administrative details of the project's implementation,<br />
once in the field the U.S. contractor will have considerable latitude in<br />
project matters, procurement of project commodities, vehicle maintenance,<br />
personnel support items which are legitimate project costs, etc. An<br />
assigned <strong>USAID</strong> project manager will assist contractors with procurement,<br />
transport and other implementation actions. However, the <strong>USAID</strong> role will<br />
be primarily one of monitor and evaa.tor.<br />
In preparation for arrival of the U.S. technicians the <strong>USAID</strong>/Ncuakchott<br />
must carry out several activities. These activities concern housing,<br />
procurement of project vehicles and procurement of those commodities necessary<br />
for the timely implementation of the project. The procurement plans below<br />
details these activitie,,.<br />
3. Contractors<br />
The implementation of the project will be principally carried out under<br />
contract with a U.S. institution. The contractors will seek to determine the<br />
feasibility of expanding vegetable production among sedentary rural groups<br />
in the Third, Fifth, and Sixth Regions in Mauritania through an Applied<br />
research and pilot program over a three-year period.
-86-<br />
An experimtal design &Msoach is necessary to povide reliable guidance<br />
with respect to feasibility of future activities. The design will include<br />
testing and identification of ajor. agonomic: options (optimum production,<br />
preservations and prepsartion techniques) and collection of sufficient<br />
economic, marketing and consumer acceptance - nutrition data. to allow con<br />
clusions. The.pilot, experimental plots.and central field trial*. eas. to be.<br />
established in each region will serve as points- for data . collection. Production<br />
from these areas will be consumed to satisfy food needs of producers, or<br />
bartered or market for cash, yielding income (goods or cash) for producers.<br />
Data collection will be carried out in collaboration with GIh! officials and<br />
PCs. The contractor will be responsible for poviding work sheets and guidance<br />
to extension agents and PCVs on raw data collection. Research findings will be<br />
disseminated to farmers by extension methods to include audio-visual techniques.<br />
Complete records should be kept on all project actions to facilitate ongoing<br />
analysis and final evaluation.<br />
A.I.D. will contract with a U.S. institution to provide for a Project<br />
IManager/Agricultural Extensionist (36 pm), a Horticulturist (36 pm), an<br />
Agricultural Production Economist (12 pm) and a Nutritionist (12 p=). Short<br />
term consultancy will consist of a Hydrologist (4 pm) and a Soil Scientist<br />
(4 pm). The Project Manaer/Agricultural Extensionist will be the team leader<br />
and for two years of the Project will. act as Chief of Vegetable Production<br />
during which time he Aill consult directly with the Director of Agriculture.<br />
The Directorate of Agriculture (the GIRM implementing agency for this project)<br />
is understaffed with only 190 positions budgeted throughout the country.
-87-<br />
Prior to FT 78 there were no A.I.D. development projects on the ground in<br />
Mauritania. By the end of FY 78, four new A.I.D. projects (six by the end<br />
of FY 79) will commence implementation in Mauritania. Implementation and<br />
coordination of these projects represent a new experience for the GIhM with<br />
the greatest burden falling on the Directorate of Agriculture. These projects<br />
will involve five different contractors providing up to sixty-one contractor<br />
personnel which would require a. substantial amount of contractor monitoring<br />
and supervision. Cognizant of this, the GIM has requested A.I.D. assistance<br />
in the implementation of A.I.D. projects. In order to assure timely and.<br />
effective implementation of this project, as well as achieve the necessary<br />
coordination, it is essential that A.I.D. have some control over the<br />
implementation of this project beyond design. Therefore, this will be a<br />
direct contract with A.I.D.<br />
As directed by <strong>USAID</strong>/Nouakchott, the technicians will provide guidance<br />
for future assistance in vegetable production activities by the GIRM and<br />
external donors. The technicians' services will start early FY 79 with<br />
mandates and requirements for position as follows:<br />
A. Project Manager/Ariculture Ectensionist (36 Pm)<br />
L. A masters degree in an agricultural related field or equivalent;<br />
2. Minimum of 2 years experience working in a state extension<br />
service or equivalent;<br />
3. Experience with management and administrative exposure to less<br />
developed areas, preferably Africa;<br />
4. Working level of French, preferably FSI S-3/R-3 level.<br />
5. Is able to work effectively with ministries, organizations and<br />
institutions in formulating specific projects and programs<br />
involving both formal and non-formal education and training and<br />
on-the-job training.
-88<br />
1. AA.a & mtimum, & B.S. degee in. Horticulture with traning im<br />
2. At leat three years experience in Horticulture as it relates<br />
to vegetable- poduction and soil-watear naagement in semi-arid<br />
drylan&i farming.<br />
3. Working level of French, preferably FSI S-3/R-3.<br />
C. Nutitionist (12 m)<br />
1. Master's degree in clinical nutrition, piblJc health r related<br />
nutrition field or equivalent;<br />
Z. Practical experience preferably in Africa involving nutrition<br />
analysis,. surveys and. monitaring.<br />
3.. Working level- of French, preferably FS S-3/R-3.
-89-<br />
D. Agriculture Production Economist (12 pmo)<br />
I. M.S. degree in Agricultural Economics with course work<br />
inmarketing and production economics or equivalent.<br />
2. Practical experience preferably in Africa involving<br />
economic research, and survey methods in discrete<br />
agricultural fields.<br />
3. Working level of French, preferably FSI S-3/R-3.<br />
E. Soil Scientist (4pm)<br />
1. Master's degree in agronomy with a specialization in soil<br />
chemistry and fertility or equivalent;<br />
2. Demonstrated field experience in soil survey and<br />
soil and water management, preferably in arid or semi-arid<br />
areas.<br />
3. Some familiarity with French, preferably FSI S-2/R-2 level.<br />
F. Hydrologist (4 pm)<br />
1. Master's degree in hydrology with concentration in water<br />
resources management.<br />
2. Demonstrated field experience in conducting water resource<br />
surveys preferably in arid or semi-arid areas.<br />
3. Familiarity with French, preferably FSI S-2/R-2 level.<br />
Technical design of field activities will be based on a thorough<br />
search for and review of relevant experience including:<br />
(a)Research by the contractor concerning small-scale vegetable<br />
experience in semi-arid tropics. This will include search for<br />
information on relevant research activities in sub-humid tropics,<br />
gathering of information and documents available on U.S. past and
-90<br />
current experience throughout the world, gathering of relevant technical<br />
reference materials, aqd gathering of information relating to<br />
research design. (Contractor 1-2 months.). During project implementation<br />
considerable attention st.. uld be given to relevant information and<br />
findings generated by the A.m.O. funded Rural Sector Assessment and<br />
Manpower Employment Survey (RAMS) in Mauritania..<br />
(b) Extensive briefing of implementation team by their backstop<br />
agency. This briefing will include (1) a study of preceeding materials,.<br />
(2) briefing with social scientists familiar with Mauritania rural and<br />
agricultural systems, (c)meetings with consultants proposed for<br />
short-term assistance. (Team me<strong>mb</strong>ers, 1 month).<br />
(c) Study tour of research and field situations in sub-humid areas<br />
of Africa. This F!,ould include but not be limited to vegetible crops<br />
experiment station in Sudan, Amadu Bello University in Northern Nigeria<br />
and IRAT in Senegal. (Team me<strong>mb</strong>ers, 2-3 months within first 6 months<br />
of in-country activity).<br />
The implementation team will build further bases for guidance on<br />
technical implementation in-country. This will include working<br />
relationships with Mauritanian officials and local leaders. Itwill<br />
also include linkages with other expatriate specialists, particularly<br />
these relating to soil and water resources. Advice will be sought<br />
on minimal procedures and facilities, for soil testing.<br />
The responsibilities of the U.S. contractors are outlined below:
-91<br />
a. Project Manager/Agriculture Extensionist<br />
(1) The Project Manager as team leader will have the ultimate<br />
responsibility for assuring that project objectives<br />
are met as well as overall responsibility for project<br />
administration and reporting.<br />
(2)Provides professional counsel, extension advice and guidance<br />
on project and program strategy;<br />
(3)Manages AID's input and monitors project operations, giving<br />
particular attention to the role of each implementing entity<br />
and promoting realistic measures to enhance coordination and<br />
project operations at all levels.<br />
(4)Assists in formulating curriculum for formal and non-formal<br />
training and will provide on-the-job training.<br />
(5)Reviews data related to project activities;<br />
(6)Assists GIRM inmanagement and implementation of vegetable<br />
production activities;<br />
(7)Maintains liaision in Nouakchott with relevant GIRM officials<br />
and A.I.D.;<br />
(8)Orders project comodities and maintains project accounts<br />
for all expenditures of foreign exchange and local<br />
currency.<br />
(9)Maintains a local currency account with a Nouakchott bank.<br />
(10) Reviews and authorizes data collection systems and work<br />
sheets developed by consultants.<br />
(11) Reviews and concurs in work plans for PCVs.
