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SL textual material, paying no heed to the communicative and pragmatic
aspects of language. In other words, Catford's language-oriented
approach to translation emphasises the linguistic component of
translation against other components, namely, the communicative and
pragmatic components.
Catford endorses a linguistic definition of translation types in
terms of extent, levels, and ranks. In terms of extent, he
acknowledges the existence of two types; full translation and partial
translation. In full translation, the entire SL textual material is
replaced by TL textual material. On the other hand, partial
translation implies that part or parts of the SL textual material are
left untranslated. Catford's distinction between total and restricted
translation relates to the levels of language involved. In total
translation, all levels of the SL textual material are replaced by
equivalent TL material. He defines total translation as "the
replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar and lexis
with consequential replacement of SL phonology/graphology by (non-
equivalent) TL phonography/graphology". (1965, p22)
By restricted translation Catford means, "the replacement of SL
textual material by TL textual material, at only one level." The four
levels of language which he refers to are: grammar, lexis, phonology,
and graphology. In phonological translation, as deliberately practiced
by actors or mimics who assume, or pretend to assume, foreign or
regional accents, SL phonology is replaced by TL phonology with no
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