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embedded in a source text. His frame of reference is the external
world. He conjures up his message and places it in a relevant
political, economic, or social context in order to get it across to his
readership. To be able to interpret a message embedded in a
caricature, one must place it against an appropriate frame of
reference. The philosopher's notion of reference is usually taken to
hold between an expression and some portion of reality. To be certain
of reference entails being certain of what really exists. A more
liberal view of the notion of reference allows us to talk about
existent and non-existent objects or persons, actions or events which
we suppose to exist, or have existed in history, outside the
boundaries of the text. The caricaturist draws upon the infinite
potentialities of reference in his persistent endeavour to trigger his
self-constructed message. Though it encompasses a message projected in
linear form, a caricature is not a translation. It is a self-
explanatory comment on or a criticism of a specific social, political
or economic situation.
A paraphrase is a mode of expression which applies to literary or
creative writing, particularly poetic and dramatic texts. It is an
intralingual or interlingual exercise in which the content of the
original text is sufficiently foregrounded. A poem, for instance is
paraphrased in simple-:, unidiomatic, more straightforward langauge for
the sake of easy comprehension. Works of famous poets and dramatists
have been paraphrased to serve pedagogical, instructional and review
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