. Horticulturtst/Agronomist<br />
-92<br />
(1) Assists regional Sector Chiefs in selecting sites and<br />
estabi shing demonstration areas for vegetables for<br />
field trials and. basic testing;<br />
(2) Sapervises. vegetable cropping system and other techniques<br />
introduced. by project- such as. usa of fertilizers mulch,<br />
improved seed, use of insecticides and fungicides,, preservation<br />
of seed, storage., drying improved practices, preparation<br />
of seed bed, weeding use of sprayers, and determines<br />
adaptability of these technique.to local conditions;<br />
(3)Monitors water resources in pilot areas;<br />
(4)Develops material and methodology for collection, compilation<br />
and analysis of vegetable production agronomic data in<br />
consultation with the other team me<strong>mb</strong>ers. The basis<br />
consideration of the agronomic research design includes<br />
specification of crops, major cropping patterns and soil<br />
management practices considered logically applicable in<br />
the. target areas.<br />
(5)Provides non-formal extension and on-the-job training to<br />
extension agents and PCVs.<br />
(6)Develops worksheets for agricultural PCVs to collect raw<br />
agronomic data.<br />
c. Agricultural Production Economist<br />
(1)Develops a research methodology for collection review and<br />
analysis of existing marketing and economic data pertinent<br />
to vegetable production in the three regions.
-93<br />
(2) In collaboration with other team me<strong>mb</strong>ers, analyzes data<br />
collected and organizes it in a comprehensive report that may<br />
be used to determine the feasibility of expanding production<br />
of vegetables inthe target areas. Particular attention<br />
should be given to: marketing potentials and options,<br />
value of land to be used, value of farm labor, transportation<br />
availability and costs, storage facilities, consumption,<br />
cash sales and barter, all costs (monetary and inkind),<br />
all returns (montary and inkind), analysis at factor<br />
cost levels and also at the social level, competitive<br />
advantage of each vegetable in terms of costs and returns<br />
to the producer, price analysis, credit (requirements,<br />
costs, availability), farm planning relating vegetable<br />
production to grain production and livestock production,<br />
the domestic currency cost of producing the output at<br />
optimum aRd other levels, and the benefit/cost ratio at<br />
optimum and other levels.<br />
(3)Develops worksheets for collection of raw economic and<br />
d. Nutritionist<br />
marketing data by PCV Cooperative Specialists<br />
(1)Develops a research methodology for determining the<br />
feasibility of expanded vegetable production from a nutritional<br />
standpoint.<br />
(2)Collects and compiles food consumption and nutritional<br />
data and conducts nutritional monitoring before, during and<br />
by end of project.
(3)Incollaboration with other team memers, analyzes data and<br />
organizes it into a comprehensive report that may be used.<br />
to determine which vegetables should be encouraged in<br />
each target location and assesses the impact of the project:<br />
from. a. nutritional point of view.<br />
(4) Develops nutrition education with home economist PCVs and<br />
women-of the community to include improved vegetable food<br />
preparation techniques for household consumption.<br />
(5) Develops work sheets for and supervises home economist<br />
PCVs in collection of food consumption and nutrition<br />
related data.
Z. Soils Scin"<br />
-95-<br />
1. Collects and reviews all soils studies and data carried out<br />
in the three regions concerned.<br />
2. Sets up cmplementary soils studies and data collection in<br />
these three region.<br />
3. Collects, campiles and analyses all soil data.<br />
4. Organizes the analysed data in a comprehensive report that<br />
may be used to determine which vegetables ma,, be grown in each<br />
of the locations involved in the project.<br />
5. The report will pay particular attention to: land<br />
capability, crop adaptability, productivity ratings, suitability<br />
for irrigation and drainage, fertilizer and lime requirements,<br />
soil erosion potential, chemical properties and, specifically<br />
vegetable production capabilities.<br />
F. Field Hydroloqist<br />
1. Collects and review all available hydrological surveys,<br />
reports and data for the three regions concerned.<br />
2. Sets up hydrological studies and data collection in the target<br />
areas.<br />
3. Organizes the analyed data in a comprehensive report that<br />
may be used to determine which vegetables may best be<br />
grown in each of the locations involved in the project.
-96<br />
4. Te repo= will pay particular attentiom to: climate,precipitation,<br />
4. Peace-corps<br />
evaporation, transportation, infilt= tion and movement of soil<br />
moisture, surface and ground water flow, channel flow, sedimentation,<br />
chanqes in chmiocal and physical quality ald salvage of water.<br />
Peace-Corps volunteers have been requested to provide field support and<br />
supervision and collect data on production and comercialization of vegetables<br />
Work sheets for data collection will bw developed by U. S. technicians<br />
(and the USAM Staff Sociologist for collection of data on roles of women<br />
in production of vegetables). Peace Corps has strongly expressed interest<br />
in furnishing field personnel for ,this project and requires nine months<br />
from the receipt of the official letter of request until the arrival of<br />
trainees in-country. The exact-relationship between Peace Corps volunteers<br />
and. U. S. technicians and precise work plans. will be developed by U. S.<br />
technicians and the Peace Corps Director once volunteers arrive in-country.<br />
B. Implementation Plan<br />
1. Prior Actions<br />
In order to assure a relatively smooth flow to the implementation<br />
of this project, the following actions should be taken before the project<br />
agreement is signed:<br />
a) Approval of PP and all waivers requested need to be obtained<br />
by AID/W.<br />
b) On the basis of description of duties contained in this<br />
section of the PP, AID/W should begin identifying possible<br />
candidates for the project staff as soon as the PP is<br />
signed.
