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are pragmatically a single text but accidentally in two different
languages. Both sender and receiver, or addresser and addressee are
close counterparts.
Lefevere (1977 works out a synthesising typology relying on the
enormous corpus on translation theory provided by the German literary
tradition since Luther. He distinguishes between two types of
translation texts which he calls 'reader-oriented' and 'text-
oriented'. That is, either the translation accommodates the readers's
expectations or the reader is expected to make his taste, changeable as
it is most likely to be, accommodate the translation.
Robert de Beaugrande evolves a detailed text-typology before
deciding on the translation type most suited to the source text. He
defines the notion of text-type as, "a distinctive configuration if
relational dominances obtaining between or among elements of: (1) the
surface text; (2) the textual world; (3) stored knowledge patterns;
and (4) a situation of occurrence". (1980, p195) Each type of text
possesses a control centre (or centres) which dominates and monitors
the entire world of the text. These dominances, ie. concepts,
influence both the text-producer's and the text-consumer's preferences,
choices and decisions involved in text-processing. Some texts will be
fuzzy, with no demonstrable, locatable or fixed demarcation lines. In
this case, overlaps are bound to occur. Other texts will be domain-
specific, that is, they will be restricted to the situation, topic and
knowledge being addressed. Unlike Catford's, de Beaugrande's
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