Digital Universe Guide - Hayden Planetarium

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38 3. THE MILKY WAY ATLAS may need to adjust the clipping plane values to remove unwanted flashing.) Now you should see the orbits of the planets drawn on the sky. Viewing the Solar System in the Milky Way Atlas Pull back slowly (hold the right mouse button down and move the mouse to the left) until the Sun pops into view, then stop (click the mouse). Turn off the glare of the Sun by selecting stars as the active group and pressing the Polygon Toggle Button. In this group you will find the orbits of the rocky, inner planets huddled around the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth in blue, and Mars in red. Beyond these are the gaseous planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus in green, and Neptune in blue. Finally, we have Pluto, the small, dwarf planet that’s smaller than our Moon and whose orbit is inclined to the plane of the Solar System by 17 ◦ . The Farthest Man-Made Objects Turn on the space probes (probes button). These four trajectories show the paths of the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft from their launch date to the year 2050. Voyager 1 was launched in 1977 and explored Jupiter and Saturn before it was shot out of the plane of the Solar System by Saturn’s gravity. Voyager 2 explored Jupiter (1979), Saturn (1981), Uranus (1986), and Neptune (1989) before leaving the plane. Labels on the trajectories mark the years as well as the light-travel time. You may be familiar with the light-year, the distance light travels in one year. Similarly, a light-day is the distance light travels in one day. At 300,000 km/sec (186,000 miles/sec) and with 86,400 seconds in one day, that distance equals 26 billion kilometers (16 billion miles). A table of the relationship between light-travel time and distance can be found in “Light-Travel Time and Distance.” Let’s get some perspective. Turn on the 1-light-month grid, 1lmo, and pull back from the Solar System a bit. This group consists of green rings and faint blue lines. These form a grid that is aligned with the Galactic plane and is a measure of light-travel time. The first ring out from the Solar System is 1 light-day from the Sun. The Voyager and Pioneer space probes are the farthest objects we have sent into space. Launched nearly 30 years ago, they will reach this 1-light-day mark in another 40 years. While you’re here, you can see the inclination of the Solar System to the grid and, therefore, to the Galactic plane. You saw this before with the coordinate grids; now you can see the Solar System orientation in relation to that plane. Continuing to fly away from the Sun, you now see the entire light-month grid split into 4 light-weeks. Restore the stellar polygons so the stars’ luminosity is represented accurately. Also turn on the
3.2. MILKY WAY ATLAS TUTORIAL 39 constellations, constel, and return to more reasonable clipping planes with the command clip 0.1 1e6 Turn on the 1-light-year grid, 1ly, and now you see the light-months stretch across space. You also begin to see the constellation lines distort, revealing those stars that are nearby. You will explore these nearby stars in the next tutorial. Tutorial: The Nearest Stars Goals: To understand the distance scale between the Solar System, Oort cloud, and the nearest stars. Before starting, turn on: stars, constel, mwVis, 1lmo, 1ly You will be using: oort, 10ly, jump command Let’s continue exploring the solar neighborhood from the previous tutorial. If you’re starting a new session in the Milky Way Atlas, be sure to turn on the data groups listed above and use the jump command jump 0.05 0.6 0.3 -60 10 170 to go to (x, y, z) = (0.05, 0.6, 0.3) parsecs with the viewing angles (Rx, Ry, Rz) = (−60, 10, 170) ◦ . From this position, the star labels are a bit large. Decrease their size using the Labelsize Slider and orbit the Sun using the left mouse button in Orbit Flight Mode. Set it drifting and observe the constellation lines. A few of them appear as though they’re being pulled in toward the Sun. Stars like Alpha Centauri (marked a Cen), Sirius, Procyon, and, to a lesser extent, Vega. The Oort Cloud Shows the Most Distant Parts of Our Solar System Before we discover the nearby stars, let’s look at the outermost reaches of the Solar System. When the planets were forming, the larger, outer planets likely swept the Solar System clean of smaller bodies like comets. These were ejected from the inner regions by the strong gravitational influence of the planets, relegating the comets to an area called the Oort cloud. This “cloud” is where the comets have settled, and it ranges from 20,000 AU to about 100,000 AU (recall that 1 AU = 149 million km = 93 million miles and is the average Earth-Sun distance).
Page 1 and 2: The Digital Universe Guide Brian Ab
Page 3 and 4: Contents Contents 3 List of Tables
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables 2.1 Log and Linear F
Page 7 and 8: 1.2. GETTING HELP 7 1.2 Getting Hel
Page 9 and 10: 1.5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 1.5 Acknowle
Page 11 and 12: 2.2. LAUNCHING THE MILKY WAY ATLAS
Page 13 and 14: 2.3. LEARNING TO FLY PARTIVIEW 13 T
Page 15 and 16: 2.3. LEARNING TO FLY PARTIVIEW 15 M
Page 17 and 18: 2.4. PARTIVIEW’S USER INTERFACE 1
Page 23 and 24: 2.5. DIGITAL UNIVERSE FILES 23 File
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3.3. MILKY WAY DATA GROUPS 89 brigh
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3.3. MILKY WAY DATA GROUPS 91 3.3.1
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3.3. MILKY WAY DATA GROUPS 95 old.
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3.3. MILKY WAY DATA GROUPS 99 3.3.1
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3.3. MILKY WAY DATA GROUPS 101 3.3.
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3.3. MILKY WAY DATA GROUPS 103 heat
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3.3. MILKY WAY DATA GROUPS 107 righ
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3.3. MILKY WAY DATA GROUPS 121 Othe
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3.3. MILKY WAY DATA GROUPS 141 this
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3.3. MILKY WAY DATA GROUPS 143 Not
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4 The Extragalactic Atlas The word
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4.1. EXTRAGALACTIC ATLAS OVERVIEW 1
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4.2. EXTRAGALACTIC ATLAS TUTORIAL 1
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4.3. EXTRAGALACTIC DATA GROUPS 169
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4.4. OPTIMIZING THE EXTRAGALACTIC A
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Appendix A Light-Travel Time and Di
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Appendix B Parallax and Distance On
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absolute magnitude M, can be calcul
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discovered that there was a linear
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Appendix D Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Appendix E Constants and Units In a
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Metric Prefixes These prefixes are
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INDEX 221 center command, 50, 61 cl
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INDEX 223 Earth’s radio signals,
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INDEX 225 irregular galaxy, 147, 17
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INDEX 227 entering, 21 every, 206 j
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INDEX 229 stellar distance uncertai
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Digital Universe Guide - Hayden Planetarium

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