-97<br />
c) after having been officially advised by the GIRM that<br />
Implementation Schedule<br />
it wishes AID to undertake procurement actions on its<br />
behalf, the CDO will prepare all necessary procurement<br />
documents prior to signing of the Project Agreement.<br />
This will enable requests for proposal and invitations<br />
for bids to be issued 15-3Q days after the PROAG is signed.<br />
(Dates are illustrative, to indicate relative timing. Any slipeage<br />
in initial start will require similar adjustment throughout.)<br />
4/78 - PROAG singed - <strong>USAID</strong> - GIRM<br />
- Vehicles and first year commodities ordered under<br />
Pio/C - <strong>USAID</strong><br />
- Receipt request for Vols from GIRM - PC<br />
- Request for proposals for technical assistance<br />
contract published - AID/W<br />
7/78 - Technical assistance proposals received and reviewed<br />
AID/W - <strong>USAID</strong><br />
8/78 - Technical Assistance contract awarded - AID/W <strong>USAID</strong> <br />
mobile trailer ordered under PI0/C - <strong>USAID</strong><br />
10/78 - Local contract for installation of mobile trailer<br />
awarded - <strong>USAID</strong><br />
11/78 - .,roJect Manager and Horticulturist/Agronomist in<br />
field - AID/W second year commodities order under<br />
PIO/C - contract.<br />
- Site selections made (including well sites) - GIPR4<br />
Contractor/REDSO
- WeIL c -struction begins - GIRK<br />
12/78 - Annual. work plai submitted by contractors - Contractor-<br />
USAm<br />
1/79 - PCVs arrive- in country for 12. week training - PC<br />
- Soil Scientist and Hydrologist- in field - contr.<br />
- Distribution. of inputs, for, first year planning, -<br />
GIEM/Contr.<br />
2/79 - Economist and Nutritionist in field - Contr.<br />
4/79 - PCVs at assigned sites - PC<br />
- Home Economist PCVs trained by' Nutritionist<br />
- Soil Scientist and Hydrologist depart<br />
5/79 - First harvest (march-May) GIRM - PCV - Contractor<br />
- Soil Scientist and Hydrologist reports completed and<br />
sent to field<br />
6/79 - Training in third country begins for Mauritanian<br />
counterparts at national and regional levels - GIRM/<strong>USAID</strong><br />
- Nutritionist and Economist depart - Contr.<br />
7/79 - First evaluation complete<br />
8/79 - Additional site selctions made for year (including wells)<br />
- GIRM -Contractor - FCV regional level trainees return<br />
GIRM/<strong>USAID</strong><br />
10/79 - First planting, second year GIRM-Contractor.PCV<br />
- Nutritionist and Economist return contrator<br />
11/79 - Order inputs for 3rd year under PIO/C - contractor<br />
1/80 - Second planting for 2nd year - GIRM/Contr/PCV<br />
- Economist and Nutritionist depart - contractor
-99<br />
2/80 - First harvest second year GIRM/Contr/PCV<br />
5/80 - Second harvest, second year - GIR/Contr/PCV<br />
7/80 - 2nd evaluation complete GIR1/Contr PCV<br />
9/80 - 3rd year inputs distributed - GIRM/Contr/PCV<br />
10/80 - Nutritionist returns - Contractor<br />
11/80 - Economist returns - contractor<br />
1/81 - Second planting, 3rd year GIRM/Contr/PCV<br />
- Nutritionist departs - contractor<br />
2/81 - First harvest, 3rd year - GIP./Contr/PCV<br />
5/81 - Second harvest, 3rd year - GIRM/Contr/PCV<br />
- Nutritinist and Economist return<br />
6/81 - Counterpart at Nat'l level returns from third country<br />
training - GIRM/<strong>USAID</strong><br />
7/81 - 3rd year evaluation complete - GIRM/Contr/PCV<br />
8/81 - All U.S. technicians department - contractor<br />
10/81 - Final evaluation complete <strong>USAID</strong> - Contr/GIRM/AID/W
Th. a.s. technicians =de. s~-x-7si= of the 17A 2=jec%manaqez<br />
-dill.hava Pr±2a7~- rapns~±L~ an? t7- :!or<br />
af 9=oJlec-- di as,*<br />
30weeu, those =Cdiss. and.. 70hiclas whiCh, axe necessary ta tiJmely<br />
impleantimion of project activities wl be. ordar~d by rUSA.= beforw az±-7a<br />
of the con~ac tec-l-c-ans . =%aess 'dil.i'e2.udrn, bt ae not lltsd to<br />
&.U projac- vekiles bousaq-aznqnmnts !or tah- ~a.,and C==ditas<br />
meeded iz the 1f-xst year of thea proj ect.<br />
GS=/Ncuacho-It- willi a--snga !for ruui!4. or !ass* o~f a house for<br />
the Prozjaw so aaqM/qr asionist ta Uauakchot. (;A wil-.<br />
also =uchaso one doi~ble-.ida, a±.condit-ioned =billa ,x=e toaila: &md<br />
a =7( hack-mp genexator !or the 3oz~iclt~is:/qoninist.'<br />
The tniiae. wi2..! :e Lsziadat AlIsq, the 6conomC=ic Capital Q1 -6g<br />
Filth± Region. Spec±.ic sits selection vii.!. b datxaied by U-Ain and.<br />
the- G.M. The admanqes ct placizg tte t=±aile in ala a=* clarly<br />
logi tics.!. ones. Aleg -s cant.2U-y 1ocatad !=- :elation to BEo!Gh, ±f.<br />
and ?osso., i= addition --a *"eing easily access-oLe to IdmLkchatt 'by r:ad.<br />
The coo: w4~T ii1. sac=% --!a sevic-as c:! a 1-cal c cto:c--- :z<br />
=az-=-6c=ia -- Lc c nt Lakz. -- = Ali . ii n.t<br />
!:ass -= sax-7e as a _fotdalaton, intzaj..L .on and semti:= -.3-- an~d
-<strong>101</strong><br />
comac te = ~are to Loca.L. Olao_"&.c SUTPLq. A back-upi geneaor will.<br />
Ibe z.iqmixd to izzu~s a czzious ava.llabil' t,- of *lact-xca2. cow. The<br />
total cos% of ;uxcasizq, stir-ing and Lasta.WI-ng the '-aiUex Is.<br />
acaed at $60,000.<br />
Za additi±on th.a 00 wlI± I order al. prolac- veixic-as- and ao~o±n<br />
izp= reqized for the lixst year of the poject. Both of then* codities<br />
should be ordarad as soon as possible after the 2--oect Aqzzeament Ls sighed.<br />
0. Zcoi~t and C-dities List<br />
Accord q to cu--nz Projecti.os: the. Itac.lze equ±pment and cc~mdltias<br />
included as part of the section on Financil. Aalysis will be purchased -4c<br />
rjtus.Project-nesmyriuti io shl ts f-c onec-dity<br />
to another but a not e~eczad to altxthe, ove--A.U puchase costs.<br />
3. Scuxose and 0oi.:n<br />
T!he authorize soca and crigiz !or c_-:md_4ties_- !_±naniced by A=D<br />
=dax 1-na 9poject is the Uni2ted States. Li addit-4an, procurement i<br />
H!aitsr 4- is authazized Li acco~dance with Handbook 1.5 Seczicns 11.32 and<br />
1134A of equiient and =ataeials. . Ma±2.e =xim ettaxrt will.I be made<br />
zo buny all zr.tabla nazzeas and equi±:enz i= the U.S., the zratal. r<br />
athe q:o jGc_ W4.IT requixr t:at so=e of theo Ltes shown in the pce<br />
':nt ILst, a-, wdell1 as FOL ;oducts, be -purchased f-2wm Czda 935 sour-e and<br />
or.qi. Aiuthxized she±.2 itz ;zoc=!snt is descoiLed t=do= sacoion G<br />
:. CW. Re-_UeSZs --Z Wa._.es 02. Czde a 0 (U.S .) Source and oi e±~<br />
=en= axe i-C.lzdad =ndo= Seco.±c. S.
. Nethod of Procurement<br />
Procmement of U.S. source equipment will be conducted. accordng to<br />
S.r.D. Handbook 11 competitive Solicitation (n'P) procedures. Procurement<br />
of non-major equipment. and. materials under this project, when estimated<br />
landed cost is leas than $50,000 is exempt from formal 3 requirements<br />
and, may be conducted on the basis of good commercial. practices. and<br />
reasonable, informal solicitation offers. Local or third country purchases,<br />
when authorized., will be conducted in accordance with good commercial<br />
practices and, as far as practicable, on the basis of competitive solicitation<br />
of offers.<br />
G. Waivers<br />
Waivers of AID's source and origin requirement is requested as follows:<br />
(a) Waiver of FAA Section 636(i) to permit Code 935 procurement of<br />
5 vehicles;<br />
(b) Authorization for local .rocurement of up to $55,000 of POL products<br />
and minor commodities.
-103-<br />
H. Evaluation Arranqte.,.<br />
Continued evaluation of all technical aspects of the project is<br />
of critical importance to the achievamt of project purpose. This is<br />
especially true, given the fact that the vegetable production program is<br />
Limited in scope and area, and that it is anticipated that the principal<br />
outputs and practices will be used in the fut<br />
feasibility of expanding vegetable production.<br />
e to to determine the<br />
1. Annual Work Plans<br />
The U.S. technicians will complete detailed evaluations on<br />
the project. These evaluations will include testing of intemediate results<br />
and the final successes accomplished during the interim period. Results<br />
of those test will form the basis of the following year's wod- plan<br />
consistia q of what will and should be done. These- annual work plans will<br />
be co<strong>mb</strong>ined into an overall evaluation with appropriate recomnendations,<br />
changes in practices, and direction required to successfully complete<br />
the project.<br />
This information will also be included in the final evaluation report<br />
for A=D/W. The ariuajl work plans from the technical consultants will<br />
provide information required for specific goals and methods for deter<br />
mining the success of the project.<br />
2. Quarterly Proress Report<br />
In addition to annual work plans, the project technicians and GIRM<br />
officials will submit a Quarterly Progress Report covering details of<br />
the program and action towards achievement of projects in relation to<br />
annual work plans.
3. Project AlgraisaL. pApo,.<br />
,104<br />
Te CO and Projec manager will. submit, based. an inputs from rI.S.<br />
techniciam. and GI personnel, annual. project appraisal reports consisting,<br />
of detals. of project progcess toward, meeting goals, purposes, outputs-, and<br />
inputs&at the project. These evaluationr, made after thorough consultation<br />
with GI offici.als, will assist 1). making sound budgeting, management and<br />
progrm decisions. concerning the, project.<br />
4. Special. Evaluation<br />
Prior to completion of the project-, an evaluation team from A.D/W<br />
should be. fielded to detsin.e whether the project was sufficiently<br />
successful to warrant an additonal design team-to implement a follow-up<br />
activity. This team will consul,: with the <strong>USAID</strong> Project Manager, U.S.<br />
technicians and GIRM in conducting its evaluations.<br />
I. Conditions, Covenants and Negotiating Status<br />
In principle, the terms and condi;tions of the proposal, have been discussed<br />
and agreed upon by the Minister of Rural. Development, in coordination with<br />
the Directorate of Agric tie. However, the Grant Agreement will serves<br />
as the fomal document which outlines the roles and the GIRM and <strong>USAID</strong><br />
during project implementation. Conditions precendent to disbursement of<br />
funds are in substance:<br />
1. The GIRM how in satisfactory form and substance that personnel<br />
required are budgeted for and will be assigned to the project;<br />
2. GIRM formally donate land and water rights required to implement<br />
the project;
-105<br />
3. Th aI, within 90 days after becution of the Grant Agreement<br />
provide a plan to A.I.D. for the asstption of a portion of the<br />
costs of POL required for vehicles used for the project;<br />
4. A.I.D. will be designated the Agent of the GIPM for the purpose<br />
of procuring goods, and services required for the project;<br />
5. The procu=emant and use of pesticides and other chemical additives will<br />
be in accordance with prevailing A.I.D. regulations.
-41C~~~t-4-Lm44 ho? -'<br />
L. M #Adsamo ~."I a<br />
84442. amo L Mm. 28& wIe&~ p46nls~a 2 54444 . ZLA.eA.At 4:m piosa<br />
amg,, ot .W Vr :j - 4lo 448."<br />
USupporto I"" '" 4 4<br />
ta m .. 5132 .s .a4<br />
" 4 M " L M " Ag .1mo . *4<br />
-- do381 0- 14.J.atU~tm1m 144- s~~-<br />
- . -<br />
1<br />
.0.n. .. N<br />
s e i~ l.&~ ,. m! for!~~as ami7 2PO N R M 0 M . 4.p I&54W m 3%2534. ""..<br />
:43Sq'p94 . . .<br />
%a.n<br />
seaIa..ae~in .m""a ~ ploqiwsum a 3..2. &L"44to<br />
room<br />
UO*s~Ua Aga. glas is 1 = na m a n *O~ LA,t UM 9 7<br />
W<br />
* ~ ~ ~ ~ LP o<br />
L18e. I<br />
1.184444884L4M W as"<br />
.4331. :231.5444mm 7.4 IV""44<br />
11~mlo~<br />
:.w.44154<br />
44 r Is. 2. famus :...2 4 l 35.444" " P<br />
3341444 33AdA.2.4..4 a5<br />
Lt.d. f oI 1.LO44%"3 a" ftj.L<br />
. 3454. *44444 5.<br />
?345rn~~~JLS". *44 .4 1mtm 53.4 441<br />
2.. ~ ~<br />
2.<br />
~<br />
*~<br />
2*8m1WILUA." 4=<br />
444 21 1.<br />
4roues.240 ~ -a*443<br />
I w its iv ~area ,.s.as<br />
845 U33 ASS<br />
44444 e<br />
uS&a 354..41 3 ist<br />
2.<br />
G3m*IIIrs<br />
122.i sokolM<br />
4" = 411 s a. i .9n4~S<br />
If $45<br />
VbMWW Mr.S<br />
4.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U2..,pm2 ~P4 . auIj1533533<br />
.41494"<br />
. 21"os = IE244.2 M~ q44l 2<br />
514*<br />
2 "P14 as,.<br />
1144.1.<br />
I.: MII 11W<br />
:454l 244448*58<br />
.<br />
33545134. l I4<br />
8554. I.EL l i 1r ol8=<br />
I.."~a4*So3, .a.3343<br />
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0"
A-1<br />
Annex A Table 1. Detailed Cost Estimates<br />
t. Grand Total 1555 ,245<br />
A. A.I.D.<br />
B. Peace Corps<br />
C. GIRM<br />
I. A.Z.D.<br />
($000's)<br />
Foreign Exchange Local Currency Total<br />
1400<br />
155<br />
-<br />
70.2<br />
250<br />
370.0<br />
1470<br />
405<br />
370.0<br />
A. Technical Assistance 848 660<br />
1. Project Manager/<br />
Agri. Extension<br />
2. Horticulturist/<br />
Agronomist<br />
3. Agricultural<br />
Economist<br />
4. Nutritionist<br />
5. Soil Scientist<br />
6. Hydrologist<br />
B. Participant Trainig<br />
1. 2 Staff years-<br />
University<br />
2. 12 Student months<br />
C. Commodities<br />
1. 90,000 kg seed<br />
commodities<br />
2. 150 tons Fertilizer<br />
3. 500 lbs. Rodenticide/<br />
insecticide<br />
4. 525 Watering cans<br />
5. 750 Hoes<br />
6. 750 Rakes<br />
7. 750 Trowels<br />
8. 750 liters M1alathion<br />
liquid pesticide<br />
9. 40 tons Cement<br />
10. One Mobile trailer<br />
home<br />
300<br />
228<br />
120<br />
120<br />
40<br />
40<br />
24<br />
12<br />
12<br />
181<br />
90.0 -<br />
60.0<br />
4.5<br />
7.5<br />
9.0<br />
4.2<br />
2.6<br />
25.5<br />
-<br />
50.0<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
- -<br />
-<br />
-<br />
300<br />
180<br />
90<br />
90<br />
24<br />
12<br />
12<br />
4.0 185<br />
90.0<br />
-<br />
4.0<br />
80.0<br />
9.0<br />
10.0<br />
13.2<br />
5.6<br />
3.5<br />
34.0<br />
4.0<br />
50.0
Foreign. Local<br />
D. Vehe.l d nare Pat.<br />
I s - 90<br />
1. Four 4z4 all trrail,n vehicles.<br />
11,000 each + 40Z spare parts 67 -. 67<br />
2. One: 3-on.sake bed. truck<br />
* $20,000 + 402 @par* parts 28 28<br />
. .<br />
1. 200 buck pack sprayes<br />
0$ 2 5 each 5 - S<br />
2. 200 masksi$15 each 3 - 3<br />
3. Five vehicle ma-innance kits 2.5 2.5<br />
4. One SKW back-up generator 7.0 - 7.0<br />
5. Teaching Materials 2.0 2.0<br />
F. Other Local Costs - 61 61<br />
1. Contract for installation of<br />
trailer<br />
10 10<br />
2. POL - 51 51<br />
G. Contingencies- & Inflation<br />
@ 15% 162. 10 172<br />
AID Total 1250 77 1327<br />
II. GIRM<br />
448.7<br />
A. Personnel and Labor.. - 90.1 90.1<br />
B. Personnel Support for Trng. - 5.4 5.4<br />
C. Vehicles<br />
- 28 28<br />
D. Water Resources -, 109.2 109.2<br />
E. Land<br />
F. Housing<br />
25 25<br />
74. 74<br />
G. Office Space - 12 12<br />
H. POL<br />
- 105 105<br />
III. Peace Corjs 155 250 405<br />
8.5
Conversion Rate: US $1 - 45 UM<br />
A. A.Z.D.<br />
A-3<br />
Explanatory Notes<br />
Co t Estimates<br />
Mauritania Vegetable Production Project<br />
1. Techical, Assistance: Estimates includes salaries, travel and per diem<br />
for personnel and dependents, applicable allowances (education, transfers, etc,<br />
fees for passports visa, health examinations, imnunizations and vaccinations,<br />
housing. Calculated as follows:<br />
- Project ManagerExtionist - $100,000 per person years. To full of 30<br />
person years. Salary estimate at $35,000 1 yr.<br />
- Horticulturist/Agronomist - Salary estimate $35,000/year plus other<br />
allowances (excluding housing to be provided by A.I.D.) total equal<br />
76,000 per year for three years. Costhousin-, $60,000.<br />
- Short-term consultant: Cost calculated at $70,000/person month.<br />
2. Participants: Two - year university training calculated at $6,000 per<br />
year. Shortterm seminar training calculated at $1,000 per student month for<br />
twelve student months. Normally cost for short-term training would average<br />
$400/student month. However, since a 3 month training program must be<br />
developed for participants at Cu<strong>mb</strong>erene. Cost increases have been calculated<br />
at $1,000 per student month.<br />
3. Vehicles: (4)Six cylinder, 4X4 all terrain vehicles and (1) six<br />
c linder 4-wheel drive 3 ton state bed truck. No power options, 4<br />
speed manual shift, includes spare parts.<br />
4. Commodities and Ecuipment - Commodities and equipment includes seeds<br />
fertilizers, insecticides production tools, etc. For detail breakdown<br />
and costs see arocurement list page of PP.
A-4<br />
5. P=s Cost of PM estimated, at $.L7/.m for 300,000 IW4 for<br />
L 1/2 years of project.<br />
3. GI<br />
I. Personnel and Labor calculated as follows<br />
a. Chief of:Vegetable Production (1)salarT equals 6 ,1 0 0/yr<br />
budgeted for 12 months/yr. for 3 yeSrs.<br />
b. Aricultural.Sector Chiefs (4): Salazy equals 4 ,500/yr budgeted<br />
for 6 mom/yr for 3 years.<br />
c. Agricultural Extansion aents (6): Salary- equals 3550/yr.<br />
budgeted for 6 months/yr for 3 years.<br />
for 3 years.<br />
d. Drivers (6): Salary equals 2,000/year budgeted for 6 months/yrs<br />
e. Labor for well construction: Labor valued at'$4/day times 2 people<br />
per well times 18 days to construct well times ten wells.<br />
2. Personnel Support for Training: Estimated at 30 days training<br />
per project year per person for 6 people (agricultural.extension agents)<br />
based on $10 per diem per person per-day.<br />
3. Vehic2ss (1): 3 ton stake bed truck valued at 20,000 plus operating<br />
cost at $.25/km for 10,000 km. per year.<br />
4. Water: Assuming 66.75 hectares for year I, 1.33.3 hectares year II and<br />
200 hectare year III, 250 liters of water required per hectare at a cost of<br />
$.006 per liter, cost of water calculated as follows:<br />
- Year r: 66.75 hectares X250 liters X 182 days X $.006.<br />
- Year I: 133.3 hectares X250 liters X 182 days X $.006<br />
- Year IMZ- 200 hectares Z 250 liters X 182 days X $.006
A-5<br />
5. POL Estimated at 15,000/vehicles for 5 vehicles 11/2 yrs. plus<br />
30,000 for I vehicle for 3 years.<br />
6. Land: Value of land estimated at $50/acre assuming 500 acres or<br />
200 hectares.<br />
7. Housing for PCV: Housing estimated 8,300 per volunteer for 9<br />
volunteers.<br />
8. 8. Office Space (1): Estimated at $4,000 per project year.<br />
Peace Cors: Nine volunteers estimated at cost of $15,000 yr. for 3 years.
17<br />
ANNEX 3<br />
References fr Ecnomic Analysis
AMM4 4 , 3 - Table t<br />
179 Area Reparead. indear 4egcabla Cu1.=va=±o€, Ca=Paspae 1976-77<br />
(I. hectares)<br />
A. Tbhrd R,gou (n±.fa)<br />
Ara at begiig Additicna.L ae<br />
Deoa=ant of Csans c. e vated To ca<br />
Kiffa . 4.68 0.93 5.61<br />
MML-sa 2.12 0.21 2.33<br />
Cuero 0.84 -0.08 O.92<br />
Bac.kaol 1.13 0.13 1.24<br />
3otm. 0.08 - 0.08<br />
A.rea uidar<br />
Praccoperac±ves 3.00 1.20 4.20<br />
3. Filth,Region (3oshe and Su-aoumd-ng V±1.ages,<br />
Locali r? krea<br />
Baghe & Vicinic 7<br />
0.86<br />
Aleg 0.13<br />
Be-L.aria 0.14<br />
Ranere 0.54<br />
Dar El 3&rka 1.03<br />
CIo Oloso 0.24<br />
WVGora! 0.24<br />
Other 71llages 0.06<br />
Sou.r : Che.s de-s Sectaurs .9=-"ola, Uttor: T! da Ca=azs 1976-77<br />
Aar'.Ij 3, 1977 (CLfa); Yia7 3, 1977 (3oghe).
AVOSA± 3- - 7ibis 2<br />
Nuiber of Pmducers: Rapoatad, C=ama. 1.976-77<br />
A. Pmducws in the Third-leion ~efa<br />
cue=<br />
Zaukoasa345<br />
701<br />
117<br />
iackAOL 171.<br />
3oumid.<br />
109<br />
Yumhbzr of 2U-cccpet:17hs 30<br />
3. P~vducr3a im Boghe =d. Suz-otmdiag Vi1.Laes<br />
Locz.lit: N{=bar<br />
Baghe<br />
382.<br />
Alag<br />
B44 l2nia<br />
168<br />
39<br />
)az El Bazkca 1-30<br />
010 Ologo so
8g3<br />
Price Rance of Selected Vegetables inNouakchott Market<br />
(UM)<br />
October, 1977<br />
Potatoes 35 UM<br />
Onions 38<br />
Carrots 60<br />
Tomtoes 60<br />
Watermelon 60<br />
Squash 60<br />
Beets icO<br />
Pepper 90<br />
Melon 70<br />
Cabbage 70<br />
Eggplant 40<br />
Leek O0<br />
Cucu<strong>mb</strong>er 60<br />
LettUce so<br />
Radish -<br />
Cauliflour -<br />
N~eba<br />
Februarv, 1978<br />
29-30<br />
30-35<br />
40-iQ<br />
20-30<br />
40<br />
-<br />
140<br />
100.<br />
60<br />
20-40<br />
70-80<br />
70<br />
20<br />
10<br />
60<br />
30
AcandxzTabie C<br />
A. IMSOut of ?-.±ces. 0bsae&d on acaso. '!arlec, October-Deca<strong>mb</strong>er-P 1.976- /<br />
(UML per unog<br />
lau. ocer74-sa. =cad)<br />
P-.G~t mtis=%'A':L==AvercEi<br />
0uOni 30:. ST. 36<br />
Pocacos rsack. of ZS: kg) 1.400i 2000: 1400-1.500<br />
Cabbage- (f. head) 1530 :.<br />
C= t'20' 40* 3T<br />
8'30; 10<br />
Ea3p.lanC 40 7<br />
Pazsztey (L. bolc) .1.08<br />
Source: Che du Sec:zur 4z~~,Sixth Reg-Joi, Rabuay 1977.<br />
3. H.ac P:±ces 0bserved am Ml±lfa M~ac Winrcar fouch~s 1976<br />
(=I(per k±1.ogam. unless other1sa mocad)<br />
?-.-duct aua- ?ebrzr %,=chOctober Noe<strong>mb</strong>er Dece<strong>mb</strong>er<br />
-a--c 6a. 60 <br />
~caos-45 25-30 - - <br />
?Ocacoes 70-680 70-60O 70. 70 60<br />
Laa. Lactc.<br />
(I bun.(h)<br />
Cabbage<br />
-3 3 --<br />
(I 'head) ZO2-25 30. --<br />
(I !-U±:) - 5 5<br />
Beacs<br />
(2.roo a) -22<br />
-<br />
30 50 50 4& 50 70<br />
Source: o±:ac:±on da V.J:ta '!z~rctazas K..<br />
-ou i.a<br />
Apr.L 4, 1977.
193 Appendix Tabla 3. (cont,)<br />
C. 3Rac 4" Price of 'Fresh Vegetables in SuPer-Ark.os, !rouakchoct 1975<br />
(UH per k±ogzm)<br />
comd-4ta Jan ?eb 1ar AOc-i. X.av June JU,_ AuK S!a _ c: eO Der.<br />
Cabbage .60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 40 40 60 60<br />
ESSlant .90 90 100 100 40 40 40 40 40 45 45 45<br />
Lactace 278 278 400 400 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 34 0<br />
3eetj 6.1 100 100 120 40 40 45 4-5 45 45 45 50<br />
Turnips 30 30 90 90 35 35 40 40. 40 40 40 45<br />
Tomatoes L08 108 50 50 80 80 80 ,60 80 80 80 80<br />
Carrocs 43 43 36 36 35 35 35 40 40 45 45 45<br />
On ons 3030 30 30 20 20 Z525 2 5 30 30 30<br />
Sour:: D .ec-,ion de la Sirisnique e des . dudes 7counomiqes, BuJletin<br />
. mnaue. Sta:istiue, 1975,
Apuendix Table L.<br />
A. P--'duaczio. by Type of 7egecabla Crop, Thid. Reglarr (,.ffa) 1976-77<br />
(.±- mt=c cons)<br />
(;mw P-'Oduc:icns<br />
Zmoatods. LZ.Z<br />
Potatoes. 7.3"<br />
0nm.ous 7.0<br />
Beem 1.5<br />
Suee ?oaa 175<br />
Cabbage "405<br />
Lac=a.. .35<br />
Odmw ( uding.. egpla=t, oL-.z) L.35<br />
TOTAL 35.0<br />
Souzrt: Chef du Sec eur.i-le, R.aeort FU de Ca=ague. 1976-77.<br />
3. x:t-nacad ?rductiou by Area<br />
Plantead in Seven Locxacies in che F?:Lch Ragion "<br />
(in :s=ati cons)<br />
Area ?Imnt:ad<br />
alit-v (hec:zres) Onions Tomacoes Ca=Tocs Cabbage Tu.-:is 3eets otizces Latcce<br />
. 0.86' 4.9 11.6 5.1 5.9 1.5 L.6 1.7 4.9<br />
Z O.i3 0.5 i.7 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5<br />
3 0.$1.4 1.1 L.5 - .0 - 2.9 1.1<br />
4 0.34. 1. 1.0 . ... - - l.2<br />
5 1.05 8.5 0.9 0.7 - - 0.5<br />
6 0.24. 2.6 5.2. - 1.9 0.5 1.4 0.3<br />
T 0.24 1.5 3.2 - 0.5 -" 0.3 - 0.3<br />
-,ca1 .as C,.as.otd : -osm -i4xacad 7 .Iaca--.ame . Ap.endicas I and Z.<br />
=a: Repoar= da Ca. du Seccaur Ag=_uola da 3 oghi, April L977.
Retwoncom f=Tc=,clAayi
97<br />
DECIaAL REFRENE<br />
A. Introduction<br />
C-I<br />
A.U three regions selected have known vegetable production and there<br />
has been enthusiastic support for it. Each region has its own distinctive<br />
physical characteristics which necessitate a differing approach. Two of<br />
the regions border the Senegal River and as a result, include some of the<br />
most productive agricultural land in the country (Senegal Valley); with<br />
the highest rainfall, soils ranging from sandy to clay, and a guaranteed<br />
water source (the river). The Third Region (not on the river), although<br />
not as favorable, agronomically speaking, nevertheless has a positive<br />
potential for vegetable production. Success in this region ccuid be of<br />
special consequence for the future expansion of a vegetable procuction<br />
program in other more northern areas because of intermed..ate so'-., water,<br />
and social conditions.<br />
B. Productive Factors - Sixth Region Basic Characteristics<br />
1. Climate<br />
In the Sixth Region (see Diagam 3) temperatures range from 300 <br />
340C at maximum to 200C at minimum. The average relative humidity is in<br />
the range of 40 percent at noon. Maximum percipitation is about 325mm/year.<br />
(See Dia6Ta- 1).<br />
2. Soils<br />
2.1 Soil Crouvs and General Descrition of Profiles<br />
The soils of the 6th Region belong to the brown and reddish-brown<br />
soils of the arid and semi-arid groups. They can generally be described as
.lood plains and young alluvial soils of varying dep-L.s. Some are darkish<br />
saltyT othors are light brownish and not salty. Proftles in general are<br />
hoaogeneous with a sLightly- developed. B horizon. Except in. Wadis, the<br />
homogeneit7 goes all, the way down to 5 or 6 feet.<br />
2.2 Physical Characteristics<br />
2.2.1 Soil !roes<br />
The soil types vary from clay loam (Senegal River Basia), silty<br />
clay loam, loam, sandy loam, loam sand, to silty loam. However, in the<br />
lower horizons, B and down, the texture tends to get coarser with higher<br />
percentages of coarse sand and increased porosity. This will result in<br />
good natural drainage if water can be managed well on the surface. The<br />
experimental areas will be chosen so as to represent the variety of soils<br />
in each region since each will differ in natural fertility and water holding<br />
capacit7 and so result in different research results.<br />
2.3 Soil Fertility<br />
Throughout the area fertility levels are low. Notrogen is required,<br />
as is phosphate, sulphate, and potassium, but determination of appropriate<br />
fertilization methods 'will depend on the results of the soil survey and<br />
testing. The agronomy consultant encountered farmers who use 10-10-20 or<br />
10-10-10 or Amonium phosphate in some cases, or Amonium sulphate -- as on<br />
the "sy farm", where the application of Amonium sulpnate showed good results.<br />
The alluvial soil fertility also tends to be low, probably, due to<br />
the intensive use of the land, coupled with 7,l1age practices, and high<br />
temperatures. For example, there is the 3aghdad tyme soil (opposite to
C-3<br />
Richard Toll of Senegal) . . . These soils will require reclamation, due<br />
to the salinity and alkalinity conditions that exist.<br />
2.4 Soil 'dater<br />
With water as the limiting factor of production, soils with the<br />
better water-holding capacities will be identified early in the project.<br />
The soil survey group will pay particular attention to the water absorption,<br />
holding and drainage characteristics of the soils. Research will emphasize<br />
determining soil management practic3s that promote efficient water use.<br />
3. Water Sources<br />
3.1 River Senegal<br />
Water is pumped from the Senegal River by various local or mechnical<br />
means (pumps), into small canals, or ditches, or directly to the head of<br />
the fields. The water shows good quality and a good neutral pH value.<br />
However, in the low yearly seasons, the water level drops down and thus<br />
invites the salty ocean water to advance up the river towards the east,<br />
almost to Podou. (See Diagram 2). The water samples taken from the river<br />
a4 * . different localities -- such as Ben, Baghdad, and Sabaria -- showed<br />
different pH values, on the high side, sometimes even alkali (8.4 value).<br />
The total soluble salts are variable and very high -- the electrical<br />
conductivity is as high as that of the ocean water or higher. The sulphate<br />
content is double and its chloride content is three times the normal levels,<br />
while the calcium content remains the same.
C-4/<br />
3.2 Other Sources of Water<br />
Little information has been collected on the extent and nature<br />
of other watr sources. This will be part of the Scope of Work of the<br />
water resources consultants to be-done within the first 9 months of<br />
project operation. In addition they will evaluate the potential<br />
exploitation of the various water sources.<br />
4I. Faxming Systems<br />
In region 6, many different kinds of field and vegetable crops<br />
are grown, a few with fertilizers to which the response is good. Detailed<br />
information on present practices will be gathered by the team in order to<br />
understand the base from which all work must start, to determine those<br />
local practices which would also fit into a more. productive system and<br />
to promote 2 ,ay communication on local needs and objectives of the project.<br />
C. Productive Factors in the 5th Region - Its Differences from the 6th Region<br />
1. Climate<br />
The field visit to the 5th Region (Aleg and Boghe) included towns<br />
and over 15 earth dam sites. The climate here is warmer and potential<br />
evapotranspiration greater than at Rosso. The relative humidity is lower.<br />
also.<br />
2. Soils<br />
The soils show the same characteristics as those 1n the 6th Region.<br />
In Boghe, alluvial deposits overlay sandy profiles -- profiles are<br />
homogeneous and permeable. The two distinct types are the A.leg soil t.1e
c-5<br />
which is mainly loamy sand over sand, with loose and fragile soils -- the<br />
other is silt loam over sand. Both show variable degrees of thickness<br />
depending upon the location. The root zone may be thin to as much as<br />
three feet deep. Productive potential and fertility are less at Aleg<br />
than at Boghe. A detailed soil survey of the research ,xeas in the first<br />
year of the project will define the productive potential of the major soil<br />
types.<br />
3. Water Sources<br />
Water sources are the River Senegal at Boghe, and rain and wells<br />
at Aleg, Water quality is good in both the river and the wells (pH, total<br />
salts, salt distribution); but, water quality at Aleg depends upon rain<br />
and recharge of ells. Some of these are 4.5 meters and others are 45<br />
meters deep. Indications--lead one to the conclusion that the water at<br />
the bottom of the basins is shallow, and that is why there is no change in<br />
the types of salts found in the different waters. An assessment of water<br />
sources and potential exploitation will be carried out by short-term<br />
consultants simultaneously with the detailed soil survey so that maximum<br />
collaboration can occur.<br />
Therefore, the factors for successful crop production are similar<br />
to those in the 6th Region. At Aleg a third and limiting factor outweighs<br />
all others: the quantity of water available for irrigation. 'Water<br />
management research here will determine how large an area can be cultivated,<br />
what crops grown, and what yields expected.
C/94<br />
..Productive Fqctors in the 3r.Region - Its Diff'erences from<br />
the 5th and 6th Reciogns<br />
In this region, Kiffa rese<strong>mb</strong>les Aleg, in the sense that it<br />
is inland and desert land.<br />
I.. ClImt.<br />
Some averag, climatic factors include:about 300 mm<br />
average rainfall; average maximum temperature is higher than<br />
35 C; average relative humidity is about 30%.. Average evaporatio,<br />
is 350 mm/month, and sandstorms: occur 19 days within the year<br />
(1974 data).<br />
2. Soils<br />
The soil has a different geological parent material than<br />
the other regions, and the agricultural.land shows different forma<br />
tions. the basins filled with alluviah deposits from the rain<br />
have formed richer soils, which depend upon irrigation from the<br />
lowest part of these depressions for crop production. Soil<br />
types are loamy silt, dark in color, sometimes reaching down to<br />
four meters. Baum Lana is a characteristic soil. It has a good<br />
structure, being cru<strong>mb</strong>ly and granular. Another soil type is the<br />
Hassey Bekaye. This shows more homogeneity all the way through<br />
than the previous one. It is lighter in texture on the surface<br />
and gets relatively heavier with depth. A third type is Doud<br />
Rhoda, where the soil is finer and shows more clayed material<br />
on the surface; and, the texture gets coarser with depth.<br />
'
C-7<br />
Water from wells in Kiffa and vicinity have high pH's<br />
and are moderately high in total salts (with the exception of<br />
the administratin well used mostly for domestic purpose -- the<br />
chloride contents ot that particular one is over seven times the<br />
average value of the area). Water from the Baum Lana area is<br />
available all year round and is of good quality. The pH value<br />
is 7.6 with low salt content: the chloride is low, moderate<br />
in sulphate and moderate in calcium.<br />
Hassey Bekaye well water shows a moderately good quality<br />
with a higher content of chloride and pH 7.8. Total salts are<br />
higher than in the Baum Lana water. Finally the water from Doud<br />
Rhoda is intermediate in quality between Baum Lana water and<br />
Doud Bokaye. Obviously, the usage of any of these waters<br />
will produce differing reactions on different soils. Therefore,<br />
these three water types should be taken into consideration, and<br />
treated independently from the waters from Kiffa wells. (Kiffa<br />
palm plantation water sample was also analyzed, and it shows<br />
similar characteristics and quality to tke administration well,<br />
used for domestic purposes.<br />
Rain is the other source of irrigation, in areas that<br />
recession cropping can be practiced.<br />
General Planning<br />
The general planning for putting soils into cultivation in<br />
Mauritania should first be done in well-identified, analyzed and<br />
described areas.
N.ew Pro-b-Iems<br />
C-a*<br />
Upon: putting soils under cultivation, fertility problems<br />
will be created and encountered. These problems must be<br />
identified, diagnosed, and evaluated. Then, solutions will have<br />
to be outlined, adapted. and applied to the corresponding locality..<br />
Accordingly the projects soil survey is scheduled within the<br />
first 9 months-of"in-country project activities. A minimal<br />
soil testing capability will be developed early.<br />
2. Policy of A=lied Develoment<br />
The direction taken by agriculture programmers in the field<br />
in Mauritania is governed by factors totally different from those<br />
of other areas, as well as on specific experimental sites.<br />
Climate, evaporation, temperature, length of day (sunlight for<br />
photosynthesis) manpower, local farming equipment, lack of<br />
machinery, availability and. quantity of water, soil texture, and<br />
inherent fertility status of of soil profile - are factors that<br />
determine the success of agriculture. Therefore, the resulting<br />
developments in agriculture and production will depend upon the<br />
interaction of these factors and the techrical ability to recognize<br />
and exploit this interaction at a given time, on a specific land.<br />
T'he participant training and the training of local personnel. i<br />
the research work will be emphasized.<br />
3. Irrigation<br />
The Senegal River serves as a source for irrigation.<br />
Its water is generally of good quality. Use of motor pumps for<br />
irrigation purposes is not recommended.. The associated problems<br />
of proper maintenance, operation and spare arts of motor pumps
C-. 9<br />
make their use unpractical. It is recommended instead that wells be<br />
used to provide a water supply. Wstlls already in existence can<br />
be Improved and used. In cases where wells are to be constructed,<br />
they should be hand dug, approximately 10 meters in size, lined<br />
and capped with reinforced concrete. The specific site sel-,tions<br />
fon construction of wells will be made by the U.S. technicians,<br />
a REDSO engineer and GIRI officials.<br />
4. Water Quality<br />
Quality of water measurements have meaning only in<br />
relation to the particular use being made of water. In agri<br />
culture, qualty of water is related to its effects on soils, crops<br />
and the kind of manageme. necessary to compensate for any pro<br />
blems. Although not all agricultural problems are related to<br />
water qualty (salinity, soil permeability, toxicity, etc.) it<br />
must be placed in the right perspective with all other factors<br />
affecting productivity.<br />
Water analysis is essential to water quality improve<br />
ment efforts, and therefore thi water sources survey group<br />
is scheduled for work within the fir-t 9 months of in-country<br />
project arl 1vity.<br />
Crops also vary in their tolerance to poor quality<br />
waters, and therefore the suitability of a water for irrigation<br />
will varyi with the crops. The soil survey group, the water<br />
sources consultants and the implementation team will together<br />
address the questions of choices of species, varieties and<br />
management practices.
8<br />
5. Establishment of a Labotu -<br />
A mll water and soils analysis laboratory will be<br />
established at Nouakchott under the Rural Land Reclamtion project.<br />
It will serve all projects, and. will perform the following<br />
services:<br />
a) Water analyses of monthly samples from: irrigation<br />
wells, drinking wells, River Senegal at critical areas<br />
where excessive salinity shows.<br />
b) Monitoring quality of these waters as an index of flow,<br />
to advise on use before harm takes place.<br />
c) Routine soil analyses and fertility tests: for soil<br />
chemistry production capacity, study of the role of<br />
nutritional elements, soil effect upon plant and<br />
animal nutrition during life of the project.<br />
d) to serve as a training center for field technicians<br />
and prepare a GIRM cadre of workers in soil and water<br />
analyses.<br />
e) Study comparative values of soils before putting them to<br />
agricultural use.<br />
f) Use of the laboratory as a tool to identify and diagnose<br />
*Laboratory to be established as a part of the Rural Land Eeclamatior<br />
Project. Meanwhile, portable laboratory field kits should be used.
C.. 1).<br />
soil fertility problems, and prevent their spread.<br />
The soil survey and water resources consulting groups<br />
.ill keep in close cnntact with the lboratory personnel and<br />
provide them with copies of their final reports.
S.<br />
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